Syllabi IBAS - Effective 2019 RWM PDF

INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING
STUDIES (IBAS)
SYLLABI
EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2019

CONTENTS
Page
PART ONE
Location and Contact Details 2
The Institute 3
Preamble and Consultations 4
Aims and Objectives 4
St Standards and Entry Qualifications 5
Ee Studentship 6
Examinations 7
Awards 9
Library Facilities 11
PART TWO
Curriculum and Syllabi 13
Mode of Study 14
Practical Exposure 14
Change of Curriculum 14
Certificate in Business and Accounting Studies
Business English 15
Basic Accounting 18
Introduction to Quantitative Techniques and Information Technology 20
Entrepreneurship Skills Development 26
Foundations of Business 30
Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies
Business Communication and Ethics 35
Business Accounting 37
Business Administration 41
Quantitative Techniques and Research Methods 43
Information Technology 49
Business Law 52
Introduction to Financial Management 58
Business Economics 61
Tax Law and Practice 65
Human Resources Management 69
Financial Accounting and Reporting 73
Cost and Management Accounting I 76
On the Job Training (OJET) 79
Higher Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies
Auditing 81
Financial Management II 84
Corporate Management and Governance (Optional) 88
Financial Accounting III 91
Public Sector Accounting (Optional) 94
Cost and Management Accounting II 97
Research Project 100
Tuition Providers 103
1
THE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES
Location and Contact Details
Office: Dzidzo House

22 – 32 McChlery Avenue
(Cnr Enterprise Road South / Londonderry Road)
Eastlea
Harare, Zimbabwe
Postal Address: P O Box CY 172

Causeway
Harare, Zimbabwe
Telephone: (+263 24) 2700553-5; 2702241

VoIP: (+263) 08644 124 596-9
Fax: (+263 24) 2700624
E-mail: ibas@icsaz.co.zw; cis@icsaz.co.zw
Website: www.icsaz.co.zw
Open Monday to Friday 8:30 am to 4:30 pm
Closed at Weekends and on Public Holidays
All correspondence should be addressed to the Chief Executive and Secretary
2
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES (IBAS)
THE INSTITUTE
In 1980, the Foundation for Business Studies was launched in Zimbabwe. The aim of the Foundation was to
bring practical business education within the reach of people who have attained a secondary school leaving
certificate but would not have acquired the requisite formal education to pursue the Institute of Chartered
Secretaries and Administrators’ course.
To better identify with the new thrust of the Foundation, the name was changed in 2007 to the Institute of
Business and Accounting Studies (IBAS). The IBAS is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Institute of Chartered
Secretaries and Administrators in Zimbabwe (ICSAZ).
Not only is the Institute meeting a felt need by students but it has also achieved recognition by employers,
many of whom sponsor their employees as students; and by the colleges, where the Institute’s examinations
have been incorporated into business studies training programmes as a first step towards a more advanced
qualification.
3
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES - CERTIFICATE
Preamble
The course is designed to impart basic knowledge, skills and attitudes to satisfy knowledge of accounting skills,
administration skills and entrepreneurship skills. The Institute of Business and Accounting studies, certificate
level qualification is designed to meet the needs of professionals who are involved in accounting and
administration work. These professionals include accounting technicians, clerks, administrators and
administrator assistants. The minimum entry requirements into this course shall be 5 Ordinary Levels. The
course is offered on a full time basis. Assessment is through, continuous skills assessment, written
examinations. The course will consider gender mainstreaming, sustainable development, physical challenges,
health dispositions, and the intersections between race, class and culture.
1.1. Aim
The aim of this course is to equip students with the basic knowledge of accounting, administration and
entrepreneurship. By the completion of the course students are expected to have an in-depth
understanding of how to prepare basic accounts and administer organizations. Students should have
basic knowledge how to run their own business.
1.2. Objectives
By the end of this course, students will be expected to be able to:
1.2.1 Utilize business English in a business environment;

1.2.2 Prepare books of accounts;
1.2.3 Effectively use both quantitative techniques and information technology tools in a business
environment;
1.2.4 Demonstrate an understanding of business and its environment;
1.2.5 Demonstrate entrepreneurship skills
CERTIFICATE IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

Study in
Hours
Code Subject
CT1.2 BUSINESS ENGLISH 120
CT2.2 BASIC ACCOUNTING 130
CT9.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 140
CT10.2 FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS 140
CT11.2 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 140
TOTAL HOURS 670
4
Standards
Standards are set and maintained by the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators in Zimbabwe,
which does this with other bodies including the Zimbabwe Institute of Management.
As is well known, the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators has the highest standards of
professional excellence and maintains consistent examination standards.
Employers, therefore, need to have no fears concerning the value of Certificates and Diplomas issued by the
Institute of Business and Accounting Studies.
Entry Qualifications
Certificate
a) Normal entry
(i) Five ordinary level subjects including English Language and Mathematics or Principles of Accounts.
(ii) In addition to the entry requirements stated in (i) above the Institute may consider the following
qualifications:
- National Foundation Certificate in Business Studies or any other equivalent qualification.
b) Special entry
(i) The Institute may, at its discretion, approve an application from a prospective student who has not
fully satisfied a substantial part of the normal educational requirements provided the prospective
student has had at least two years commercial working experience. An applicant should submit a
letter from an employer as proof of relevant working experience for consideration together with the
application.
Diploma
Normal entry
(i) The following educational certificates will be accepted for registration purposes.
- An IBAS Certificate in Business and Accounting Studies.
- A Certificate in Accounting issued by a recognised Institution.
- Any other qualification judged to be the equivalent to the normal entry qualifications.
(ii) Five ordinary level subjects including English Language and Mathematics or Principles of Accounts.
Higher Diploma
Normal entry
(i) The following educational certificates will be accepted for registration purposes.
- An IBAS Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies.
- Current IBAS Diploma students can register to write the Higher Diploma provided that they would
have passed at least 5 subjects at Diploma level. The student must write the remaining subject
together with the Higher Diploma subjects.
- Any other qualification judged to be the equivalent to the normal entry qualifications.
(ii) Five ordinary level subjects including English Language and Mathematics or Principles of Accounts.
5
STUDENTSHIP
1. Only students registered with the Institute of Business and Accounting Studies are permitted to write its
examinations.
2. The closing dates for registration by a student registering for the first time, to write are:
a) May examinations – 31 March
b) November examinations – 30 September
3. All students are required to register bi-annually by 31 March and 30 September. Re-registration after this
date attracts a penalty. Please note that payment of the penalty will not entitle one to write the May /
November examinations.
Registration
Every applicant for registration as a student is required to complete an application form which must be
accompanied by certified copies of any relevant certificates or diplomas gained since leaving school.
The Council of the Institute may accept or reject any application and its decision in this matter will be final.
Tuition
The Institute is an examining body and does not provide tuition. Tuition is provided by many private colleges
and correspondence colleges.
It must be noted that it is the responsibility of students, and not of the Institute to arrange study programmes.
Students are advised to register with colleges that are registered with the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary
Education.
ASSESSMENT SCHEME
For all the IBAS courses candidates will be assessed on the basis of coursework and a written final
examination. Exceptions will only be in Research Project and On the Job Training.
The assessment specification grid will be as shown below
Subject Coursework weighting Final Examinations Total Assessment

weighting Mark
30% 70% 100%
COURSEWORK MARKS
The coursework marks will be developed from written assignments
6
EXAMINATIONS
EXAMINATION ENTRIES
The Institute’s examinations are held in May and November of each year.
Applications to enter for the examinations must be made on the prescribed forms, which are obtainable from the
office in Harare or on the Institute’s Website. Candidates are also encouraged to use the web portal to register
for examinations once the corresponding payments have been made at the bank.
Students’ entry forms for the May examinations must reach the IBAS office in Harare on or before
31 March; and for the November examinations on or before 30 September.
The forms must be accompanied by the correct examination fee for each subject to be written. Entry forms
with insufficient fees will be returned.
No entries will be accepted for the Diploma examinations until the Certificate subjects have been completed.
Only full time students at a college or approved educational Institution who have passed 4 out of the 5
Certificate examinations will be permitted to write the one failed subject together with the Diploma subjects.
PRACTICAL EXPOSURE
(i) The IBAS programme is intended to marry theory with practice. In this regard it is the Institute’s
intention to have all students go through a period of practical exposure during studentship as On the Job
Education and Training (OJET). Students who are unemployed or those not employed in relevant areas
will be required to undergo a period of at least 12 months of industrial or commercial attachment in
relevant positions. The industrial attachment will be guided by a logbook which will be submitted to the
Institute by the candidates for assessment.
(ii) Information Communication Technology

Students are expected to acquaint themselves with the basic Computer operating packages used in
business from a practical perspective early in their studentship.
POSTPONEMENT OF EXAMINATION ENTRIES
Examination entries will not be postponed except as stated below:
Refund of Examination Fees
Examination fees are not normally refundable, but consideration will be given to applicants for refunds on
medical grounds only at the discretion of the Institute.
a) A certificate from the doctor is required, stating the nature and duration of the illness of the student.
The covering letter and doctor’s certificate must reach the office not later than the end of the month in
which the examination is held (i.e. by the end of May and by the end of November).
b) Notification of postponement will not be accepted by telephone, telegram, or fax.
c) In all other cases the examination fee will be forfeited if the student does not write the examination.
d) Refund of examination fees or postponement of examinations will be considered if the student

