Urban Design

3. Circular and radiocentric plan

Neolithic Cities (7000-9000BC)

Design process and understanding on how bldg. will fit 1. Jericho – early settlement in Israel
to its surrounding. Design of urban environment, rooms  Well-organized community w/ 3k
– bldgs., verandas and balconies – plaza and parks, people
corridors and hallways – roads and pedestrian, utilities  Built on reliable source of freshwater
remain the same.  3 ha. Enclosed w/ circular stone
 Rectangular layout
Study of Architecture is the same w/ study of urban
2. Khirokitia – early settlement in Cyprus
design but in larger scale.
 1st documented settlement w/ streets
 Main street heading uphill was narrow
Ancient Times: but had wider terminal
Reason why they live in grouped:  Rectangular in form
3. Catalhoyuk – early settlement in Turkey
1. Protection  Largest Neolithic city
2. Security  3 ha w/ 10k people
3. Ease for gathering food  Include shrines and quarters for
4. Man’s natural companionship specialized crafts, production of
Nomadic – cave man dweller paintings, textile, and metal
 Rested on new rationale for city
Nomads 4. Tel-El Amarna – typical cities of Egyptian city
Has the following:
1. People w/out permanent homes
1. Central area
2. Wander place to place
2. North suburb
3. Small groups – 20-30 people w/ herds
3. South city
Why River Valley? 4. Custom house
5. Workers village
1. Land was fertile
2. Water and food can extract in river Mesopotamia (3000-4000BC)
3. Soft clay for constructing huts
 Cities in Fertile Crescent formed by Tigris and
4. For transportation
Euphrates River Valley
Community Structure 1. Eridu – oldest city
2. Damascus – oldest continually inhabited
1. Division of Labor city
2. Barter 3. Babylon – largest City w/ 80k inhabitants
3. Trading
4. Social Stratification – traders become chieftain Nile Valley (3000 BC)
and begun to establish social class
 Thebes and Memphis along Nile Valley
5. New physical feature
 Egyptian City – monumental character
Statement holds for being a true trader:
Indus Valley (2500 BC)
1. Have accumulated knowledge
 Indus Valley (Pakistan)
2. Accumulate goods and became wealthy
 Mohenjo-Daro – administrative-religion center
3. Traders recognized as leaders
w/ 40k inhabitants
4. Most traders belong to hunting tribe, since they
always used for travelling Mediterranean Europe (1900 BC)
Factors affect the development and growth of urban  Ugarit – Greek
areas:  Byblos – Roman
1. Natural Calamities Huaghe Valley (1900 BC)
2. Natural resources
3. Natural defence  Yellow river – land within passes. Precursor of
4. Climate Linear city
 Anyang – largest city found in Yellow River
Innovation that influence development of city:
Mesoamerica (1900 BC) – built by Aztec, Mextec, and
1. Plow
Zapotec
2. Rectilinear planning
  Teotihuacan
 Dzibilchaltun
Greek Classical
700 BC
 Spread through Aegean Region
 Polis – city state; Acropolis – religious and
defensive structure up on hill and no definite
geometric plan
 Measurement – built to human scale
 Sparta and Athens – largest city
 Neopolis – new city; Paleopolis – old city
400-450 BC
 City of Milletus – planed city, divided into 3
sections: artisan, farmer and military
 Hippodamus of Milletus – 1st noted planner ,
introduced Grid system and Agora (public
marketplace)
Roman Cities
 Adopt Greek forms w/ monumental scale, had
social hierarchy
 Roman Forum – focal point of Roman city
planning
 Roman as conqueror – built forum after forum
 Contribution: aqueducts, public baths, utility
system, fountains
 Housing variations:
1. Basilica – covered market; law courts
2. Curia – local meeting hall
3. Domus – traditional roman house
4. Insulae – 3 to 6 storey apartments w/
storefronts
Medieval Age
 Decline of Roman power
 Revolved around the fortification and
monasteries
 “Feudalism” affects urban design
 Rise of church as main urban component –
Constantinople and Sienna
 Expansion is limited but not land area
 New 11th century town in Europe
1. were mostly coastal port town
2. Mercantilist increase feudal lords decline
3. 2 privilege class: clergy and nobles
4. World trade and travel create major
population like Florence, Paris and Venice
5. Increase population – creates congestion
and slums – decline of cities
Renaissance and Baroque periods
 France, Kings achieved unity and display
affluence and power by beautification of their
cities
 Arts and architecture – major element of town
planning
 Cities - geometrical forms
 Vienna – city of arts and culture, 1st University
town
 Landscape architecture showcased palace and
gardens – Versailles (Le Notre), Karlsruhe
Germany
Settlements in America
 Early towns founded as colonial outpost for
mother country
 Medieval Organic City – boug (military town)
and fauborg (citizen town). No regular street
form
 Medieval Bastide – A French Bastide. A new
town placed in previously unsettled areas. Grid-
like or radial form.
