Experiment 3: Neutralization capacity of commercial Antacid Acid

ABSTRACT

For this experiment of neutralization capacity of commercial antacid acid, what most
important is to obtain the neutralization capacity of commercial antacid, standard hydrochloric acid
solution are used and to standardize the acid and sodium hydroxide. First and foremost, dissolved
the antacid tablet with acid by doing crushing. Certain acid will be neutralized but there will be not
dissolved. By doing titration and using NaOH from the previous experiment which is experiment 2,
it will be produce an excess acid. From that, it can calculate the amount of antacid that react with
acid. This technique is known as back-titration where there is will be a reversible reaction. The
highlight of this experiment also is to boil the solution so, that when the reaction occurs it will
remove the carbon dioxide gas and acid will remain.

OBJECTIVES
1. To draw up a standard hydrochloric acid solution.
2. To standardize between acid and sodium hydroxide
3. To obtain the neutralization capacity of a commercial antacid tablet

INTRODUCTION

What is the main purpose of this experiment is to standardize the acid and sodium
hydroxide also to determine the neutralization capacity of a commercial antacid tablet. Titration can
be one of the methods to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by observing the
reaction. As a quantitative analysis, acidic or basic solution can use titration techniques.
For antacids, it is based that will react with acid. To neutralize the commercial antacid
tablet, the number of moles of acid will mix with a tablet by using the back-titration method as
mentioned earlier. For this experiment, the known amount excess of acid will be dissolving with a
crushed of an antacid tablet. Then, it will be calculated to know the amount of neutralization of
antacid tablets by this reaction.
To calculate the amount of neutralization of antacid tablets that react with acid, the number
of moles of acid that neutralized by the antacid, the moles of acid that neutralized should be
subtracted from the number of moles acid in the initial solution. This is the balanced equation of
neutralization of antacid:

Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl ⇌ Al3+ + 3 Cl- + 3 H2O

METHODOLOGY

The first step in this experiment is the hydrochloric acid solution was prepared by calculated
the volume of 6.0M HCl to prepare 250mL of 0.5M HCl. Distilled water also was calculated to find
the amount required. 80% of distilled water that been calculated are been poured into a 500mL
conical flask. The volume of 6.0M HCl that already calculated is been measured and transferred
into the conical flask by using a graduated cylinder. Distilled water was added to fill up until 250mL
of the conical flask. The conical flask was covered with parafilm carefully and the solution was
mixed well.
Next, secondary standard NaOH is used from the previous experiment, this is to
standardize the HCl solution and the tertiary standard is formed. 50mL was filled and rinsed in a
burette with a standard NaOH solution. The initial reading was recorded and an air bubble was
removed at the tip of the burette. Then, 10mL of the hydrochloric acid solution was accurately
pipette and transferred into a clean conical flask. 20mL of distilled water was added into flask
followed with 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titration was started by using standard NaOH
solution until to the endpoint. The final reading of titrant was recorded and this procedure is being
repeated two times.
After that, the burette was filled with a standard NaOH solution. Air bubbles were checked
and removed at the tip of the burette. Initial reading also was recorded. One antacid tablet was
prepared, without touching the tablet, the mass of the tablet was weighed and recorded. Then, the
antacid tablet was crushed by using mortar and pestle. Tablet was split into two or three samples
with similar weights. Each sample was reweighed to the nearest milligram.
Then, each mass of samples was recorded and transferred into clean 250mL conical flasks
respectively. 25mL of distilled water was measured and been poured into the flask. The volumetric
pipette was used to transfer 25.0mL of standard acid into a flask that contained a crushed tablet.
Then, the contents in the flask were heated on a hot plate and were gently boiled for 5 minutes.
The samples were not completely dissolved even after been boiled due to the presence of 'fillers',
but any samples were already reacted with the excess HCl. The content of the flask was only the
remaining acid solution that been checked with litmus paper. In the last step, the solution is been
cooled down to room temperature in a beaker that filled with tap water. 5 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator were added. The indicator changed the color from colorless (acid) to red (base). The
solution was titrated until pale pink appeared. This procedure is repeated for another 2 samples
and all results were recorded.
RESULT AND CALCULATION

A. Preparation of the hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution.

(i) Volume of 6.0M HCl needed to prepared 250 mL of 0.5M

HCl

(0.5M)(250mL) = (6.0M)(x)

X = 20.83mL of HCl
B. Standardization of the acid against sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

1 2
Volume of the acid used 10.0 10.0
(mL)

Final reading of NaOH 36.00 43.10

Initial reading of NaOH 6.00 13.10
Volume of NaOH used (mL) 30.00 30.00

Calculation :
MaVa = MbVb
 C. Determination of neutralization capacity of an antacid acid