withdraws the entry prior to the examination entry cut-off date. A handling fee will be charged
and deducted from the amount to be refunded.
7
EXAMINATION REGULATIONS
It is important that students read and understand examination rules and regulations as they are strictly
enforced. Any variation of the rules is entirely at the Institute’s discretion.
1. Examination Registration
Students will not be allowed to register for a subject at a higher level before they have passed a similar
subject at a lower level. For example: Basic Accounting must be passed before registration for Financial
Accounting is considered.
2. Any number of examination subjects may be attempted at any one sitting as long as rule 1 above is
complied with. Students studying part time are advised to take no more than four subjects in a year.
3. Subjects to be taken must be accommodated within the examination timetable. If students enter for
subjects that clash on the timetable, they may only write one paper and forfeit the second entry fee.
4. Applications for entry to the examination must be made on the prescribed form which must be received
by the office in Harare before the closing date. Late entries are not accepted.
5. Any entry form which has not been fully and properly completed will be rejected.
6. No change in a student’s entry will be accepted after the closing date.
7. If a student satisfies the examiners in any subject he or she will be credited with a pass irrespective of
performance in any other subject attempted at the same sitting.
8. Examination students are reminded that no aids are allowed into the examination hall except in the case
of Open Book Examinations. Any student found cheating or intending to cheat will have his / her
studentship permanently cancelled.
9. Students who are writing examinations in subjects which involve the use of statutes will only be
examined on the statutes applicable at least six months prior to the examination.
10. Cellular phones are banned from the examination hall.
11. Students who arrive one hour after the start of the examination will not be allowed to enter the
examination hall.
12. Students are only allowed to leave the examination hall after the first hour of the examination.
13. The Institute reserves the right to vary the examination rules as and when it is necessary.
14. Hats, headgear and inappropriate attire are banned from the examination hall.
8
EXAMINATION CENTRES
The Institute runs its examinations directly. Examinations may at present be written at any one of the following
centres in Zimbabwe:
Bulawayo, Gweru, Chinhoyi, Harare, Kadoma, Masvingo, Mutare and Shamva.
Requests to change from one examination centre to another will not be considered after the closing date for
entries, unless the student has moved permanently to a considerable distance.
EXAMINATION RESULTS
Examination results will be accessed on the web portal and will not be given over the telephone or by fax.
Every effort is made to ensure that the results are available by 30 June in the case of the May examinations and
31 December in the case of the November examinations.
Students cannot be informed of the number of marks they have obtained in an examination but they will be
given a symbol to indicate the approximate standard of their attempt.
The results letter will carry the following symbols:
MARK SYMBOL
75% and above A
60% - 74% B All these are “Pass” symbols
50% - 59% C
38% to 49% D
25% to 37% E All these are “Fail” symbols
Less than 25% F
Requests for remark of student’s scripts may be considered at the discretion of the Institute; otherwise the
examiners’ decision is final.
Letters will be issued to successful students for all completed parts of the examinations. All finalists will receive
a letter from the Institute confirming that they have completed the examinations and listing the subjects passed.
AWARDS
The Institute grants the following awards on completion of its examinations.
i) Certificate in Business and Accounting Studies

To obtain the Certificate a student must have been credited with all the subjects at the certificate level.
ii) Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies

To obtain the diploma, a student must have been credited with all the prescribed subjects at Diploma level.
iii) Higher Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies

To obtain the Higher Diploma, a student must have been credited with all the prescribed subjects at
Higher Diploma level.
9
SETTING AND MARKING OF IBAS EXAMINATIONS
Setting
The examinations are set and moderated by examiners and moderators appointed by the Institute.
Marking
The examinations are marked and moderated by examiners and moderators appointed by the Institute.
Examiners and Moderators

Examiners and moderators must hold at least a relevant first Degree or its equivalent.
PRIZES
A prize is available for each subject of the examination and there are also special prizes for the best overall
students at Certificate, Diploma and Higher Diploma levels.
EXEMPTION POLICY
It is the Institute’s policy that exemptions will be granted on application generally on a subject for subject basis
to holders of relevant diplomas and certificates from other examining bodies. The granting of exemptions
remains entirely at the Institute’s discretion.
10
LIBRARY FACILITIES
RULES AND REGULATIONS – DZIDZO HOUSE LIBRARY
1. Purpose
The Institute’s students can use the administered library in Harare of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries
and Administrators. The Library is primarily a specialised resource centre designed to provide members and
students with easily accessible, objective and accurate information.
2. Library Hours
Mondays to Fridays 9:00 a.m. to 4:15 p.m.
Saturdays (March to May and September to November) 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Closed on: Sundays and Public Holidays
3. Reference Service
Trained staff are available to respond to general, personal, telephone and correspondence enquiries.
4. Photocopying facilities
There are no photocopying facilities at the office.
5. Study Facilities
The library offers limited study facilities in the library lecture room but users should note that this facility is
not always available.
6. Use of Material and Facilities

6.1 Free reading of past examination papers on sale is not permissible.
6.2 Books cannot be loaned – they are for use in the library only.
6.3 Users should not shelve books whether used in the main library or library reading room.
After use, books should be placed on the circulation desk.
6.4 Bags, satchels, personal books, large files, newspapers and other items should be left in the library office at
the owner’s risk.
6.5 In order to ensure maximum security of books and materials in the library, users may be subjected to
searching.
6.6 Users found leaving the library with materials uncleared by the library staff may be subject to suspension
from the library for a period to be fixed by the Librarian in consultation with the Institute’s Administrator or
Manager–Students Services.
6.7 Cellular phones are not allowed in the library.
7. Library Membership
Entry to the library is free to the following persons.
7.1 Registered IBAS Students
7.2 Registered ICSAZ Students
7.3 Registered DFA Students
7.4 Graduates – (Grad.ICSA) in good standing
7.5 Associates – (ACIS) in good standing
7.6 Fellows – (FCIS) in good standing
7.7 Students from other Institutes that may be authorised by management.
Other Library Venues in Zimbabwe

(1) Speciss College, 39/41 Jason Moyo Avenue, between 2nd and 3rd Avenues, Bulawayo
(2) Turner Memorial Library, Civic Centre, Mutare
(3) Gweru Memorial Library, 54-8th Street, Gweru
(4) Masvingo Polytechnic College, Masvingo
11
(5) Redcliff Municipal Library, Redcliff Civic Centre
(6) Chinhoyi Public Library, Cnr Chegutu Road and Jongwe Street
(7) Victoria Falls library – Victoria Falls
You will need to contact the individual library for details regarding access to the Institute’s library books .
Please Note:
The libraries are not equipped to provide students with their full reading requirements. Students should
obtain the essential textbooks and use the library facilities to supplement their study requirements.
12
PART TWO
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI
The curriculum structure for the Institute’s programmes with expected minimum study duration per subject is as
shown below:
CERTIFICATE IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

Study in
Hours
Code Subject
CT1.2 BUSINESS ENGLISH 120
CT2.2 BASIC ACCOUNTING 130
CT9.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 140
CT10.2 FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS 140
CT11.2 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 140
DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

Study in
Hours
Code Subject
IDP1.2 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS 100
IDP2.2 BUSINESS ACCOUNTING 160
IDP3.2 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 100
IDP5.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 120
IDP6.2 BUSINESS LAW 100
IDP9.2 QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND RESEARCH METHODS 200
DIP1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 120

DIP3.2 BUSINESS ECONOMICS 120
DIP4.2 TAX LAW AND PRACTICE 180
DIP5.2 HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 120
DIP6.2 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING 180
DIP7.2 COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING I 180
IDP9.2 ON THE JOB TRAINING (OJET) At least
twelve (12)
months
HIGHER DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of
Study in
Hours
HD1.2 AUDITING 160
HD2.2 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT II 200
HD3.2 CORPORATE MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE (OPTIONAL) 160
HD4.2 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING III 160
HD5.2 PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING (OPTIONAL) 190
HD6.2 COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING II 200
HD7.2 RESEARCH PROJECT 320
13
MODE OF STUDY
The Institute does not offer direct tuition to students. Instead, tuition for the Institute’s subjects in the curricula
is offered by accredited colleges. The Institute also provides course modules to assist students in self-study.
PRACTICAL EXPOSURE
The IBAS programmes are intended to marry theory with practice. In this regard, the Institute requires all
students to at least go through a period of practical exposure during studentship. The entry requirements into
the Institute’s programmes ensure that IBAS students are working persons. Students who are unemployed or
those not employed in relevant areas will be required to undergo a period of at least 12 months of industrial or
commercial attachment in relevant positions. The industrial attachment will be guided by a logbook which will
be submitted to the Institute by the candidates for assessment
Information Communication Technology
Students are expected to acquaint themselves with the basic Computer operating packages used in business
from a practical perspective early in their studentship. The student is required to provide the Institute with a
certificate of competence from an accredited college as proof.
CHANGE OF CURRICULUM
The change from the old curriculum and syllabi is effective from November 2018. Students who have already
passed some subjects under the old curriculum will retain these subject credits.
Students should note that the old syllabus will no longer be examined. Therefore, those with outstanding
subjects on any particular level will after November 2018 be required to write subjects for level as prescribed.
Please note that awards will be made using the old curriculum until after the November 2018 examinations.
Change Over To the New Curriculum

Introduction to law, Business Economics and Business Methods are now examined under Foundations of
Business subject which is at Certificate level.
Introduction to Computers and Quantitative Techniques are now both examined under one Introduction to
Quantitative Techniques and Information Technology subject which is at Certificate level.
Management Economics subject content has been fused into the Cost and Management and Economics subjects
which are at Diploma level.
14
SYLLABI AND RECOMMENDED READING
SYLLABI – IBAS CERTIFICATE IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES
BUSINESS ENGLISH
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to provide those students with communication skills and equip them with a good
command of the English Language as well as introduce them to English as used in a business environment.
2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the conclusion of this subject the student will be able to:-

- Utilise business language in construct sentences
- Write essays
- Review comprehension
- Produce business letters
- Prepare and analyse other business documents
- Demonstrate listening and speaking skills
- Describe the communication process
- Write reports
- Utilise visual aids
- Demonstrate interviewing skills
- Prepare for and chair meeting
NB. The examination will be set from a business related context.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Language and Sentence Construction

- Use of verbs, adjectives, pronouns, etc.
- Types of sentences
- Construction of good sentences
- Synthesis
- Linking of sentences
- Punctuation – use of the various forms of punctuation
- Use of direct and indirect speech
- Abbreviations and terms commonly used in business
Writing Essays
- Paragraph construction
- Writing the essay
- Types of essays
Comprehension and Writing a Summary

- Being able to understand basic business related material
- How to write a summary, paraphrasing and summarizing of business material
Business Letters
- Various types of letters. For example; enquiry, quotation, order, application and CV, complaint, request
for payment
Other Business Documents

- Memos, telegrams, telephone messages, notices, telex, invitations, fax and email.
- Press advertisements
15
Listening and Speaking
- Listening and speaking – both face to face and by phone
- The principles of oral comprehension
Communication Process
- Medium, channels and mode of communication
- Verbal and non-verbal communication
- Feedback, communication breakdown
Report Writing
- Basic report writing including the schematic report
Audio Visual Aids

- Various audio visual aids
- Audio aids
- Visual aids
- Full audio visual aids
- Pitfalls of using Audio Visual Aids
Interviewing
- Types of interview
- Interviewing techniques
- Don’ts for interviewing
Meetings
- Basic ideas on meetings
- Notice and agenda
- Minutes
4. ASSESSMENT SCHEME
Three hour examination paper with questions set and distributed on the basis of the weighting shown in the
scheme below.
No. Topic Weighting (%)

1 Language and Sentence Construction 10
2 Writing of narratives 8
3 Comprehension and Writing of Summary 10
4 Business Letters 8
5 Other Business Documents 12
6 Listening and Speaking 8
7 Communication Process 10
8 Report Writing 8
9 Audio Visual aids 8
10 Interviewing 8
11 Meetings 10
Total 100
16
5. RECOMMENDED READING
Author Title & Edition Publisher City