 Laws of Indies by King Philip II
1. Pueblo (civil)
2. Presidio (military)
3. Mission (religion)
 English Renaissance – European Planned City –
2 of these developed as capitals in Chesapeake
Region – Annapolis and Williamsburg (Franscis
Nicholson) and other became coastal part like
Charleston in S. Carolina and Savannah Georgia
(James Oglethorpe)
 Annapolis – government bldgs. Were focal
points of plan though civic square was also
provided
 Williamsburg – plan was anchored by Governors
palace, state capitol, and college of William and
Mary
 Speculators town – emphasis on equality-
Philadelphia – William Penn
Industrial Revolution
 The machine age
 2 school thought – reform movement and
specialist
 Reform movement – emphasis on bldg. from
scratch to improve workers living conditions
1. Robert Owens – headed reform movement
2. Owen – Industrial Village, Manchester –
self-sufficient w/ agricultural, light
industrial, educational and recreational
facilities – designed for 800-1200 persons
3. Owens Jr. – New Harmony, Indiana
(Owenite Communities)
 Specialist – believe that city problem tackle one
at a time starting form improvement of health
and sanitary system.
  Tony Garnier – Une Cite Industrielle – plateau
be residential, valley be factories developing
complementary uses and precursor to modern
zoning.
Early Theories and Practices
Modern concepts developed due to experiencing
decline by cities bought by congestion, disease, crime
and negative factors.
Motopia
1. Edgar Chambles
2. Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops of
continuous network of bldgs. while streets will
be for pedestrian
Science Cities
1. Propose by metabolism group – visionary
designer proposed underwater city, biological
cities, cities in pyramids
Garden Cities
1. Developed by Ebenezer Howard – Tomorrow: A
Peaceful Path to Social Reform – Conceptualized
Garden City
2. Central city (58-65k acres) w/ satellite city (30-
32k acres) surrounded by large greenbelts of
agricultural land
3. Letchworth – 1st Garden City – Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker – 4.5k acre: 3k for agriculture
and 1.5k for city
4. Welwyn – 2nd G.C – Louis de Soisson – 2.4k acre
– Georgian houses
5. Hampstead Garden Suburbs – variety of
housing types along streets w/ a large common
green
City Beautiful movement
1. Theorist suggest begin Columbian expansion
2. Grand formal design w/ social motives
3. Daniel Burnham – headed this movement –
design Baguio, Manila, Washington, San
Francisco, Cleveland
4. “Make no little plans; they have no magic to
stir men’s blood”
5. Baron Hausmann – reconstruct Paris –
emphasis linear connection known as Champs
de Ellysee – composed of Place de concord, Arc
de triumph, and Eifel Tower
New Capitals
City Beautiful Movement spread all over the world -
formation of new capitals.
1. Brasilia – Brazil – Lucio Costa – influence of Le
Corbusier – 2 huge axes w/ large multi-level
arteries; one for govt. and the other for
residential – Oscar Niemeyer – design the
buildings
2. Chandigarh – capital of Punjab before – Orig by
Albert Myer – Le Corbusier continued – road In
grid-form – whole plan represents Radburn
principle of Le Corbusier
3. Canberra – Australia – Walter Griffin –
descendant of F.L Wright – reflects city
beautiful movement in triangular formation:
court, parliament house, and capitol bldg.