Weight of 1 whole antacid acid = 0.6088 g

1 2
Weight of crushed antacid 0.2926 0.2895
tablet (g)
Volume of standard HCl 20.0 20.0
added (mL)
Volume of standard NaOH 46.80 36.80
(mL) First titration
Volume of standard NaOH 10.80 20.60
(mL) Second titration

Volume of standard NaOH 57.60 57.40

used (mL)

Calculation (Back titration)

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Al(OH)3 Al + 3OH-

Use antacid contain hydroxide: Al(OH)3 in the calculation

DISCUSSION

From the experiment above, firstly is to prepare the hydrochloric acid. We know that
hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Any acid should be handled carefully and caution because it can
harm especially on the skin. Hydrochloric acid was diluted to reduce the concentration. The
purpose to dilute is to get the molarity that required which is 0.5M from 6.0M. Then, the acid will be
added to the distilled water because the mixture will undergo the exothermic, where it will produce
heat. Parafilm is used to avoid the acid from easily evaporate to the air and this will cause the
reduction of the amount of acid.

Furthermore, in this experiment, standard NaOH from the previous experiment was used
with a concentration of 0.19M. Titration is used to identify the changes of acidic to basic by using
phenolphthalein as an indicator because it is commonly used in an acid-base titration where it can
indicate the changes of color from colorless to pale pink. Titration needs to be repeated 3 times to
obtain reliable results. Meanwhile, titration is being used because it must be stoichiometric since
antacid and acid reaction is stoichiometry.

The antacid tablet is a weak base that will react with acid to neutralize and stabilize the pH.
In this experiment, to determine the amount neutralization of capacity of commercial antacid acid
by using the back-titration method. A standard acid solution is used to titrate the antacid, where the
antacid is dissolved in hydrochloric and the excess acid will be neutralized by the NaOH standard
solution. Because of the reaction, it will change the molarity of the initial concentration of HCl and
the results of moles neutralized can identify the mass of active content in antacid so that, antacid
can works as buffers to proof their effectiveness of the tablet. When doing this neutralize, strong
bases are not been used because it may occur reversible reaction where acidity will become more
acidic.

Other than that, each experiment needs to be done with 3 samples. This is because the
more samples that been observed, the higher the accuracy and precision that can be obtained. To
avoid the percentage error higher. Firstly, when the burette is used, the most important to do is to
rinse and fill the burette with a solution that will be filled in. This method will reduce the number of
other particles inside the burette when doing the titration. Secondly, the tip of the burette needs to
be check if there are any air bubbles. The existence of air bubbles will not give an accurate reading
and this will affect the initial reading of the burette. To remove the air bubbles, one of the ways is to
rapidly run the solution through the tip and whack a little bit.
 Besides, when doing the crushing tablet, you need to crush carefully because the powder of
the tablet may splash out from the mortar. And this will affect the actual quantity of the tablet. After
that, weighing also needs to be careful because the analytical balance may be very sensitive to the
surrounding. Lastly, boil the solution gently because it may appear the 'fillers' which is means an
undissolved particle and this also may give inaccurate results due to the quantity is not the same as
weighing previously. Do not rinse the walls of glassware that been used with distilled water also
can contribute to the inaccurate reading.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the average moles of HCl neutralized is 4.85x10-4. The result of the
neutralization capacity of a commercial tablet is 5.19x10-4 and 5.91x10-4 moles per gram for a
tablet. As calculated, the mass of Al(OH)3 is 0.012g and 0.013g. While the percentage error of
this experiment is 44.25%.

REFERENCES

 Lin, M. S., Sun, P., & Yu, H. Y. (1998). Evaluation of buffering capacity and acid neutralizing-pH time
profile of antacids. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association= Taiwan yi zhi, 97(10), 704-710.
 https://www.odinity.com/acid-base-titration-analysis/
 DRAKE, D., & HOLLANDER, D. (1981). Neutralizing capacity and cost effectiveness of
antacids. Annals of internal medicine, 94(2), 215-217.
 Harvey, D. (2000). Modern analytical chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
APPENDIX

JOTTER: NEUTRALIZATION CAPACITY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACID TABLET.

QUESTIONS

1. Acid is always added to water, and never reverse. Why?

This is because when acid is added to water, it will release heat that called exothermic. So,
when more acid is added, when boiled it will cause more heat released and this will cause
splashes. That is why adding more water is better as it will reduce the concentration of
acid.

2. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of the antacid with HCl if the antacid
contain hydroxide ion.

Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) -----> AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l).

3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if the antacid contains carbonate
ion.

CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)⟶CO2(g)+H2O(l)+CaCl2(aq)