Mavor W F (1993) English For Business Pitman London
3rd Edition
Mackenzie Ian (2010) English for Business Cambridge University UK
Studies Student’s
Book
Geffner Andrea B The Writing Skills You Barron’s Educational New York
(2010) Need for Today’s Series
Workplace
Taylor K (2006) 50 Ways to Improve Summerton Publishing Oxford
Your Business English
Without too Much
Effort
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Emmerson P (2007) The Business English Macmillan ELT London

Handbook
Mavor W F (1993) English for Business Pitman London
3rd Edition
Guffey ME (2007) Business English 11th Cengage Learning London
Edition
Useful websites
www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/business
Lots here for teachers and students: advice, vocabulary exercises etc.
www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/controversies-business-english
a lively and relevant discussion site
www.longmanpearsoncom
(1) There are lots of online activities and free resources for learners of business English, fun online activities,
downloads of free support materials and helpful tips on learning and teaching. Many other publishers offer
similar sites.
17
BASIC ACCOUNTING
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to teach students to understand generally the role accounting plays in business,
and particularly the working of the basic forms of accounting.
2. LEARNING OUTCOME

- Outline the accounting cycle
- Create books of first entry
- Compile final accounts
- Compute adjustments and provisions
- Create manufacturing accounts
- Create departmental accounts
- Analyse and create complete records
3. LEARNING CONTENT
The accounting cycle

- The accounting concepts, assets, liabilities, profits
The Ledger
- The double entry principle, grouping of ledger accounts
Books of First Entry

- The use of cash books, various journals
- Petty cash book
- Trial balance and correction of errors
- Errors affecting the trial balance
- Errors not affecting the trial balance
- Revenue and Capital Expenditure
Final Accounts
- Statement of Comprehensive Income (trading, profit and loss) and balance sheet, adjustments to final
accounts and basic disposal accounts
Adjustments and Provision

- Year-end adjustments and provisions including Depreciation, Accruals, Stocks, Prepayments, Bad and
doubtful debts, discounts
- Bank reconciliation statements
- Control accounts
Manufacturing Accounts
- Preparation of manufacturing accounts
The Suspense Account

- Preparation of suspense account
Departmental Accounts
- Preparation of basic departmental accounts
18
Incomplete Records
- Preparation of the Opening Statement or Statement of Affairs
- Calculation of missing information
- Introduction to preparation of Final Accounts from incomplete records.
Partnership Accounts
- Simple partnership accounts
- Preparation of Capital and Current Accounts, Profit and Loss Appropriation Account and Statement of
Financial Position.
scheme below.

1 Accounting Cycle 10
2 The Ledger 10
3 Books of First Entry 10
4 Final Accounts 10
5 Adjustments and Provision 10
6 Manufacturing Accounts 10
7 The Suspense Accounts 10
8 Departmental Accounts 10
9 Incomplete Records 10
10 Partnership Accounts 10
Total 100

Wood F Business Accounting 1 Pitman London
12th ed.
Musamba J F Introductory Vision Publications Mutare
Accounting
Ramparsad M (2014) Principles of Accounts BM Book Centre Mauritius.
Made Simple for
‘O’ Level.
Chamisa E E (2013) Step Ahead Principles Longman Harare

of Bookkeeping and
Accounting Vol .1
Chamisa E E (2013) Step Ahead Principles Longman. Harare
of Bookkeeping and
Accounting Vol .2
Makore S(2013) ‘O’ Level Accounts ZPH Harare
Today,
Masasi M(2014) Dynamics of College Press Harare
Accounts: Principles of
‘O’ Level Accounts
19
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
1. AIM
This subject aims to develop students’ basic data and mathematical and computer skills and to prepare
them for the future study of Quantitative Techniques and Information Technology.

- Make use of the principles of Algebra.
- Make use of graphs and diagrams in business situations.
- Outline the basic statistical concepts and probabilities.
- Outline the operation of major hardware units of a computer.
- Distinguish and describe the operation, characteristics and application of input, processing, storage and
output devices.
- Identify and describe computer personnel, duties and responsibilities
- Outline the different computer generations and computer types.
- State and describe requirements of a computer room environment.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Elements of Algebra
- Revise topics covered in Algebra.
- Simple manipulations (multiplying, dividing, adding and subtracting)
- Basic indices
- Fractions in algebra
- Factorisations
- Solving equations
- Substitution
- Change of subject of formula
Algebraic terminology and simple manipulations

- Indices (Laws of Indices)
- Equality and Inequality
- Fractions in algebra (simplification of fractions, multiplication and division of fractions, addition and
subtraction of fractions)
Equations
- Linear equations
- Quadratic equations – solving graphically or by formula
- Simultaneous equations
Consumer Mathematics/ Uses of Percentages in Business

- Discounts
- Added Taxes
- Hire purchase interest calculations
- Rates
- Insurance premiums and commissions
- Pricing and profit and loss calculations
- Compound and simple interest
20
Graphs and Diagrams
- Tables of values
- Plotting graphs
- Straight Line graphs – finding gradient and y intercept
- Pictograms
- Bar Charts
- Pie Charts
- Histograms
- Lorenz Curve
- Interpreting graphs and diagrams (finding mode, median and interquartile range from graphs)
Rounding and Estimating (General Arithmetics)

- Approximations
- Estimates
- Errors – relative and absolute errors
Basic Statistical Concepts

- Tables
- Frequency Polygons
- Cumulative Frequency
- Combining probabilities
- Averages – mean, median and mode (by calculation)
Basic Probabilities
- Define the concept of probability
- Apply the rules of probability
- the addition rule
- multiplication rule
- venn diagrams
- tree diagrams
Computer hardware and Software

- Computer systems
- Microprocessor
- Input devices
- Storage devices
- Output devices
- Software categories
- System Software
- Application Software
- Operating systems
- Soft capabilities
Information systems in organisations

- Role of information systems in organisations
- Information systems lifecycle
- Management information systems /business intelligence software
- Export systems
- Data and data capture
- Data validation and verification in information systems
21
Information Security and Data Integrity
- Software instructions (passwords, encryption, virus protection)
- Physical users instructions
- Biometric systems
- Guards
- Looks five/water proof, archiving, back up and recovering procedures, propriety data and software.
- Violation of privacy
- Electronic eavesdropping
- Industrial espionage
- Storage of inaccurate information
- Identity theft
- Credit card fraud
- Data Protection Act
Computer Ergonomics, Health and Safety

- Computer Laboratory and best practices for good working environment, positioning of screen, chair and
keyboard.
- Provision of adequate lighting and ventilation
- Safety standards of cables and power points, Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), eye strain and bad posture
Internet and Communication Technology

- Concepts associated with the internet
- News groups
- Internet chat relay
- File Transfer Protocol( FTP) upload, download
- World Wide Web (WWW)
- Blogging
- Distinction between internet, intranet, extranet
- Definition of data communication and network
- Types of network (local area network, wide area network, Metropolitan area network).
- Types of transmission media
- Cable wired media ( coaxial, twisted pair cable,
- Wireless media (satellite, microwave, infrared)
- Wireless network technologies (blue tooth, Wi-Fi, hot spot, modern band width )
- Communication modes (simplex, duplex, half duplex, point to point and broad cast)
Word Processing
- Select the appropriate editing features in the preparation of a documents
- Deleting and inserting characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs.
- Type-over mode.
- Selecting blocks of text.
- Copying and moving sections of text.
- Describe commonly available features;
- Page numbers, page breaks, text alignment, wordwrap, margins, tabs, page length, default settings, font
size.
- Select appropriate formatting features for the preparation of a document;
- Margins, tab stops, line spacing, page breaks, page numbers, left and right justification, centre line,
underline, highlight, uppercase, bold, and italic.
- Use headers, footers, footnotes, and endnotes appropriately;
- Combine documents;
- Perform block operations;
- Use columns and tables appropriately;
- Apply appropriate character formatting features;
- Underline, bold, italics, font types and sizes, superscript, and subscript.
- Use search and replace functions appropriately;
- Use mail-merge facilities;
- Creation of primary documents and data files in mail merge application; Field names.
- Use spell-check;
22
- Import documents;
- Text files, graphics, tables including options such as automatic save and backup copy, password
protection, track changes.
Spreadsheet
- Definition of spreadsheets:
- Use of appropriate terminology and notions commonly assonated with spreadsheets.
- Row, column, cell, cell address, label, value, formula, function, worksheet, template, range, title,
window, record.
- Select basic preferred system functions
- Including sum, average, date, maximum, minimum, count, if, vlookup, rank.
- Create advanced arithmetic formulae;

- Formulae involving addition, subtraction, multiplication; division; square roots, the use of brackets.
- Explain the use of common features of spreadsheets software;
- Row/column title locking, relative addressing, absolute addressing
- Involve row and column title locking
- Horizontal, vertical, both.
- Manipulate data on spreadsheet
Database management
- Explain the concept of a database;
- Definition of database: repository of information; collection of tables that are related to each other.
- Use terminology commonly associated with a database;
- Database terminology: table (relation), entity, tuple, attribute, primary key, secondary key, composite key,
candidate key, alternate key, foreign key.
- Distinguish among terminology associated with files and database;
- Row (tuple, record), column (attribute, field), key.
- Data types, alphanumeric; numeric; data; logical.
- Outline the advantages and limitations of database;
- Comparison with files with regards to: Speed; Ad hoc queries; standardization; present multiple views of
the same data.
- Create a database;
- Table structure with at least three data types and populate with at least twenty-five records. Use of
wizard is prohibited.
- Modify a table structure;
- Adding new fields, deleting fields, changing field definitions.
- Sort a database;
- Arranging in numeric, alphabetic; or alphanumeric format. Report generating facilities of the database
package, including use of sorting, grouping statistical and summary features, for example, count, sum,
average.
- Establish relationships;
- Use of joins, merge table/files.
- Query a database using multiple search conditions;
- Using more than one criterion; use of select, calculated fields.
Presentation
- Explain the use of presentation software;
- For example, to enhance public speaking, to deliver lectures; to present project reports; to effectively
present sales or marketing ideas.
- Explain the concepts of wizards, templates and slides;
- Choose appropriate slide layout
- Slide layout must relate to the type of information being presented.
- Apply design templates to slides
- Choosing from a list of presentation designs.
- Use formatting features effectively to enhance presentations;
- Changing background colour, font size and other attributes, such as font colour and bullets.
- Create slide headers and footers;
23
- Use of the slide master to personalize the slides.
- Create and use speaker notes;
- Apply various types of animation effects slides; flying, drive-in, camera effects, flash-once, typewriter;
laser, reverse-texts, drop-in effects. Custom animations; timing and sound effects.
- Insert graphics and moving pictures into slide;
- Manipulate multiple slides;
- Insertion and deletion of slides; use of the slide sorter.
- Present a slide show.
- Use of slide show tools such as slide navigator, pointer options, screen attributes.
scheme below.
1. Elements of Algebra and Equations 10
2. Consumer Mathematics and Uses of percentages in Business 10
3. Graphs and Diagrams 5
4. Estimation and Approximation 5
5. Basic Statistical Concepts 5
6. Basic probabilities 10
7. Computer Hardware and Software aspects 10
8. Information systems in organisations 10
9. Information security and data integrity 5
10. Computer Ergonomics, Health and Safety 5
11. Internet and Communication technology 5
12. Word Processing and Spreadsheets 10
13. Database management 5
14. Presentation 5
Total 100