4. New Delhi, India – Edward Lutyens
City of Tower
Developed due to problem of congestion in cities
Le Corbusier
 Charles Edouard Jenneret – Cities of Tomorrow
 Le Corbusier – Unite d’Habitation in Mersailles
– Super building – 337 dwelling over 10 acres of
land
 Le Corbusier – Le Contemporaine – consisted of
high rise office and residential w/ greenbelt and
recreational areas for 3M people - Grid pattern,
underground transit and beyond are industrial
areas
F.L Wright
 Broadacre – 1 family dwelling equals 1 acre of
land – Not considered due to insufficient land
area – translates to formation of Mile High
Tower to free up space for greenfield in
Manhattan
Radical Ideas
1. Linear City – Soria Y Mata
2. Arcology Alternative – 3D city – Paolo Soleri
3. Floating City – Kiyonori Kikutake
4. Barbican Development – early type of dev. That
had all amenities in one compound
Neighborhood Unit
 Concept by Clarence Perry and Stein
 Where social, cultural, educational, and
commercial are easy to reach of each one
another – No segregation – Main objective:
self-sustainability of smaller unit – elementary
school become the center of development
Contemporary World Urbanization
 Millionaire cities – large cities w/ exception
prior to 20th century
 Large cities dwindled in middle ages
 Industrial revolution – increased productivity,
opened markets for goods and generated more
jobs
 Transpo made factories more productive
producing additional capital
  Iron and steel and electric elevator – 2
important factors in the growth of very large
cities
 Improved medicine, transpo, and infrastructure
are frequently cited factors
 Megalopolis – Great City – Refer to massive
urban concentration created from strong
physical linkages between 3 or more cities
Settlement in Philippines
Pre-colonial
 Due to need to band together – developed
cities – for security, and to be close to critical
resources like food and water
 Community unit – barangay – consisting 30-100
families
Spanish colonial
 Laws of Indies
1. Standard planning for all colonial
Settlement by King Philip II
2. Provide guidelines for site selection,
dimensioning, location of buildings and
open spaces and even the procedural
phases of planning and construction
3. Plaza Compkex – result of several
ordinances of LOI
4. Plaza surrounded by:
 Church
 Town hall
 Market place
 School
 Home of principalia
 Other government bldgs.
Intramuros
 Walled City of Manila
 A 1.2 sq. km. containing churches, plaza, office,
residential about 7k residents
 Due to physical limitation, decentralized
occurred and settlements built outside like
Malate, San Miguel and Paco
American Period
 Agenda – guide urban growth and physical
development
 Put emphasis on values of sanitation, housing
and aesthetic improvements
 Daniel Burnham – arch./planner of Chicago, San
Francisco, Washington DC, Manila and Baguio –
City Beautiful Movement – similar design of
Luneta park and Capitol Mall
 D.Burnham reclaim to create a better view of
ports
Manila as designed by D.Burnham
 Design w/ grand venues and strong central civic
core including civic mall to house national bldg.
 Fronted Manila Bay
 Pasig river was became an integral part for
transportation
 Due to the plan was too grand it never fully
realized
Manila as chartered city
 By virtue of Act 183, the Manila became city
encompassed Intramuros, Binondo, Tondo, Sta.
Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco and Pandacan
 The Arrabales (suburbs)
1. Quiapo – illustrado territory by rich and
powerful family
2. Tondo – coastal city adjacent to Manila
3. Binondo – trading port developed by
Chinese and Arabs
4. Sta. Cruz – main commercial district
5. San Nicolas – a commercial town
specialized w/ ceramics and soap
6. Sampaloc – caters Our Lady of Loreto and
St. Anthony Padua church and also 1st
University town in the Phil.
