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B. It is important enough that some have made it the distinguishing term in their
definition of poetry--Poe: "music combined with a pleasurable idea"
C. Most don't agree that it's that important, but verbal music--like connotation, imagery,
figurative language--is an important element in communicating experience.
D. A poet may sometimes pursues verbal music for its own sake, but in the best poetry
the music is just a part; it contributes to the total meaning or experience
A. Repetition of sound
d. composer of music—
b. the unrhymed verse is better, but it is obvious that much of the appeal of the
original must be in its rhyme
c. rhymed verse is much better but the original wording makes it even better
1. Units of repetition
b. whole syllables
c. words
d. phrases
f. or a group of lines
(1) crisscross
c. Internal rhyme: when one or more riming words are within the rhyme
(2) emphasizes musical effect, and it along with meter gives poetry not only
its musical effect but much of its structure
(3) there is a large body of poetry which does not employ rhyme and for
which rhyme would be inappropriate
D. Application of Repetition of Sounds: "That Night When Joy Began" by W. H. Auden
1. What has been the past experience with love of the two people in the poem?
What is their present experience? What precisely is the tone of the poem?
Discussion
2. What basic metaphor underlies the poem? Work it out stanza by stanza. What is
"the flash of morning's leveled gun" (3-4)? Does line 10 mean that no trespassers
reproaches the lovers or that no one reproaches the lovers for being trespassers ?
Does "glasses" (11) refer to spectacles, tumblers, mirrors, or field glasses? Point
out three personifications.Discussion
3. The rhyme pattern in the poem is intricate and exact. Work it out, considering
alliteration, assonance, and consonance. Discussion
Tu-whit, tu-who!
A merry note,
b. Shakespeare's "Spring"
"Cuckoo!
2 Paraphrase the third line, in light of the idea that the first line presents an attitude
toward the fact that all living things must die. Where does the speaker "have to
go" ultimately? What is the process of his present "going"? Discussion
4 What is it that "Great Nature has ... to do" (13) to people. How should they live
their lives, according to the speaker? Discussion
5 Explain the paradox that "shaking keeps [the speaker] steady" (16). Consider the
possibility that the speaker is personifying "the Tree" (16) as himself--what then
is "fall[ing] away," and how near is it (17)? Discussion
F. Other sound repetitions
(a) m and n
(b) p and b
b. "cell, sin; folly, philosophy" alliterate; "sin, sugar / gun, gem" do not
b. In "The Turtle" line 2, "which" and "it" is not assonance; neither stressed
3. The words involved in a pattern must be close enough together for the ear to
retain the sounds
2. The image in lines 3-4 possibly refers to olive oil being collected in great vats
from crushed olives, but the image is much disputed. Explain the simile (2),
symbol (7-8), symbol (11-12) Discussion
3. Explain "reck his rod" (4), "spent" (9), and "bent" (13). Discussion
III. Use of musical devices is not always necessary or valuable; we must judge the use or lack
of use in light of the poet's intention
A. Many of great works of English poetry--Hamlet, King Lear, Paradise Lost--do not
use end rhyme
a. Love's Labor's Lost: The preyful princess pierced and pricked a pretty
pleasing prickett
b. A Midsummer Night's Dream: Whereat with blade, with bloody, blameful
blade, / He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast
1. provide pleasure
2. add depth
Examples of Alliteration
The wicked witch of the west
Larry, like Laura, likes leaving late.
Freezing frost in February
Johnny jumped and jiggled.
WHAT IS CONSONANCE?
Consonance is often confused with alliteration, and understandably so.
Consonance is similar to alliteration in the fact that it deals with the
repetition of consonants. However, the repetition in consonance occurs with
the inner consonant sounds, or those at the ends of words, rather than the
consonants at the beginning of the words in a phrase.
Examples of Consonance
He struck some good luck.
Think tank
Touch the peach on the beach.
The big frog was on a log.
WHAT IS ASSONANCE?
Similar to both consonance and alliteration, assonance uses the repetition of
a pattern of sound. In assonance, the repetition occurs with the vowels inside
the words, rather than the consonants. It is used to create internal rhyming
within a phrase or sentence in a more subtle manner than with alliteration.
Examples of Assonance
There was a rock in a box that was locked.
The cat came back to attack the man.
A white owl was flying high in the night.
In each case, whether we’re talking about alliteration, consonance or
assonance, it’s important to focus on the sound, rather than the letter, that is
used. All three of these literary devices are used to catch a person’s
attention and please the ear by creating a musical effect through language.
Hey hey, my my
Rock and roll can never die
There's more to the picture
Than meets the eye.
When a sentence is in active voice, the subject is doing the action and
the subject typically comes before the action in the sentence. For
example:
Anna hits the ball. Anna is the subject. Hits is the action. The ball
is the object.