Channon J B, et…al New General Mathematics 3rd & 4th Edition Longman Harare
(2005)
Mann P S (2013), Introductory Statistics, Student Solutions Wiley London
Manual, 8th Edition
Brandimarte P Quantitative Methods: An Introduction for Wiley London
(2011) Business Management, 1st Edition
Mvundura M(2002), Introduction to Quantitative Techniques: Visions Publications Harare

Revision Module,
DeSanto C and Introduction to Statistics,9th Edition Pearson Learning Edinburgh
Totoro M(2010) Solutions
Morley D & Parker Understanding Computers Today and Cengage London

C S (2013) Tomorrow 14th Edition
Stair Reynolds & Fundamentals of Business Information Systems Cengage Course London
Chesney T (2012) 2nd Edition Technology
Rukanda Whisper Information Technology Visions Publications Harare
(2005)
24
Rajaraman V Introduction to Information Technology 2nd PHI Learning New Delhi
(2009) Edition
25
ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to develop a culture of entrepreneurship in students and equip them with
knowledge and skills to start and run business enterprises.

- Analyse the business environment in Zimbabwe
- outline the concept of Entrepreneurship and sustainable development
- Manage businesses
- Demonstrate customer care
- Compute cost and prising
- Explain accounting and finance
- Utilise marketing skills
- Develop business growth strategies
- Comply with legal requirements
- Manage risk
- Apply business ethics
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Business Environment in Zimbabwe

- History and culture of business patterns and operations in Zimbabwe and their impact on the
environment
- Analyse the employment ‘syndrome of indigenous’ Zimbabweans
- The macro and micro environment factors affecting entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe
Concept of Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development

- Definitions and theories of Entrepreneurship
- Types of Entrepreneurship
- Concepts of Sustainable Entrepreneurship
- Forms of Business Ownership
- Roles and challenges of Sustainable Entrepreneurship
- Procedures in the establishment of various business forms
Business Management
- The Role of Management in a business e.g. planning, organising, leading and controlling
- Motivation: Content and Process Theories
Business Planning
- Generation and Evaluation of a business idea and proposal
- The elements of a business plan
- Mainstreaming environmental management strategies in the business plan
- Using business proposal and plan as well as environmental management strategies developed under
Business Environment in Zimbabwe.
Customer Care
- Principles of good customer care
Costing and Pricing

- Approaches to the costing and pricing of products and services
26
Accounting and Finance
- Record keeping and stock control in a business
- Business documents
- Interpretation and application of basic financial statements
- Sources of business finance
- Business capital structure and the concept of capital gearing
- Liquidity and profitability ratios in business
- Approaches to the costing and pricing of products and services
Marketing
- Definition and role of marketing
- Marketing mix strategies
- Marketing plan for a business
- Principles of customer care
- E-commerce
- Green marketing strategies
Business Growth Strategies

- Integrative strategies
- Diversification
- Mergers and takeovers
- Models e.g. BCG and Ansoff
- Impact of business growth strategies on the environment
Legal Requirements
- Legal requirements applicable to business in Zimbabwe
- TAX, VAT, PAYE, NSSA contribution
- Labour legislation
- Collective bargaining
- Contracts
- Employment
- General contracts
- Purchase and sale contracts
- Lease contracts
- Insolvency
- Voluntary and Involuntary
- Environmental Regulations
- Environmental Management Act
- NSSA Factory Act
Risk Management
- Definitions and types of risks faced by a business
- Property risk
- Financial risk
- Personal risk
- Employee liability risk
- Environmental risk
- Importance of risk management

Risk management strategies
- Retention
- Transfer
- Group cover
- Individual cover
27
Business Ethics
- Business social responsibility in relation to
- Pollution
- Society / community
- Fiduciary / investors
- Customer and employee responsibilities
scheme below.

1. Business Environment 5
2. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable development 10
3. Business Management 10
4. Business Planning 10
5. Customer Care 10
6. Costing and pricing 10
7. Accounting and Finance 10
8. Marketing 10
9. Business Growth Strategy 5
10. Legal requirements 5
11. Risk Management 10
12. Business Ethics 5
Total 100

Lawrence Annet Weber Business and Society 11th McGraw-Hill New York
James (2005) Edition
Westhead Paul (2006) Entrepreneurship Prentice Hall
Kuratko D F and Hodgetts Entrepreneurship Dryden London
R M (2004)
Longenecker –Moore- Small Business Thomson
Petty (2003) Management
Longenecker –Moore- An Entrepreneurical Thomson

Petty (2003) Emphasis 12th Edition
Hirsch R D and Peters M P Entrepreneurship 6th TATA McGraw Hill
(2005) Edition
Baron Robert A Shane Entrepreneurship Thomson South Western
Scott A (2005)
Baron Robert A Shane A Process Perspective Thomson South Western
Scott A (2005)
Strokes D (1995) Small Business Letts Educational London
Management
Strokes D (1995) An active-learning Letts Educational London
approach
Murray E (2014) Entrepreneurship in
Zimbabwe
28
Greene C L (2006) Entrepreneurship Cengage Learning New Delhi
29
FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to introduce students to the basic principles of Economics, Business Methods and
Law. Particular emphasis will be placed on the business organisation and how it is related to outside forces
to provide an understanding of how the law is sourced and administered.

- Outline the various documents used in Business
- Outline the clerical work performed in an office
- Illustrate the need for office organisation
- Outline the various forms of Domestic Trade
- develop knowledge of the forms of Communications
- understand the various forms of trade
- develop a knowledge and understanding of the financing, organisation and operation of the main types
of commercial institutions
- Explain the basic principles of economics (supply, demand, prices, equilibrium and elasticity)
- Describe consumer tastes, preferences and behaviour in conditions of uncertainty
- Explain producer behaviour
- Explain industrial organisation
- Apply the general principles of law
- Outline the legal system and creation of the Law of Zimbabwe
- Provide an understanding on how the law is sourced and administered.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Forms of ownership
- Sole Trader
- Partnerships
- Companies (Private and Public)
- Co-operatives
Office Administration
- Records and filing
- Stock purchasing, control, despatch, storage and recording
- Cash control, recording, safekeeping and banking
- Asset control, accommodation, furniture and equipment
- Sales invoicing (invoices, credit notes and statements)
- Credit control, forms of credit, procedures
Insurance
- The nature of insurance
- How the insurance pool works
- The principles and doctrines of insurance
Advertising
- The nature and functions of advertising
- Types of advertising
- Ethical considerations in advertising
30
Banking and Means of Payment
- Functions of Commercial Banks
- Building Societies
- Merchant Banks
- Discount Companies
- Central Bank
- Payment through banks and the Post Office
- Cheques, Money Orders, Postal Orders
- Credit Cards, Automatic teller machines
- Point of sale
- Mobile Money
The Stock Exchange

- Operations of the exchange
- Parties to the exchange
- Unit trusts and investment trusts
Domestic Trade
- Functions and characteristics of retail trade
- Function and characteristics of the wholesale trade
Transport
- Means of transport
- Road
- Rail
- Sea
- Air
- Factors governing the choice of transport method
Nature and Scope of Economics and Economic Systems

- The economic problem
- Economics as a social science
- Economic Systems
- Traditional economies
- Command economies
- Mixed economies
- The role of government
Production
- Production function
- Total, average and marginal product
- Marginal products and diminishing returns
- Factors of Production
Principles of Supply and Demand

- Prices
- Equilibrium
- Elasticity
Consumer Behaviour
- Taste and preference
- Basic utility theory
Market Structure and Trade

- Monopolistic competition
31
- Perfect competition
- Monopoly
- Oligopoly
- National Income Accounts
- Inflation
- Terms of Trade
- Balance of Payments
- Economic communities (SADC and PTA)
Nature of Law and Sources of Law

- The nature of law
- Sources of law
- Administration of law
Zimbabwe Legal System

The structure and jurisdiction of courts
Sources of law: -
- Legislation and Subsidiary legislation
- Custom
- Case law – precedent
- Roman Dutch law
- Arbitration
- Administrative Courts
General Principles of Contracts

- The formation of a contract
- The contents and Interpretation of the contract
- Effect of defects
- Performance of contract
- The conclusion of contracts
- Transfer of contractual rights and obligations
- Breach of contract and remedies on the ground of breach
Specific Contracts
- Specific Contracts: Sale

- Specific Contracts: Lease
- Specific Contracts: Agency
- Specific Contracts: Delict
Debt Collection and Carriage of Goods
- Partnerships and Companies

- Debt Collection
- Carriage of Goods
32
scheme below.

1. Forms of Business Ownership 5
2. Office Administration 5
3. Insurance 5
4. Advertising 5
5. Banking and Means of Payment 5
6. The Stock Exchange 5
7. Transport 5
8. Domestic Trade 5
9. Nature and scope of Economics and Economic systems 10
10. Production 5
11. Principles of Supply and Demand 5
12. Consumer behaviour 5
13. Market structure and Trade 5
14. Nature of Law 5
15. General Principles of Contract 5
16. Zimbabwe Legal System 5
17. Specific Contracts 10
18. Debt Collection and Carriage of Goods 5
Total 100

Matindike, G(2013) Focus on Commerce College Press Bulawayo
Vol. 2.
Fitzmaurice L (2008), Textbook of Heinemann London
Commerce
Musamba F(2014) Business Methods: Visions Publications Harare
Revision module
Stanlake G F, Introductory Longman London
Grant S J (1997) Economics (6th
Edition)
Sloman, John (2009) Essentials of FT Prentice London
Economics Hall
Rednolds PWD Introduction to Pitman London
Business Law
Christie, R.H. (2016) R.H. Christie’s IBAS. Harare
Practical Commercial
Law in Zimbabwe 2nd
Edition
33
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES - DIPLOMA
Preamble
The course is designed to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes to satisfy knowledge of accounting skills,
administration skills, information technology, research methods skills and communication and ethics skills. The
Institute of Business and Accounting studies diploma qualification is designed to meet the needs of professionals
who are involved in accounting and administration work. These professionals include accounting technicians,
clerks, administrators and administrator assistants. The minimum entry requirements into this course shall be 5
Ordinary levels including English Language and Mathematics or Accounts. The course is offered on a full time
basis. Assessment is through, continuous skills assessment, written examinations and On the Job Education and
Training (OJET). The course will consider gender mainstreaming, sustainable development, physical challenges,
health dispositions, and the intersections between race, class and culture.
2.1 Aim
The aim of this course is to equip students with the knowledge of accounting, administration,
information technology, research methods, communication and ethics. By the completion of the course
students are expected to have an in-depth understanding of how to prepare accounts, administer
organizations, utilise ICT in the business environment and apply good communication and ethics
practices as well as research and write appropriate reports.
2.2 Objectives
2.2.1 Apply business communication and ethics;

