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Organic Rankine cycle as efficient alternative to steam cycle for small scale
power generation
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4 authors, including:
Michel De Paepe
Ghent University
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p T
12.00 252.06 Simplified Steam Cycle
2940.36 1.733
h m 1
p = Pressure [bar]
T = Temperature [°C] Pm = 1052.63 kW Pel = 1000.00 kW
2
h = Enthalpy [kJ/kg] i = 75 % m,e = 95 %
m = Mass flow [kg/s]
b = Boiler efficiency [%] b = 100 % 0.07400 40.04
1 H = 3767.89 kW
E,in = Energy input [kW] E,in = 4802.94 kW 2333.02 90.00(X) 7
Pm = Mechanical Pow er [kW]
2
i = Isentropic efficiency [%] 7
0.07400 40.04
Tlow = Low end temp. diff. [K] 3.000 30.00
2333.02 1.733
Thigh = High end temp. diff. [K] 126.01 59.868
H,trans = Transmitted heat flow [kW] Tlow = 25.03 K
P = Pow er [kW] Thigh = 10.04 K 3.000 15.01
m,e = Mechanical*Electrical eff. [%] 4 H,trans = 3752.91 kW
63.33 59.868
3 8
X = Vapour quality [%]
H = Heat output [kW] P = -3.48 kW P = -17.73 kW
i = 80 % 0.07400 40.04 i = 80 %
Pel = Electrical Pow er [kW]
12.00 40.15 m,el = 74.75 % m,el = 84.5 %
167.71 1.733 6
169.21 1.733
4 3 5 5 6
Calculation assumptions and results Some remarks and considerations should be made to
The above discussed ORC- and steam cycle are applicable previous study :
to all the analysis shown in this paper. The performance is In practice, different kinds of expanders (turbine, screw
evaluated for stationary conditions of all components with the expander,…) are used in ORC’s. Depending on the kind of
following general assumptions and data in Table 2. expander isentropic efficiencies of 85 – 90% are realistic for
To compare cycles using wet and dry fluids with each other, turbines with a dedicated design.
the optimized cycle between predefined temperature levels of The efficiency of small scale steam turbines for low
the heat source and condenser is considered for each case. In pressure applications with limited superheating temperature
this part of the study the assumption is made of a heat source at was found to be lower than 75% in practice.
The efficiencies of commercially available ORC’s may be
30
25
Water
20 Toluene
η cycle,bto [%]
R245fa
n-pentane
15 solkatherm
OMTS
10 HMDS
Cyclopentane
5
100 150 200 250 300 350
T in turbine [°C]
400 P in
Pinch
350
case 2
case 3
300
case 5
Temperature [°C]
250 case 8
case 10
200
150
100
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
P thermal [kW]
p T
70.00 333.88 Combined Steam + ORC h m
2965.57 1.312
1 p = Pressure [bar]
T = Temperature [°C]
Pm = 466.38 kW Pel = 443.06 kW h = Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
2 m = Mass flow [kg/s]
i = 75 % m,e = 95 %
b = Boiler efficiency [%]
b = 100 % 6.000 158.83 E,in = Energy input [kW]
1
E,in = 3000.00 kW 2610.14 93.00(X) Pm = Mechanical Pow er [kW]
i = Isentropic efficiency [%]
2 Tlow = Low end temp. diff. [K]
6.000 158.83 Thigh = High end temp. diff. [K]
3.000 142.36 3.000 142.36
2610.14 1.312 H,trans = Transmitted heat flow [kW]
183.94 100.00(X) 183.94 8.901
Tlow = 69.21 K P = Pow er [kW]
6 m,e = Mechanical*Electrical eff. [%]
Thigh = 16.47 K 3.000 89.63
4 H,trans = 2545.15 kW X = Vapour quality [%]
-101.99 8.901
3 Pm = 387.58 kW H = Heat output [kW]
P = -13.71 kW 8
i = 75 % Pel = Electrical Pow er [kW]
i = 80 % 6.000 158.83
70.00 159.99 m,el = 84.15 % 12
670.50 1.312 Pel = 368.20 kW
679.29 1.312 3.000 89.63 0.1500 113.10 m,e = 95 %
4 3 -101.99 8.901 140.39 8.901
3.000 30.00
126.01 34.483 7
Tlow = 31.29 K
14
Thigh = 16.31 K 3.000 15.01
H,trans = 2161.61 kW
63.33 34.483
10
11
P = -5.28 kW P = -10.49 kW
0.1500 46.31
i = 80 % i = 80 %
-187.91 0.00(X) 8
m,el = 76.55 % m,el = 82.29 %
13
3.000 46.43
11 10 5 5 6
-187.46 8.901
From literature studies, extensive experience and shared The main conclusions drawn from this paper are the
knowledge with constructors, suppliers and operators of both following :
steam cycle and ORC based power plants, some general and ORC’s can be operated on low temperature heat sources
experience based arguments are listed that should be considered with low to moderate evaporation pressure, and still achieve
in the selection between a steam cycle and an ORC. These a better performance than a steam cycle.
considerations should be translated into an investment -, ORC’s require bigger feed pumps, because of a higher mass
maintenance - and exploitation cost. flow, which has a higher impact on the net electric power.
The heating curves of ORC’s can be better fitted to match
Pro ORC: the temperature profile of waste heat sources, resulting in a
Most organic fluids applied in ORC installations are dry higher cycle efficiency and in a higher recovery ratio for the
fluids and do not require superheating. An important factor thermal power Pth,reco.
in the total cost is the design and dimensions of the heat A combined steam cycle with a bottoming ORC cycle can
exchangers (preheater – evaporator – superheater) for the be used for a closer fit to the temperature profile of a waste
waste heat recovery. Superheater dimensions usually are heat source on moderate temperature levels. Cost
big because of the lower heat transfer pro surface unit for a effectiveness of such combined cycles still needs further
gaseous medium. investigation.
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine varies with its
power scale and its design. In general ORC expanders with ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
a dedicated design have a higher efficiency than small scale
steam turbines in the same power range. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of
No need of accurate process water treatment and control, IWT Flanders to this work (IWT is the government agency for
nor deareator Innovation by Science and Technology).
Less complex installation, very favourable when starting Also the support and the use of the simulation software
from green field or when there is no steam network with Fluidprop and Cycle Tempo, developed by Delft University of
appropriate facilities already present on site. Technology, The Netherlands is gratefully acknowledged.
Very limited maintenance costs and a high availability
Very easy to operate (only start-stop buttons) REFERENCES
Good part load behaviour and efficiency
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fluids”, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 28, Jun. 2008, p.
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