Later Suburbs
7. San Miguel (Malacanang) – rest house of
Spanish government
8. Malate – early summer resort of wealthy
and cultured Pinoy
9. Ermita – tourist belt/ red light district
10. Paco – 1st town built around train station
11. Pandacan – for Oil deposits
Further Suburbs
12. Quezon City – projected to be the capital of
Phil. To seat 3 main govt. bldg. but not
happened due to WWII.
13. PHHC Phil Homesite and Housing Corp. –
precursor of NHA. Built housed for the
masses.
14. PhilamLife Homes – 1st Q.C subdivision for
middle class suburbs.
15. Today Q.C is abundance of greens and open
spaces.
Quezon City as New Capital
1. Commonwealth Act 457
2. Planned by Juan Arellano, Harry Frost, Louis
Croft and Eng. E.D Williams
3. Constitution Hill
1946 – search for government site
Novaliches watershed – selected and called
Constitution Hill and National Government
Center. Include 20 ha civic space
4. PhilamLife Homes
1. Icon of middle class suburb
2. Plan by Carlos Arguelles based on California
modification
5. BLISS
1. Walk-up development for govt. sector
2. Bagong Lipunan Site and Services
Manila CBD
1. Manila CBD – center of business and
commerce, and seats national govt.
2. Makati CBD – a business, financial, commercial,
convention and recreational center of
Metropolitan and built by Ayala conglomerate
1948
3. Ortigas CBD – another recreational node
developed by Ortigas conglomerate in late 80s
4. Cubao CBD – Developed by Araneta Family and
intended for business bazaar economy
5. Bonifacio Global City – former military base and
environed to be 1st intelligent and ecological
city in Phil.
6. Bouleavard 2000 – envisaged to usher
renaissance of the city of manila – development
along Manila Bay to revive Manila as center of
commerce and tourism
7. Filinvest Corporate City – Southern part of
metropolis – joint venture of govt and private
sector. – surrounded by residential areas w/
high accessibility to industrial estate and
technological parks.
Kevin Lynch Image of City
1. Edges – termination of district
2. Paths – major and minor routes
3. Districts – center, uptown, and midtown,
college campus, residential areas
4. Nodes – center of activity
5. Landmarks – prominent visual features
Paths
1. Channels which observer moves
2. Predominant element
Edges
1. Linear element not considered as paths
2. Maybe barrier or seams
3. Not as dominant as path
4. Can be disruptive to city form
District
1. Medium to large section of city
2. Observer can mentally enter
3. Have physical characteristics based on activity,
building types, inhabitants, physical
characteristic
Nodes
1. Strategic post that observer can enter
2. Junction and concentration
3. Related directly to paths and districts
4. May be thematic concentration
Landmarks
1. Unique and special in place
2. Sequential series as traveling guides
3. Physical elements may be vary in scale
Ian Bentley Responsive Environment
1. Permeability – designing overall layout of
routes and development blocks
2. Variety – locating uses on the site
3. Legibility – designing the massing of buildings
and enclosure of public space
4. Robustness – designing the spatial and
constructional arrangement of individual bldg.
and outdoor space
5. Visual Appropriateness – designing external
image
6. Richness – developing the design for sensory
choice
7. Personalization – encourage to put their own
mark on the place where they live and work
Urban Pattern
Components
1. Landform
 Topography – affects bldg. form and
texture, utility system, size and shape
 Relationship w/ nature:
Cities w/n nature
Cities in hand w/ nature
Nature w/n cities
2. Shape
 Radiocentric – large circle w/ radial
corridors
 Rectilinear – usually 2 corridor w/
intense development crossing the
center
 Star – radiocentric form w/ open spaces
between the outreaching corridors
 Branch – linear span w/ connecting
arms
 Sheet – vast urban area w/ little or no
articulation
 Articulated sheet – a sheet accented by
more central clusters and several sub
cluster
 Ring – city built around large open
space
 Linear – usually result of natural
topography which restrict growth, may
also be a transportation spine
 Constellation – series of nearly equal
sized cities in close proximity
 Satellite – constellation of cities around
main center
3. Size and Density
 Physical extent – measured in km
across or center of outskirts
 Density formula:
1. No. of people/sq. km
2. No. of people/ha
3. No. of house/sq.km or ha
 4. Amt. bldg. floor area/section
5. Automobile population, FAR
4. Routes – outlying routes traversing the city
5. Architecture – link between architecture of the
bldg. and its environment
Details of urban design – traffic signs,
billboards, store signs, sidewalks, street
furniture, urban landscaping, pavers, street
vendors, traffic enforcers, entertainers, etc.