2.2.2 Create books of accounts;
2.2.3 Make use of information technology tools in a business environment;
2.2.4 Apply business law;
2.2.5 Analyse and assess the economic and business environment;
2.2.6 Demonstrate marketing skills;
2.2.7 Analyse business finances;
2.2.8 Demonstrate business administration skills;
2.2.9 Apply the Zimbabwe Taxation Act in the business environment;
2.2.10 Apply human resources management skills;
DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of Study in Hours

Code Subject
IDP1.2 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS 100
IDP2.2 BUSINESS ACCOUNTING 160
IDP3.2 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 100
IDP5.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 120
IDP6.2 BUSINESS LAW 100
IDP9.2 QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND RESEARCH METHODS 200
DIP1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 120
DIP3.2 BUSINESS ECONOMICS 120
DIP4.2 TAX LAW AND PRACTICE 180
DIP5.2 HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 120
DIP6.2 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING 180
DIP7.2 COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING I 180
IDP9.2 ON THE JOB TRAINING (OJET) At least twelve (12) months
TOTAL HOURS: DIPLOMA 1680
34
SYLLABI – IBAS DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to develop the student’s understanding of management principles and develop
knowledge and skills for dealing with modern business challenges like business ethics and communication.

- Understand the communication theory as it applies to various facets of organisational work.
- Understand the scope of the various forms of communication and choose the right media channels for
use in different communication situations.
- Understand the manager’s role in instilling a culture, of quality in all the facets of organisational work.
- Explain ethics applicable to business and the
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Communication Theory
- Basic concepts of the communication process and barriers
- How to structure communication for the particular audience and the situation and how to analyse and
evaluate its success
- Selection of the most suitable media from the alternatives available
- Use of Verbal and Non-verbal communication.
Messages
- The use of e-mail, and the internet, effect of these on communication in organizations
- An understanding of the e-mail and its management in today’s communication process
- Impact of Personal computers on communication
Oral Communication
- Interpersonal and intrapersonal communications
- The techniques of effective interviewing
- Speaking to individuals in formal and non-formal groups
- The advantages and disadvantages of oral communications
- Principles of good listening and barriers to effective listening
- Negotiating techniques
Graphic Communication
- The various types of Graphic communication
- Purposes of graphic devices
- An introduction to measures of location – means, medians and modes – and sampling
- The presentation of numerical data, trends and moving averages by means of graphs, charts and
diagrams suitable for reports (Correct drawing instruments must be used)
- Suitability of graphic communication
Audio Visual Aids

- Various audio and visual aids in use and appropriate security
- Design of systems including classification for retrieval and updating information
- The use of Audio and Visual Aids and important considerations to remember when using these devices
Quality Management
- Importance and value of quality, implementing quality systems.
- Types of quality systems.
35
- Benchmarking.
- Total Quality Management and continuous improvement principles.
Business Ethics
- Definition of business ethics and values
- Core values
- Principles, threats and safeguards and how these apply to professional conduct and practice.
Response to Unethical and illegal Behaviour

- Roles and responsibilities of those charged with governance
- Best practice in whistleblowing policies and procedures
- Best practice response to fraudulent behaviour or other misconduct
NOTE:
 Students intending to attempt the graphic communication question must equip themselves with a
compass, ruler, eraser, protractor, coloured pencils and a lead pencil.
scheme below.

1. Communication Theory 15
2. Messages 15
3. Oral Communication 10
4. Graphic Communication 10
5. Audio Visual Aids 10
6. Quality Management 15
7. Business Ethics 15
8. Responses to Unethical or illegal Behaviour 10
Total 100

Cleary Sandra et… (2007) Communication A Hands Juta Cape Town
on Approach
Fielding Michael (2005) Preparing Messages that Juta Cape Town
Communicate 3rd Edition
Guffey Mary Ellen & Essentials of Business Cengage learning London
Loewy Dana (2012) Communication 9th Edition
36
BUSINESS ACCOUNTING
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to introduce the student to the subject of Financial Accounting and Reporting and
provide an understanding of the role of the discipline in ensuring accountability and stewardship in the
running of organizations.

- Understand the basic Financial Accounting principles and Corporate Reporting concepts.
- Prepare simple books of accounts for Sole traders and non-profit making organizations.
- Make necessary correction of errors and prepare financial statements from incomplete records.
- Prepare departmental accounts and financial statements of operating segments, financial statements for
sole-traders, partnerships and non-trading organisations that comply with some requirements of IAS 1:
presentation of Financial Statements.
- Prepare departmental accounts and financial statements of operating segments.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Double Entry System

- Accounting theory.
- Concepts and accounting for capital, assets, liabilities, expenses and income including the accounting
(Statement of Financial Position) equation.
- Approaches to double entry principle
Accounting concepts
- Definitions of going concern, accruals, matching, prudence, consistency, materiality, substance over form,
business entity, duality, separate determination.
- Accounting for accruals and prepayments of income and expenses.
- Accounting for assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in proper reporting period.
Financial Reporting frameworks and concepts

- The IASB and IPSASB Conceptual Frameworks for Financial Reporting:
- Objectives of financial reporting;
- Scope of financial reporting;
- Qualitative characteristics of financial information;
- Characteristics of the reporting entity;
- Definition and recognition of the elements of financial statements;
- Measurement; and
- Presentation and disclosure.
- International harmonisation of financial reporting standards – costs and benefits
Books of Original Entry

- Writing up and construction of Journals, sales day books, purchase journals, bills books, returns inwards
and returns outwards books suitable for various business enterprises, and the journal proper from primary
documents e.g. invoices and receipts.
- Transferring of the relevant amounts to the ledger
37
The Ledger
- The ledger as a summary of all transactions undertaken by a business during a particular period,
including balances from previous periods.
- Direct entries to the ledger and entries using books of original entry.
- Use of folio numbers to cross-reference accounts.
- Balancing of ledger accounts including the cash book.
- The trial balance and suspense accounts.
Cash Accounting
- Writing up and adjustment of cash books (including petty cash book).
- Trade discount and cash discount.
- Bank reconciliation statements, including treatment of unpaid cheques, post-dated cheques, bank
charges, transfers and contra entries and errors.
Correction of Errors
- Identification of and treatment of errors which are not reflected in the trial balance.
- Errors which result in a difference in the trial balance.
- Use of suspense accounts at elementary level, to account for differences in the trial balance.
Incomplete Records
- Preparation of financial statements from incomplete records
Control Accounts
- Purpose of control accounts
- Writing up and reconciliation of debtors and creditors control accounts and agreement with debtors and
creditors ledger balance
Reconciliations
- Debtors and creditors statements
- Remittance advices
- Bank Reconciliation Statements
Sole Traders
Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements of sole traders from a trial balance or from
incomplete records including the treating of;
- Cash and bank transactions, including use of the cash book and petty cash book
- Sales and purchases; discounts allowed and received; bad debts and allowance for receivables
- Accruals and prepayments
- Inventory – opening and closing inventory; valuation methods; write-offs in accordance with IAS 2.
- Property, plant and equipment – acquisition of assets; depreciation methods; impairments; disposals;
revaluations; changes in useful life in accordance with IAS 16.
- Events after the reporting date in accordance with IAS10.
- Provisions in accordance with IAS37.
Partnership Accounting
- Simple partnership accounts
- Preparation of Capital and Current Accounts, Profit and Loss Appropriation Account and Statement of
Financial Position.
Departmental Accounting
- Prepare and present financial statements of departments including the treatment of inter-departmental
transfers, allocation and apportionment of expenses.
38
Operating Segments
- Determine the nature and extent of reportable segments in accordance with IFRS 8.
- Specify and discuss the nature of segment information to be disclosed.
Non-trading Organisations (clubs and societies)

- Preparation and presentation of financial statements of clubs and societies from a trial balance or from
incomplete records including the Receipts and Payments, Income Statement and Statement of Financial
Position.
- Treatment of post-Trial Balance adjustments including asset disposal accounts.
ICT Applications in Accounting

- Manual versus computerised accounting systems (advantages and disadvantages).
- Computerised accounting packages and their applications.
scheme below.

1. Double entry system 5
2. Accounting concepts 10
3. Financial Reporting frameworks and concepts 10
4. Books of Original Entry 5
5. The Ledger 10
6. Cash Accounting 10
7. Correction of Errors 5
8. Incomplete Records 5
9. Control Accounts 5
10. Reconciliations 5
11. Sole traders 5
12. Partnership Accounting 5
13. Departmental Accounting 5
14. Operating segments 5
15. Non-trading Organisations (clubs and societies) 5
16. ICT Applications in Accounting 5
Total 100

Dempsey A et…al (2011) Introduction to Financial LexisNexis Durban
Accounting 8th edition
Wood frank Sangster Alan Business Accounting 1 Prentice hall London
(2013) 12th Edition
Wood frank Sangster Alan Frank Wood’s Business Pearson London
(2012) Accounting 2 12th Edition
39
Kew J & Watson A (2012) Financial Accounting Oxford University Press Oxford
Kew J & Watson A (2012) An introduction 4th Edition Oxford University Press Oxford
Musamba J F (2001) Introductory Accounting N G Publications Harare
3rd Edition
Harrison Walter T et…al Financial Accounting 9th Prentice hall London
(2012) Edition
Kothar Jagdish & Barone Financial Accounting Prentice Hall London
Elisabelt (2006)
Kothar Jagdish & Barone An International Approach Prentice Hall London
Elisabelt (2006
International Accounting International Financial International Accounting UK
Standards Board (2012) Reporting Standards Standards Board
40
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
1. AIM
This subject aims to introduce and develop students in aspects of Administration and Management.

