Third International Workshop on Design

in Civil and Environmental Engineering

(DCEE 3)
22-23 August 2014 COPENHAGEN

“Sustainability Concepts
in the Design of High-rise Buildings:
the Case of Diagrid Systems”

MSc Giulia Milana; PhD, PE Konstantinos Gkoumas; Phd, PE, Professor Franco Bontempi
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability in structures
CONCEPTUAL MAP

STRUCTURAL MODELING

Outrigger Diagrid

42° 60° 75°

ANALYSES

Weight
S.L.S. U.L.S.
&
(Disp.) (Pushover)
Periods

COMPARISON

IMPROVED MODEL
From http://www.wikipedia.com From http://www.fosterandpartners.com

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 2
 DEFINITION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
“Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
(Brundtland Commission)
SUSTAINABILITY

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY

ECONOMIC

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 3
 STEEL
Steel Material
Material • 40% of resources from
recycling
Used
• Manufacturing process with
controlled environmental
impact
SUSTAINABILITY

Structural Resource • Material durability

• High recycling rate
Scheme Efficient

SUSTAINABILITY End of Life Constuction Phase

IN • Easy dismantling • prefabrication/
• Reusability/Reciclability offsite manufacture
STRUCTURES

Design and Service Life

Energy Site • Weight reduction of
Efficient Planning structure
• Creation of versatile spaces
• Longevity and robustness of
steel components
Non • Simple incorporation of
Pollution renewable energy generation
systems
Adapted from Arcelormittal

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 4
 EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUSTAINABILITY

INTERIOR STRUCTURE EXTERIOR STRUCTURE

Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structure
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 5
 STRUCTURES STUDIED
Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures
36 m 42° 60° 75°
STRUCTURAL MODELING

160 m

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 6
 STRUCTURES
Original Stucture: Improved Stucture: Perimetral Internal
Outrigger Diagrid Structure Structure
STRUCTURAL MODELING

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 7
 COMPARISON WEIGHT
Acronym Description Colour
Weight
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
9000
Diagrid Diagrid Structure 8000
WEIGHT AND PERIOD

42° with inclination of diagonal members of 42°

7000
Diagrid Diagrid Structure
6000
60° with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
5000

P (ton)
Diagrid Diagrid Structure
75° with inclination of diagonal members of 75° 4000

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y 3000

COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - - 2000

COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - - 1000

0
COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 -
COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5
Diagrid Diagrid Diagrid
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
Outrigger
42° 60° 75°
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - - P
8052 6523 5931 5389
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - - (ton)

COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 - Saving

- 19 26 33
(%)
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 8
 STRUCTURES AND COMBINATIONS
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

Acronym Description Colour

Outrigger Outrigger Structure
VERIFICATIONS

Diagrid Diagrid Structure

42° with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid Diagrid Structure
60° with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid Diagrid Structure
75° with inclination of diagonal members of 75°

COMB
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - - HORIZONTAL
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 - DISPLACEMENT
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 9
 S.L.S.: COMPARISON DISPLACEMENTS
SLS: HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS
Horizontal Displacements Outrigger Horizontal Displacements Diagrid 42°
160 160
144 144
128 128
112 112
96 96

Z (m)
Z (m)

80 80
64 64
48 48
32 32
16 16
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
U1 (m) U1 (m)

Horizontal Displacements Diagrid 60° Horizontal Displacements Diagrid 75°

160 160
144 144
128 128
112 112
96 96
Z (m)

Z (m)
80 80
64 64
48 48
32 32
16 16
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
U1 (m) U1 (m)

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 10
 STRUCTURES AND COMBINATIONS
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

Acronym Description Colour

Outrigger Outrigger Structure
VERIFICATIONS

Diagrid Diagrid Structure

42° with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid Diagrid Structure
60° with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid Diagrid Structure
75° with inclination of diagonal members of 75°

DEAD VERT

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

DEAD 1 - - - - - - - -
VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - -
PUSHOVER
+STATIC PUSHOVER FORCES

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 11
 U.L.S.: COMPARISON CAPACITY CURVES
Pushover Pushover+Dead Pushover+Vert
180000

160000 Outrigger
ULS: PUSHOVER

140000

120000
Diagrid 42°

100000
F (kN)

80000

DEAD VERT Diagrid 60°

60000

40000

20000 Diagrid 75°

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
U1 (m) U1 (m) U1 (m)

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 12
 DEFINITION OF SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL

K=Fy/Dy : Stiffness

R=Fmax : Strength

m=Dmax/Dy : Ductility

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 13
 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert

Strength
94775 110185 104972 97131
(R)
Stiffness
77143 80615 71306 60897
(K)
Ductility
1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564
(m)
Weight
8052 6523 5931 5389
(P)
Eq. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08

Weighted average of the significant features

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 14
 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Pushover+Vert
CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL
R/R0
4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

1,2 ((P0-P)/P0+1) 0 K/K0

m/m0
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 15
 DIAGRID 60°: PUSHOVER+VERT(YZ SECTIONS)
DEVELOPMENT PLASTIC HINGES
Step 11 Step 39 Step 47 Step 55

180000
160000 Pushover+Vert

140000 VERT Step11

120000
Step16
F (kN)

100000
80000 Step39
60000
40000 Step47

20000 Step55
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
U1 (m)

“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 16
 CONCLUSIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
 Considering the impact the construction industry has on the environment, it is very
important to investigate sustainable solutions
CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS
 Diagrid structures allow a considerable saving of material compared to more
traditional structural schemes such as outrigger structures and guarantee a better
performance in terms of strenght, stiffness and ductility.
 Among the diagrid structures considered the one with the best overall behavior results
to be the one with 60° diagonal element inclination

LIMITATIONS
 Dynamic analyses should be performed in the future for both the serviceability and
safety assessment, considering more appropriate loading scenarios.
 The defined performance equation is calibrated with specific coefficient values that
highlight the sustainability aspect.
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 17
END

Giulia Milana, MSc giuliamilana@live.it

web: www.francobontempi.org
Konstantinos Gkoumas, PhD, PE
www.stronger2012.com
Franco Bontempi, PhD, PE