Grain – degree of finess or coarseness in urban
area
Texture – degree of mixture of fine and coarse
elements
6. Inhabitants – ethnic background, social classes
or dominant sex of inhabitants in locality
7. Movement – circulation pattern in the city.
Urban design concept – create pedestrian
friendly environment
City Functions
1. Economic
 City acts as producers and marketplaces
 Locating city at strategic point for
exchange of goods
2. Defence and Protection
 Cities built to w/stand siege (arm force
around fortification) from migrants, and
city enemy
3. Worship and Government
 Prime function of city
 Cathedral as center in medieval ages,
palaces and castle in renaissance
4. Transportation
 Greatly influence the location of the city
 New transportation means more spread
out of city
5. Education and Culture
 City always been seat for academic and
scholarship function
 Due to diversity, city acts as educator
6. Housing
Largest and simplest function of city
Urban Models
1. Concentric zone theory
 Geographer Ernest Burgess
 Include transition zone for CBD
expansion
 Has some deficiencies but simplicity
remains
2. Sector Model
 Economist Homer Hoyt
 Developed under premise that other
uses grow w/ CBD
 Most city grow in the direction of
higher income
3. Multiple Nuclei Model
 Geographers Chauncy Harris and
Edward Pullman
 Uses do not evolve around a single core
but at several nodes and focal points
 recognizes that different activities have
varying accessibility requirements
4. Urban Realms
 James Vance
 presents the emergence of self-
sufficient sectors
 independent urban realms brought by
the impact of the automobile
Urban Controls
1. FAR/ Plot Ratio
 proportion between built area and lot
area
2. FSI
 Establish by dividing area of total floor-
space on site including half of area of
any roads adjoining it.
3. Land Use and Zoning
 legal regulation of the use of land based
on growth patterns. An application of
police power for the protection of
public health, welfare and safety
4. Incentive Zoning
 allow developers to provide desirable
features and amenities to their project
5. Cluster Zoning
 special zoning policies for M-L sized
development
6. Urban Design Guidelines
 limit bldg. height, setbacks, bulk, and
character, size of roads and sidewalks
7. Urban Redevelopment Strategies
1. Conservation – adaptation of parts
while retaining essential spirit of
original.
2. Conservation Area – area of bldg. of
special architectural or historical
significance which does not preclude for
redevelopment of bldgs. w/n.