- Define business organisations
- Outline the organisation of a business
- Demonstrate management skills
- Demonstrate delegation
- Outline functional areas of management
- Outline personal function and its importance to an organisation
- Apply industrial relations
- Utilise management information systems
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Business Organization
- Types of Business Organizations
- Role of the entrepreneur sole trader, partnership, co-operative
- Public and Private Companies
- Public Corporation
- Advantages and Disadvantages
Organization of a Business
- Purpose of organisation and methods
- The distribution channel
- Organisational structures; classical management theory
- Theory of bureaucracy, scientific management
(Students should be able to explain what an organisational chart is, what it is used for; and be able to
draw up a chart for the organisation that he or she works for)
Introduction to Management
- Definitions of Administration and Management Principles and Practice of Management Communication in
business
Delegation
- Benefits of delegation
- Barriers to delegation
Functional Areas of Management

- Marketing Function, Production Function, Accounting and Finance, Human Resources Function
- Planning, leading, organising, controlling
- Styles, Traits and Skills of Leaders
- Motivation theories
- Levels of Management, Teams
41
Personnel
- Recruitment, induction, training and motivation
- Remuneration
- Organisational culture
Industrial Relations
- Role of Trade Unions, Collective bargaining agreements, Mediation, Arbitration
Management Information Systems

- The difference between data and information
- Nature of information
- Information as an aid to planning, organizing, controlling and decision making
- Use of computers in M.I.S.
- Basic electronic
- decision support systems
- on line and real time
- end user computing
- Problems in implementing a computer based M.I.S.
scheme below.

1. Business Organisation 10
2. Organisation of Business 10
3. Introduction to Management 15
4. Delegation 10
5. Functional Areas of Management 25
6. Personnel Management 10
7. Industrial Relations 10
8. Management Information System 10
Total 100

Thuis Peter & Stuive Business Administration Routledge London
Rienk (2014)
Ferreira E J et… (2009) Administrative Juta Academic Cape Town
Management 2nd Edition
Danks S (2001) Advanced Level Business Letts Educational London
Studies 3rd Edition
Betts P W Supervisory studies A Pitman Publishing London

Managerial Perspective
Ryan J and Richards J Business Studies Today University of Cambridge Cambridge
Denyer J C Office Management Macdonald & Evans Ltd London
Jewell Bruce (2000) Integrated Approach to Harlow essex
Business Studies
42
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND RESEARCH METHODS
1. AIM
The aim of the subject is to expose the student to Quantitative Techniques and Research Methods which are
applied in solving business related problems.

- Make use of the mathematical and statistical techniques which are useful for business applications
- Apply the Quantitative Techniques to solve business problems
- Interpret statistical data for business applications
- Distinguish the various types of research
- Present an overview of the research process
- Develop and test hypothesis on a problem / opportunity
- Research on a problem / opportunity and present their findings, conclusions and recommendations
- Formulate a research design / proposal
- Select, explain and justify a research methodology
- Analyse and present research data
- Review literature that is relevant to the problem / opportunity that is the subject of an enquiry
- Orally present and defend / explain the methodology, findings and recommendations of a research
- Apply statistical techniques in research
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Defining statistics and its use in business.
Collection and presentation of numerical information

- Questionnaires, interviews, tabulation analysis and interpretations
Data Description
- Graphical displays, bar graphs (multiple, component), pie charts, pictograms, line graphs, lorenze
curves, stem and leaf diagrams, pictorial presentations, moving totals and averages
- Measures of Centrality – mean, medium, weighted mean, mode
- Measures of Spread – for grouped and ungrouped data – variance, standard deviation, range quartiles,
percentiles, interquartile range, box and wisker plot
- Frequency Distributions – histograms, polygon, ogives, skewness
- The elimination of common errors
- Approximations and their limitations
Business Calculations:
- Use of annuity tables, sinking fund schedules, simple and compound interest, elementary insurance
calculations
Correlation and regression analysis:

- Correlation coefficient, scatter graphs, cross tabulation tables, simple linear regression, multiple
correlation coefficient
- Regression analysis
- Interpretation of parameters
43
Probability
- A basic introduction to probability from a practical viewpoint. Equally likely outcomes, combinations of
events, union of events, conditional probability, mutually exclusive events, venn diagrams, probability
trees, conditional probability, normal distribution.
- Binomial distribution, Poison distribution and proportions, Testing a hypothesis for small and large
samples and confidence intervals, types of errors, power of test.
Sampling
- Methods of sampling, samples, populations
- Parameters and statistics
- Sampling distributions
- Estimating population means and proportions
- Testing a hypothesis
Index Numbers
- Problems involved in their use, price relative methods, aggregative methods
- Laspeyre and Paasche indices retail price index, index construction and interpretation
Time Series Analysis

- Trends, moving averages, seasonal variations, random variations, exponential smoothing and simple
forecasting. De-seasonalising a time series
- Official sources of economic and business data
- The National Income and Expenditure Accounts
- Censuses of population, production, distribution
- Manpower earnings, cost of living, capital formation, trade returns and balance of payments
Introduction to Research Methods

- Define research
- Explain the purpose of research
- Distinguish scientific enquiries from non-scientific enquiries
- Distinguish the types of research
- Descriptive, Experimental, quasi-experimental (i.e. semi-experimental)
Overview of Research Process

The student should be introduced to the concept of research processes by a run-down of the major
activities listed below:
- Problem / opportunity definition

- Preliminary studies (include desk research)
- Development of hypotheses / assumptions
- Statement of aims, objectives, limitations and delimitations
- Review of literature
- Designing a research proposal
- Deciding on a methodology and justifying it
- Analyse data from the research
- Interpret the data
- Formulate recommendations based on findings and conclusions
- Present the research results
The overview should enable the student to focus on the aims and objectives of the research theory
Definition of Problem / Opportunity

Discussion of the activities involved in the identification / definition of the problem
- Preliminary research
- Case studies
- Depth studies and problem audits
44
- Experience surveys and executive opinion
- Use of secondary data
- Background analysis
Justification of the research and definition of terms of reference
- Aims and objectives
- Definition / statement of hypotheses and assumptions
Literature Review
- Definition of literature review
- Explanation of the purpose of the literature review in research
- Indication of sources of literature
- Writing up bibliographies
Research Design
Defining and justifying research designs
- Exploratory design
- Descriptive design
- Experimental design
- Evaluative Design
Methodology
Types of data distinguished
- Primary and secondary data
- Qualitative and quantitative data
- Overt and non-overt data
Sources of data identified and explained

- Primary data – from field research
- Secondary data – from publications
Methods of extraction (Collecting) data discussed

- Interviews (Personal)
- Structured / unstructured
- Interviews (Telephone)
- Interviews (Mail)
- Use of postal questionnaire
- Observations
- Abstraction from publications / records
- Content analysis
Selection, explanation and justification of sampling designs

- Definition of population
- Definition of sample
- Justification of sampling
- Discussion of sampling designs
- Probability sampling designs
- simple random sampling
- systematic sampling
- stratified sampling
- multistage sampling
- cluster sampling
- Non-probability sampling designs
- quota sampling
- judgemental sampling
- Convenient
- Sample size determination
45
- Judgemental (subjective) approach
- Mathematical approach (use of standard error)
Research Instruments
Explanation of the concept of a research instrument and its significance
Questionnaires, defined and explained
Definition of questionnaires
Types of questionnaires discussed and designed (i.e. disguised / non-disguised)
Discussion of types of questions to be included
- Open-ended questions
- Closed-end questions
- Dichotomous
- Scales
Discussion of the principles of a good questionnaire (brevity, clarity, specificity, etc)
Interview Schedules
- Definition of interview schedule
- Designing of interview schedule
- Observation form (schedule)
- Definition of observation schedule
- Designing of observation schedule
Data Presentation and Analysis

Data preparation
- Editing of data
- Coding of data
- Tabulation of data
- Discussion of computer aid
Data Analysis
- Test of hypothesis
- Calculation of and explanations of statistics and parameters
- Measures of central tendency
- Measures of dispersion
- Correction co-efficients
- Percentages and ratios
- Errors (to include absolute, relative, standard)
Data Presentation
- Use of the narrative
- Tabulations
- Charts
- Graphs
- Equations and symbols
- Justification of the methods of data presentation
Interpretation of Data
- Developing conclusions from findings in research
- Developing and presenting recommendations from the findings and conclusions
Communication of Research Results

Significance of communication
Forms of communication
- Verbal communication
- Written communication
- Principles and formats of verbal communication
- Principles and formats of written communication
- Format for written report
- Title
- Acknowledgement
46
- Executive summary
- Table of contents
- Chapter 1 (Introduction) Background information
- Problem definition
- Aims
- Objectives
- Hypotheses
- Assumptions
- Limitations
- Chapter 2 (Literature Review)
- Chapter 3 (Methodology)
- Chapter 4 (Findings, Analysis and Presentation)
- Chapter 5 (Conclusions)
- Chapter 6 (Recommendations)
- Bibliography
- Appendices
NOTE:
Students will be provided with the necessary tables.
Students may make use of hand-held, self-powered, silent, non-programmable calculators, but intermediate
working steps must be shown.
scheme below.

1. Collection and Presentation of Data 5
2. Data Descriptions 5
3. Business Calculations 5
4. Correlations and Regression 5
5. Probability 10
6. Sampling 5
7. Index Numbers 5
8. Time Series Analysis 5
9. Introductory concepts of Research 5
10. Problem definition 5
11. Literature Review 5
12. Design 5
13. Methodology 5
14. Research Instruments 5
15. Data Presentation and analysis 10
16. Communication of the Research Results 10
17. Statistical Appendix 5
Total 100
47

Chimedza C (2005) Quantitative Techniques Visions Publications Harare
Francis Andre (2008) Business Mathematics and South Western and London
Statistics 6th Edition Cengage Learning
Rees D G (2001) Essential Statistics 4th Chapman & Hall London
Edition
Lucey Terry (1996) Quantitative Techniques DP Publications London

Harper W M (2000) Statistics (6th Rev Ed.) Pearson Education Boston
Welman C et…al (2005) Research Methodology 3rd Oxford University Press Oxford
Edition
Saunders M (2012) Research methods for Pearson London
Business Students 6th
Edition
Cooper D R (2011) Business Research McGraw Hill New York
Methods 11th Edition
Devlin Ann Sloan (2006) Planning, Conducting and Thomson/Wadsworth Belmont
Presenting Research
Hair Joseph et…al (2011) Essentials of Business ME Sharp New York
Research Methods
48
SYLLABI - IBAS DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to provide a conceptual framework and practical application of Information
Communication Technology to organisational situations; and assess the knowledge and skills necessary for a
manager to function in an Information Technology driven economy / business.