That same sentence in passive voice reads:
Be
Is
Are
A
Was
Were
Has been
Have been
Will be
Being
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Let
Verb
Be
Verb
Active: Clean this room
Passive: Let the room be cleaned.
Example :
The manager is signing the cheques.
The cheques are being signed by the manager.
1. The maid is sweeping the broken pieces of glass.
2. The police have solved most of the crimes this year.
3. Only a few of us attended the spiritual talk.
4. The gardener sweeps and mops the hall once a week.
5. Mrs Lim is boiling the sweet potatoes at the moment.
6. The authorities will launch a cleanliness campaign in the park.
7. We will work out the details of the agreement within a week.
8. No one responded to the call to donate blood.
9. The good Samaritan helped the blind man cross the road.
10. The salesman is driving Danny's new car out of the garage.
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Answers
1. The broken pieces of glass are being swept by the maid.
2. Most of the crimes this year have been solved by the police.
3. The spiritual talk was attended by only a few of us.
4. The hall is swept and mopped by the gardener once a week.
5. The sweet potatoes are being boiled by Mrs Lim at the moment.
6. A cleanliness campaign will be launched by the authorities in the park.
7. The details of the agreement will be worked out by us within a week.
8. The call to donate blood was not responded to by anyone.
9. The blind man was helped by the good Samaritan to cross the road.
10. Danny's new car is being driven out of the garage by the salesman.
Form
Present simple and continuous: The car is repaired. The car is being repaired.
Past simple and continuous: The car was repaired. The car was being repaired.
Present perfect: The car has just been repaired.
Past perfect: The car had been repaired.
Future simple: The car will be repaired.
Future perfect: The car will have been repaired.
Present and perfect conditional: The car would be repaired. The car would have been
repaired.
The passive voice in English is formed with the verb to be and the past participle, which
is different for regular verbs (translated, mended) and irregular verbs (taken, thrown).
Statement: The letter is written. This shop has been opened. It will be done in time.
Question: Is the letter written? Has the shop been opened? Will it be done in time?
Negative: The letter is not written. The shop has not been opened. It will not be done in
time.
The continuous is as follows. (Other continuous tenses are normally used in the active
voice, not in the passive.)
Present: A new house is being built in our street.
Past: A new house was being built in our street.
In all the examples above the agent is not mentioned. We do not know who has written
the letter or opened the shop.
Similarly: Flowers were planted in the garden. (We do not know who did it).
If we want to say who planted the flowers we mention the agent at the end of the
sentence and use the preposition by.
The flowers were planted by my mother.
But: The window was smashed with a stone. (The stone is not the agent. We do not
know who smashed the window. We only know how he or she did it).
Direct and indirect objects
If there are both direct and indirect objects in the active voice (My friend sent me a
letter), the indirect object (my friend), not the direct object (a letter), becomes the
subject in the passive voice.
Active: My friend sent me a letter.
Passive: I was sent a letter by my friend. (Not: A letter was sent to me by my friend. This
sentence does not sound natural in English.)
Similarly: They offer Trevor a place. - Trevor is offered a place.
The infinitive without to
In the active voice some verbs are followed by the bare infinitive (infinitive without to). In
the passive form we use most such verbs with the infinitive with to.
Active: We saw them come. She made him do it.
Passive: They were seen to come. He was made to do it.
But: They let us go. - We were let go.
Use
The passive is used:
1. If the action is more important then the agent.
A demonstration has been held. This theatre was built in 1868.
The important thing is what happened, not who did it.
2. If the agent is not known.
He was offered a job. (Someone offered him the job.)
They are supposed to be good students. (Some teachers suppose that.)
The difference in meaning between the simple and continuous
A new house is built in our street. (The house is finished.)
A new house is being built in our street. (They are building it these days, it is not
finished.)
I was being introduced to Mrs. Jones when her husband arrived. (Her husband arrived
in the middle of the introduction.)
When her husband arrived I was introduced to Mrs. Jones. (Her husband arrived first
and then she introduced me.)
Notes
This form is typical of an impersonal and formal style, that is why you can often find it in
public notices, announcements, instructions or scientific articles.
English is spoken in this shop. Visitors are not allowed to smoke. The seal must be
removed.
In a less formal style the active voice is more usual.
English is spoken in this shop. - We speak English in this shop.
He was seen in Dover. - They saw him in Dover.
The seal must be removed. - You must remove the seal.
In the English language this form is more frequent than in many other languages.
Moreover, you can find some stuctures in English which are not possible in some
languages.
I am told that you are going to have a baby. It is thought that the crises will end soon.
Our tip
Try some passive voice exercises to practise the difference between the active
and passive voice forms in English tenses.
If you want to download pdf grammar rules with more examples have a look at E-
grammar pdf rules.
A marked printable test with answers is available at Mixed exercises.