3. Urban Renewal – renewing outworn
areas of towns and cities. Covers both
rehabilitate and redevelopment
4. Adaptive Reuse – conversion of bldg.
into different use
5. Rehabilitation – describe idea of
repairing, redecorating and converting
Emerging Theories
Planned Unit Development
1. Cluster Zoning
2. used in areas that are being intensively
developed for the first time
3. Mid-sized development intended of self-
sustainability
Transit Oriented Developments (TOD)
1. Peter Calthorpe and other members of
Congress for New Urbanism
2. mixed use community with an average 670
meter distance of a transit stop and
commercial core area
3. Mix retail, residential, office, open space and
public use in a walkable environment
4. W/ TOD, city and transit system “meet in the
middle “
5. Boosts transit ridership and revenue
6. Allow residents to have easy access to transit
station, lessening to dependence of automobile
Urban TOD
1. Developed with high commercial intensities,
job clusters, and moderate to high residential
densities
Neighborhood TOD
1. Emphasis on moderate density residential,
service, retail, entertainment, civic, and
recreational uses
Distribution TOD
1. TOD should be located to maximize access to
Core commercial areas
2. TOD when located on fixed rail system, it should
located to allow efficient station spacing
3. Distributed to allow new growth area in a
pattern and to permit residents to walk in retail
and public facilities w/out having to cross the
street
New Urbanism
Suburban Sprawl
1. Result of increase new developments of
outlying areas
2. Creates unpleasant environments
3. Results to waste of energy resources, time and
money, blight
4. Fragments the region and creates series of
unrelated development creating weak urban
fabric
5. Initiated by automobile, greedy developers, and
American Dream
Congress for New Urbanism
1. Founder: Andres Duany, Elizabeth Zyberk, Peter
katz, Peter Calthorpe, Daniel Solomon and
others
2. Goal: generate public awareness on ills of
sprawl and bring back traditional city
3. Formation: effects of suburban sprawl on urban
environment
Hierarchy of space
1. Region
2. City
3. Community
4. Districts
5. Blocks
6. Streets
Region
1. Urbanism defined by its diversity, pedestrian
scale, public space and structure of bounded
neghborhood
Neighborhood, District and Corridor
1. 3 element of New Urbanism
2. Neighborhood – urbanized areas w/ balanced
mix of human activity
3. Districts – areas dominated by single activity
4. Corridors – connectors and separators of
neighbourhood and districts
Streets, blocks and Building
1. Forms of New Urbanism
2. Streets – not dividing lines but communal
rooms and passages
3. Blocks – field unfold both bldg. fabric and public
realm of city
4. Buildings – smallest increment of growth in the
city
Context of New Urbanism
1. Neighborhood has discernible center or focal
point
2. Most dwelling are w/n 5min walk of center
3. There exist in variety of dwelling type
4. There are wide mix of uses
5. Streets – connectors – grid pattern – dispersed
traffic by providing variety of pedestrian and
vehicular routes to any destination
6. Small playgrounds near every dwelling not more
than 200 meter
7. Elementary school close enough from their
home
8. Streets and sidewalks are covered w/ trees,
landscaping element that provide shade
9. Parallel parking also allowed along streets
10. Sidewalks at least 3m
11. Bldgs. define as outdoor room
12. Storefront are close to sidewalk w/ wide
openings
13. Parking lots and garage are rarely front
14. Certain prominent site reserved for civic bldgs.
15. Bodies of water gives significant
16. Neighborhood is organized to be self-governing
New Urbanism Strategies
Redevelopment
1. Redeveloping blighted areas
Infill 2. Published Greater London Plan
3. Founder of Town Planning Review
1. Used when redevelopment is no longer an
option Edmund Bacon
2. Utilized existing infrastructure comes from infill
development 1. Design Cities
2. Designer of Shanghai China
Urban Planning Terms:
Tony Garnier
1. Invasion – entry of new population to an
already occupied 1. Une Cite Industrielle
2. Centralization – increase in population at a 2. Distinct functional zoning throughout
certain geographic center Patrick Geddes
3. Gentrification – improving the physical set-up
and consequently affecting market for 1. Cities in Evolution
previously run-down areas 2. in planning circles, his indelible mark is made by
4. Block-boosting- “forcing” the old population his extensive contribution to fresh thought on
out of the area because of social or racial the shape and location of contemporary human
differences communities

Walter Gropius
Famous Case Studies
1. invention of residential layout place lateral or
1. Seaside
oblique to a street
 Adres Duany and Elizabeth Zyberk
2. The New Architecture and the Bauhaus
 Walton Florida
 Terminating vistas give importance to Victor Gruen
public bldgs.