- Explain the Information Technology foundation concepts
- Define and differentiate computer hardware and software
- Make use of databases
- Utilise information systems in managing businesses
- Utilise computer application
- Develop information systems solutions
- Make use of information technology
- Outline security and ethical challenges of Information Technology
3. LEARNING CONTENT
FOUNDATION CONCEPTS
Information Systems: (IS)
- What is an IS?
- Distinguishing between IT and IS
- System concepts
- IS components
- IS resources
- IS types
- Classes of Information Systems
Information Technology
- Motivation factors, attributes of information, management information, systems theory, data systems
and users
Business Management Information

- Business organizations, business information, management information, management information
systems
TECHNOLOGY
Introduction to Computer Hardware
- Computer architecture, major hardware components and types of software
- Types of computer systems: micros, minis, mainframes, networked computers
- types and trends
- computer peripherals: input, output, storage devices
49
Introduction to Computer Software
- Systems software: operating systems, programming language generations, language translator
programs
- Applications software: development tools, selection and implementation of software, package versus
bespoke decisions
Introduction to Database Management
- Manager’s view of file and database processing, management problems of file processing, database
Management software, logical data elements, database structures, database development, database
systems and concepts
- Entity-relationship model
- Relational model and algebra
- Relational commercial query languages
- Integrity constraints
- Design theories for relational databases
Introduction to Telecommunication Technology

- Applications of telecommunications; technical telecommunication alternatives: media, processors,
software, network, topologies, architectures and protocols, communications channel characteristics.
APPLICATIONS
Information Systems in Business Management
- Information Systems for business operations
- Information Systems and management
- Information Systems and decision making
- Strategic roles of Information Systems
- Information systems for leveraging competitive advantage
End User Computing and Office Automation

- End user computing: components, resources, applications, management implications
- Office automation: word processing, desktop publishing, image processing, computer graphics,
multimedia presentations, management implications
Transaction Processing and Business Information Systems

- Transaction processing systems: batch processing, real-time processing
- Business information systems: marketing information systems, manufacturing information systems,
human resource information systems, accounting information systems, financial information systems,
and process control systems.
Managerial Information and Support Systems

- Executive information and decision support systems
- Artificial intelligence and expert systems
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Developing Information Systems Solutions
- Systems development cycle: investigation, analysis, design, computer aided system engineering,
prototyping, implementation, testing, evaluating hardware, software, services
- System development tools: system flowcharts, data flow diagrams, case tools
Managing Information Technology

- Information resource management: strategic management, functional management, resource
management, technology management, distributed management, information technology management,
business and information technology strategies, business and Information technology applications,
information technology platforms.
Security and Ethical Challenges of Information Technology

- Information system controls, procedural controls, physical facility controls, auditing
50
- Information security policy and information security standards,
- Ethical and social dimensions of information technology,
- Computer crime, and health issues.
scheme below.

1. Foundation Concepts 20
2. Technology 35
3. Application 25
4. Development 20
Total 100

Morley D & Parker C S Understanding Computers Cengage London
(2013) Today and Tomorrow 14th
Edition
O Brien J A & Marakas G Introduction to McGraw Hill/Irwin Chicago
M (2010) Information Systems 15th
Edition
Laudon KC, Laudon JP Management Information
(2014) Systems
51
BUSINESS LAW
1. AIM
The aim of the subject is to create an understanding of the processes of Zimbabwean law, rather than the
theories, which impinge on business.
2. Learning Outcomes

- Outline the nature of law
- Outline selected areas of business law and general principles of contract
- Outline specific contracts
- Utilise Contract of lease
- Explain Agency and Authority
- Explain Delict
- Outline debt collection
- Outline carriage of goods
- Explain Business law
- Outline principle of contract of law
- Outline principles of law of sale and special sales
- Outline principle of lease law
- Explain Vicarious liability / principle
- Outline principles of law of agency
- Outline law of security
- Explain law relating to Hire-purchase
3. LEARNING CONTENT
The Nature of Law

- the relationship of and distinction between common law, statute law and customary law;
- stare decisis;
- obiter dictum;
- ratio decidend.
An outline of selected areas of Business Law

General Principles of Contract
Specific Contracts
- Specific Contracts
- requirements for the formation of a contract of sale
- the duties of the seller
- the duties of the purchaser
- transfer of ownership
- Contracts of Lease
- definition of a lease
- duties of the lessor
52
- duties of the lessee
- the hypothec of the lessor
- termination of contracts of lease
- Agency and Authority

- Formation of agency
- The effect of agency
- Liability of the agent
- Types of agent
- Termination of Authority
Special Contracts
- Delict
- Definition
- Remedies
- Responsibility of employers for the defects of employees.
- Partnerships and Companies

- Formation
- Dissolution of Partnerships
- Differences between partnerships and companies
- Debt Collection
- Instructing the lawyer
- Summons
- Default judgement, Judgement and Provisional Sentence
- Writ of Execution
- Civil imprisonment
- The small claims court
- Carriage of Goods
- The common law position
- The position under the consumer contracts Act No. 6 of 1994
- Taking note of the existence of other related statutes.
Introduction to Business Law

- The nature of the State
- Three arms of the State – nature; roles and how they are related to reach other
- The balance of power / separation of powers principle
- The nature of the law; divisions of the law, types of the law, and administration of the law
- The relationship between business and the law
- Forms / types of business enterprises
- What are the purposes of law?
- The sources of law – legislation, delegated legislation, common law, judicial precedent, authoritative
texts and customs
- The Zimbabwean Legal System
- What is a court system / hierarchy?
- An illustration of the Zimbabwean court structures – ordinary courts
- Specialist Courts – difference from ordinary courts and how they relate to the hierarchy
53
- The concept of jurisdiction
- Nature of and types of jurisdiction
- Various jurisdictions of the ordinary courts and specialist courts
- Nature of procedural remedies – reviews and appeals (bases and action)
- Distinction between criminal and civil wrongs
- Actioning of civil wrongs – causes of action and seeking remedies / recourse
- Concept of delict – definition, examples, essential elements and application
- Introduction to credit litigation or debt collection – nature and process of debt collection at the courts
and involvement of the lawyers, parties involved and enforcement of court judgements
- Business / commercial dispute resolution – litigation, arbitration, negotiation
Principles of Contract law

- The nature of a contract
- Differences between a contract and social agreement
- Validity of a contract – essentials of a valid contract
- Formation of a contract
- Rules applicable to offer and acceptance
- Point at which a valid contract is entered into – various ways of acceptance
- Concepts of void and voidable contracts
- Aspects of duress, undue influence, mistake and misrepresentation
- Nature of conditions under contracts – conditions precedent and resolutive conditions
- Special clauses in contracts – time, penalty forfeiture, exemptions and interpretation.
- Special concepts – recession, novation, parole evidence, caveat suscripto rule, restraint of trace and
force majeure / major
- Performance of contracts – initial and supervening impossibility
- Breach of Contract – forms of breach
- Remedies for breach of contract – damages, execution, interdict, cancellation & specific performance
- Termination of contract – ways in which a contract can be terminated.
Principles of Law of Sale and Special Sales

- What is a sale? (nature of)
- What are the essential elements of a sale?
- When is a sale (validity)
- Concept of risk and the passing off
- Concept of ownership of item / thing bought (what constitutes ownership)
- Concept of delivery
- Concept of defects – patent and latent
- What the buyer must prove in respect of defects
- Special remedies for defects – Aedelition remedies
- Rights and duties of the buyer
- Rights and duties of the seller
- Special sales – hp, lay-bye, auction, credit, e-commerce /on line, cif, for, fob
Principles of lease law

Commercial Premises (Lease Control) Act [Chapter 14 :04]
Housing and Building Act and Rent Regulations of 1982 and 2007
- definition and nature of lease
- lease versus hire
- lease regimes in Zimbabwe
54
- common law and statutory regulation
- essential elements of lease
- rights of the lessee and lessor
- duties of the lessee and lessor
- statutory tenancy
- “hire goes before sale” principle (huur gaat voor koop)
- Concept of lessor’s tacit hypothec
- Termination of the contract
Vicarious Liability Doctrine / principle

- general rule to liability
- nature of vicarious liability
- scenarios of the principle: employer; parent / guardian and owners of animals / stock
- bases / justification / grounds for application of principle
- application of principle by the courts
- case law applicable
Principles of Law of Agency

- Nature of agency
- Formation of agency – contract
- Authority / mandate
- Types of principals
- Liability of agent
- termination
Law of Security
Nature of and types of securities
Analysis of personal security:
- hypothec – nature of (see notes under contract of lease)
- mortgage – nature of, parties, rights and duties, and termination
- pledge – nature of, parties, rights and duties, and termination
- lien: nature and types of
Law relating to Hire-Purchase

- Higher Purchases Act [Chapter 14:09] (highly recommended)
- application of hire purchase in the current economy
- parties: seller / lessor / creditor and buyer / debtor / hirer
- definition and nature thereof – special type of sale – sale and hire (distinguish)
- essential elements – requirements for a valid hire-purchase contract (ss 5; 7 & 11 of the Act)
- rights and duties of the parties in terms of the Act
- criminal offences committed by the hire / buyer / debtor (any three)
- termination of the hire-purchase contract
Legal Personality
- The distinctions between companies, private business corporations, partnerships, sole traders, and other
incorporated bodies. The principle of corporate personality and limited liability. Lifting of Corporate
veil, statutory exceptions and judiciary exceptions.
55
Types of companies
- Private, Public, Private business Corporation.
- Company limited by guarantee, Co-operative Company and Statutory Corporations.
Formation of a Company
- The steps taken in forming the various companies including the process of pre-incorporation and pre-
incorporation contracts.
- Company Powers
- Memorandum and articles of association.
- Ultra vires doctrine, limitation of articles of association.
Company Capital
- Raising of capital, allotment, underwriting, Prospectus, alteration of share capital – reduction of share
capital, share splits, bonus issues, rights issues.
Company’s Securities
- Shares, debentures, preference shares including redeemable securities.
Membership
- Rights and duties, shares held in trust, register of members, holding and subsidiary companies.
Termination of membership, transfer and transmission of shares.
Management
- Election of directors, board meetings remuneration, qualification, loans,
- Company Secretary’s role
scheme below.

1. Nature of Law 10
2. Contract Law 10
3. Delict 5
4. Company Law Concepts 10
5. Debt Collection 5
6. Law of Carriage 5
7. Business Law Concepts 15
8. Lease 10
9. Liability Doctrine 5
10. Agency 10
11. Law of security 5
12. Hire-purchase Law 10
Total 100
AUTHOR TITLE & EDITION PUBLISHER CITY

Christie H (2016) R.H Christie’s Practical Commercial IBAS, Fomerly Harare
Law in Zimbabwe 2nd Edition Foundation For
56
Business Studies.
Manase A J and Madhuku L A Handbook of Commercial Law in University of Zimbabwe Harare
(1996) Zimbabwe
Christie H (1998) Business Law in Zimbabwe 2nd Juta Cape Town
Edition
Bampton I and Drury D An Introduction to Zimbabwean Legal Resources Harare
Business Law Foundations
NkalaJ.C and Nyapadi, T J Company Law in Zimbabwe ZEDCO Harare
(1995)
Abbort K, Pendlebury N, Business Law 8th Edition Cengage Learning Hampshire,

Wardman K (2007) UK
Chizikani A R Laws of Zimbabwe: Exploitation and Word and image Harare
Self Help Guide publications
Government of Zimbabwe The Hire purchase Act [Chapter Government Printers Harare
14:09]
Government of Zimbabwe The Consumer Contracts Act Government Printers Harare
[Chapter 8:03]
Government of Zimbabwe The Contractual Penalties Act Government Printers Harare

[Chapter 8:04]
Havenga, Peter et…al. General Principles of Commercial Juta academic. Cape Town
(2010) Law. 7th Edition
57
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to develop knowledge and understanding of Financial Management methods for
analysing the benefit of various sources of finance and capital investment opportunities and the application
of management accounting techniques for business planning and control.