1. Planner of Northland Center near Detroit and
 Fosters a strong sense of community w/
Southdale Center in Minneapolis, w/ shops
variety of dwelling unit close each
clustered at center and encircled w/ car parks
other, complete neighbourhood
rather than place each side
amenities, open space and terminating
2. Pioneered development on America of both
vistas
regional and city center pedestrian shopping
 Requirement of porches built up to the
areas
road
 80 acres of land Jane Jacobs
2. Jackson Taylor
 Sacramento California 1. Death and Life of Great American Cities
 Peter Calthorpe and Associate 2. Concentrated on how people behave
 75 acres of land 3. American author and former associate editor of
3. Laguna West Architectural Forum
 Town center located at terminus of Louis Khan
radial boulevard
 System of public spaces is the 1. Noted for imaginative sequence of plans for
organizing structure of community redevelopment of Philadelphia
 Designed by Peter Calthorpe and 2. Put emphasis on utilitarian elements of
developed by Phil Angelides structure
 Plan put emphasis on well define public
Albert Mayer
spaces and amenities
 1045 acres of land 1. Conceptualize Chandigarh, Pakistan
4. Kentland 2. Planning concept: Differentiation w/out division
 Gaithersburg, Maryland 3. Believed housing developments should blend
 Andres Duany and Elizabeth Zyberk w/ neighboring city
 High end residential built close to each
other Lewis Mumford
 335 acres of land 1. The Story of Utopias
2. Influential American writer on planning and
sociology
Famous Planners
3. Theme: long running start in history, in order to
Leslie Patrick Abercrombie
solve the problems of today
1. Won for re-planning of Dublin 4. Advocates: city and balance neighbourhood
solve congestion and overgrown city
John Nash 3. Research – made from existing books,
experiments
1. Designer of London Park Crescent and Regent 4. Analysis – considered existing natural and man-
Park made features
2. Believed in curving forms, rather than grid and
formal pattern Methods of establishing a Site:

Frederic James Osborn 1. Site Selection Process - Select site to be suitable

for project
1. Espousal of the principle Garden City by H. 2. Development Suitability Process - Select
Ebenezer project suitable for the site
2. Advocate garden city principle as integral
elements of government planning policies
Site Analysis:
Camillo Sitte

1. City Planning According to Artistic Principles

Natural Factors:
1. Geology
2. Distaste for regular and classical mode of town
2. Geomorphology
planning
3. Hydrology
Lewis Silkin 4. Vegetation
5. Wildlife
1. New Towns Act 1946 and Town and Country 6. Climate
Planning Act 1947
2. Earned his place in history of planning by Cultural Factors
legislation 1. Existing land use
2. Traffic and transit
Kenzo Tange 3. Density and zoning
4. Socio-economic factors
1. Rebuilt Tokyo of 15M people
5. Utilities
2. An Arch. and planner who analysed major city
6. Historic Factors
of world’s industrialized countries
Aesthetic Factors
Vitruvius
1. Natural features – natural features became part
1. Famous arch. and planner of antiquity of development
2. De Architectura 2. Spatial Features – arrangement of element,
3. 4th to 7th chapter in De Architectura embody his open space of given space
principles in town planning 3. Visual Features:
View – wide area
John Wood Vistas – one direction toward dominant feature.
1. Advocate of formalism highlighting by simple Composed of viewing station, view, foreground
curve bldgs.
2. Designer of royal circus and royal crescent in
Natural Factors:
Bath, England
1. Geology – study of Earth composition-shaped
Christopher Wren and history
Rock –made of soil, silt, dust and sand
1. Rebuilding London after the great fire 1966 Types of Rock:
2. Stock exchange bldg. was symbolic focal point  Igneous rock – produced by
in his plan crystallization from liquid
 Sedimentary rock – igneous rock
Site Planning exposed to surface and weathering and
erodes by process and deposited into
rivers and oceans
 Metamorphosed rock – sedimentary
Definition
rock push deeply on level of earth and
1. Art of arranging structure on the land and
transformed into metamorphosed due
shaping spaces between, an art linked to
to temp. and pressure
architecture, engr., landscape and city planning
2. Soil Erosion – rocks broken down into small
(Lynch-Site Planning)
fragments carried by wind, water, ice and
2. The art and science of arranging the use of
gravity
portion of land (Harvey Rubenstein – A guide to
4 factors to forecast soil erosion:
Site and Environmental Planning)
1. Vegetation
 2. Soil type
3. Slope size and inclination
4. Frequency and intensity of rainfall
3. Geomorphology – branch of geology deals w/
origin, nature and distribution of landforms
 Physiography – description of
landforms
 Landforms – irregularities on earth
surface
Geomorphologic information:
1. Soil properties
2. Drainage
3. Topography and slopes
4. Soil erosion
Soil and Soil Development
Sustainability
1. Soil Properties – describes the soil in site
 Composition – refers to material that
makes up soil – mineral particles, organic
matter, water and air
 Mineral Particles – 50-80% volume of soil.
The skeletal structure of soil.
 Sand and gravel – provide greatest stability,
yielding high bearing capacity
 Clay – more variable in stability w/ loose
packed, wet particle mass
 Bearing capacity - ability of soils resistance
to penetrate from weighted object such as
foundation
 Organic matter – important in fertility,
moisture absorption and use in landscaping,
less stable
 Water – occupies between the particles
 Air – due to accumulation of water, soil is
largely devoid of air
2. Texture – size of particle in a soil
1. Loam – boundary by scientist in texture
of soil, 20% clay, 40% silt and 40% sand
2. Classes of Soil: Clay, Loam, Sand
3. Drainage:
- Good drainage – ability of soil to transfer
the gravity water downward
 Infiltration – rate at which water
penetrates soil surface
 Permeability – rate at which water
moves w/n soil
 Percolation – rate at which water in
soil is being absorb like wastewater
absorption measured in inches per
hr.
- Poor Drainage – permanently saturated soil
Caused:
 Local accumulation of surface water
 Rise of level of groundwater
Topography and Slope
1. Slope Forms/Slope Profile/Silhouette of slope –
basic forms:
 Straight
 S shape
 Concave
 Convex
2. Angle of response – maximum angle of slope
for safely inclined and beyond of it will fail
3. Topographic Map – describes the shape of
earth surface by contour lines
4. Contour lines – imaginary line that joints equal
elevation on surface of land above or below
reference surface. Used to measure the height
of mountains, depth of ocean bottoms, and
steepness of slope
5. Slope Analysis – analytical process made on
topographic map that produces overall pattern
of slope
Slope Pattern for School:
1. 0-5% - generally flat and highly valuable
2. 5-10% - gently rolling and moderately buildable
3. 10-15% - gentle to mild slope and moderately
difficult terrain
4. 15-20% - mild to steep slope and difficult terrain
5. 20% above – harsh, steep slope and unbuildable
 Flan or gently sloping site – preferred
for industrial and commercial bldgs.
 Hilly sites – preferred for fashionable
suburban residence
 4% - expressway for uninterrupted
movement
 10% - for roads w/ 20 to 30 mph speed
limit
 15% - for driveways
Hydrology
Definition
1. study the earth waster, their occurrence,
circulation, and distribution of water
Hydrologic cycle – Water cycle
 Evaporation
 Condensation
 Precipitation
 Infiltration
2. Aquifer – store and transmit groundwater use
in wells
3. Watershed – land that captures precipitation,
filter and store water to shared destination
Vegetation
1. Definition: plant materials on site
2. Role of Vegetation:
 Climatic control
 Reduce solar radiation
  Deflect wind
 Provide cool air
 Aide for moisture retention
 Prevention of soil erosion
 Environmental Engineering
 For air purification
 For noise reduction
 To reduce glare and reflection
 Erosion control
Vitiveria Zizianoides or Vitiver grass –
miracle grass of amazing bio-
engineering capabilities

Architectural and Aesthetic

1. Space Definition:
 Provide color and texture for base plane
 Can be wall for outdoor space
 Provide shade In canopies
2. View control:
 Provide backdrops for sculpture and
fountains
 Provide filtered vies of buildings or
spaces maximizing its effect
3. Mood
 Plants affect people’s moods

Wildlife
1. Open land Wildlife
2. Woodland Wildlife
3. Wetland Wildlife

Climate types:
1. Cold
2. Temperate
3. Hot Arid/Dry
4. Hot Humid/Tropical
Passive Cooling – to induce comfort w/out the
use of mechanical means and to conserve
energy