- Outline the framework for financial decisions
- Analyse the financial environment
- Compute time value of money
- Outline the principals of capital investment
- Identify the sources of finance
- Describe the capital structure
- Apply divided decisions
- Utilise working capital concepts
- Analyse profitability
- Analyse and evaluate business failure
- Analyse small business finances
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Introduction
- Definition, task and scope of financial management
- Development of financial thought
- Management as applied to the financial function
- The role of the financial manager in business and his relationship with other management functions.
Framework for Financial Decisions

- Financial decision making
- Business objectives
- Investment, financing and dividend decisions
- Financial decisions and risk-return relationships
The Financial Environment

- Introduction to Financial markets
- Primary and secondary markets
- Money and capital markets
- Money market instruments
- Capital market instruments
- Interest rate fundamentals – opportunity cost, term structure of interest rates
- The economic indicators
- Key elements of the corporate tax environment, or tax code
Time Value of Money

- The time value of money
- Simple and compound interest
- Nominal and effective rates
- Future value
- Present value
58
- Annuities
- Amortised loans
- Present value of uneven stream
- Perpetuities
Principles of Capital Investment: -

- Guidelines for capital budgeting
- Capital budgeting techniques
- Payback period
- Net present value
- Internal rate of return
- Accounting rate of return
- Profitability index
Sources of Finance: -
- Identify sources of long term finance
- Identify sources of short term finance
- Discuss the characteristics of each source of finance
- Discuss the ways of raising finance from each source
- Advantages and disadvantages of each source of finance
- Compare and contrast the various sources of finance
- Discuss the process of an “initial public offering”
Introduction to Capital Structure: -

- Business risk and financial risk
- Break-even analysis – calculation, illustrations, limitations
- The importance of capital structure
- Basic approaches of examining the effect of leverage
- EBIT-EPS analysis of different capital structures
- Coverage and debt-to-equity ratios
Dividend Decisions: -
- Dividends versus retentions
- Factors influencing dividend policy
- Dividend policy and share prices
- Dividend growth model
- Types of dividend policy
- Dividend payment procedures
- Use of non-cash dividends (stock dividends and stock splits)
- Use of stock repurchases
Management of Working Capital: -

- Definition and calculation of working capital
- Working capital and liquidity
- Managing current assets
- Managing current liabilities
- Managing stock, debtors, cash and creditors
Managing Profitability -
- Principles of profitability analysis
- Use of financial ratios
- Types of ratios
- Liquidity ratios
- Profitability ratios
- Efficiency ratios
- Leverage ratios
59
- Investment ratios
- Dupont-analysis
Business Failure: -
- Causes of business failure in Zimbabwe
- Symptoms of Bankruptcy
- Re-organisation
Small Business Finance: -

- Objectives and organisation of small businesses
- Sources of finance
- Institutions supporting small businesses
- Micro-financing
- Venture capital
scheme below.

1. Introduction to Financial Management 10
2. Framework for financial decisions 5
3. The Financial Environment 10
4. Time value of money 10
5. Principles of capital budgeting 10
6. Sources of Finance 10
7. Introduction to Capital Structures 10
8. Dividend Decisions 5
9. Management of Working Capital 10
10. Managing Profitability 5
11. Business Failure 5
12. Small Business Finance 10
Total 100
Gitman Lawrence J & Principles of Managerial Prentice Hall London

Zutter Chad J (2011) Finance 13th Edition
Arnold Glen (2012) Corporate Financial Pearson Education Harlow

Management 5th rev Limited
Edition
Du Toit Elda (2013) Corporate Financial CSSA Pretoria
Management in Southern
Africa
60
BUSINESS ECONOMICS
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to equip the student with the knowledge and competencies in economic principles
which affect the environment in which the business operates in.

- Outline the principles of micro and macro economics.
- Explain the relevance of these principles in the application of economic policies.
- Outline the difference between micro economic and macro economic problems.
- Analyse economic issues and proffer possible solutions.
- Outline the types of business organisation and define factors that influence their formation, growth, and
survival.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Overview of Economics
- What is economics
- Resources scarcity and choice
- Factors of production, division of labour, economies of scale
- The role of government in the economy
- The mixed economy, command economy
National Income
- Circular flow of national income, components of national income
- National income accounts
- Methods of measuring national income and output
Demand, Supply, Prices and Market Structure

- The price system, market prices and factor prices
- Basic theories of consumer demand, utility, prices
- Marginal and average costs, fixed and variable costs, opportunity costs, short and long-run costs
- Law of diminishing returns, increasing and decreasing costs
- Price and output determination under conditions of perfect and imperfect competition and monopoly,
including State undertakings
- Profit maximization and equilibrium analysis. Normal and super-normal profits.
- Micro-level investment decisions, expected rates of return
- Elasticities of demand and supply – including cross market prices – effects of taxes, subsidies
Level of Economic Activity

- An outline of the Keynesian analysis
- Determination of level and changes in income and employment, propensities to consume and save, the
multiplier effect - including foreign trade and government
- The accelerator, determination of level of investment, liquidity preference and rate of interest
- The monetarist critique
- Government policies and relationship with inflation
- Consumption, savings and investments – their determinants
- The equilibrium of national income
- Aggregate demand and supply – The multiplier formula
61
Money and Prices and National Income
- Meaning and functions of money, and credit
- Development of money, functions and attributes
- Measuring the supply, inflation, money and capital market
- Financial systems and monetary policy
- Systems and methods of monetary control
- Government policies and relationship with inflation
Labour
- Elementary knowledge of wage determination in conditions of perfect and imperfect competition
- Effect of trade unions on wage levels, wage differentials and level of employment
- Trade unionism in Zimbabwe
- Monopoly in the labour market
Theory of Distribution
- Marginal distribution theory, determination of wages
- Economic rent and transfer earnings
- Capital and interest – appraising investments, financing the firm
- Enterprise and profits
Taxation and Fiscal Policy

- Type of taxes and their effect on incomes and prices
- Individual and corporate activity
Welfare Economics
- Pareto criterion
- Allocative efficiency, efficiency and the free market
Market Failure
- Causes of failure, imperfect competition, externalities
- Public goods, government’s role
- Privatisation
- Transport and the economy
National Economic Policies and Economic Development

- Aims and conflicts of policy in relation to full employment, economic growth, price stabilization, balance of
payments, equilibrium, income distributions, regional growth and employment balance, mixed economy,
relationship between Government, public and private sectors
- Major problems confronting developing economies, including capital formation, population, agriculture,
investment choices, trade relationships and international finance
The International Economic System

- The gains of international trade – comparative advantages and its limitations
- International trade relationships and monetary problems, including: balance of payments adjustment
processes, fixed and flexible exchange rates, world liquidity, protective devices, primary commodity schemes
and trading blocs, the role of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
- Protectionism
- Influence of Trade blocks
The Zimbabwean Economy

- The historical output of the economy, current structure, recent economic performance and current economic
methods
- Levels of employment, inflation, national debt
Growth and Development

- Factors influencing growth, the debt problem, people and growth, development economics
62
- Discuss the problems of less developed economies with reference to Zimbabwe (e.g. Dualism, budget
deficits, unemployment, etc.)
- Role of regional bodies
Demand Concepts for Decision Making

- Define demand
- Distinguish between demand function and demand curve
- Discuss interrelationships among price, total revenue and marginal revenue
- Illustrate the measurement of the various types of elasticities of demand
Demand Estimation and Forecasting

- Distinguish between demand estimation and forecasting
- Identify direct and indirect methods of demand estimation
- Discuss direct and indirect methods of demand estimation
- Discuss demand forecasting techniques
- List and discuss advantages and disadvantages of demand estimation and demand forecasting
techniques
Cost Estimation and Forecasting

- Distinguish between cost estimation and forecasting
- List and discuss short-run cost estimation techniques
- List and discuss long-run cost estimation techniques
- Identify factors influencing cost forecasting in a firm
NOTE:
The examination will be related primarily to the Zimbabwean economy.
scheme below.

1. Overview 10
2. Demand and Supply Concepts 10
3. Prices and Market structures 5
4. Level of Economic Activity 5
5. National Income 10
6. Factor market and Distribution Theory 10
7. Fiscal Policy and Taxation 5
8. Welfare Economics 5
9. Market failure 5
10. Economic goals and policies 10
11. The international economy 10
12. Zimbabwean Economy 10
13. Growth and Development 5
Total 100
63
Lipsey R G and Chrystal A Economics 11th Edition Oxford University Press Oxford
(2007)
Sloman John (2006) Economics 6th Edition Dorling Kindersley New Delhi
Mohr Philip Fourie Louis Economics 4th Edition Van Schalk Pretoria
(2008)
64
TAX LAW AND PRACTICE
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to develop and assess the essential knowledge and skills required in the handling
of corporate and individual tax issues in compliance with Zimbabwean tax laws and regulations.
By the conclusion of this subject the student will be able to:

- Understand the tax levied in terms of the Income Tax Act (Chapter 23:06).
- Understand the tax levied in terms of the Estate Duty Act (Chapter 23:03) and engage in planning for
deceased estates.
- Understand the tax levied in terms of the Capital Gains Tax Act (Chapter 23:01)
- Have an understanding of other taxes levies to persons and engage in tax planning and practice issues
including requirements for professional ethics and conduct.
- Understand the tax levied in terms of the Value Added Tax Act (Chapter 23:12).
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Taxes levied in terms of the Income Tax Act (Chapter 23.06) with particular reference to:
Specific inclusions in gross income

- Definition and treatment of the following terms in accordance with the Income Tax Act (Chapter 23.06)
and the Finance Act (Chapter 23:04) as amended:
- Gross income (Section 8 of the Income Tax Act)
- Capital and revenue accruals and outlays
- Deemed accruals
- Sources of income
- Special inclusions in gross income
- Exempt income
- Dividends
- Suspensive sales and credit sales
- Recoupment
- Livestock and farm produce
- Trading stock
- Interest incurred and accrued
- Lump-sum benefits
- Fringe benefits
- Important court decisions which clarify the Income Tax law and generally accepted tax practice.
Deductions in the determination of taxable income

- Allowable deductions in terms of section 15 of the Income Tax Act (Chapter 23.06) and the Finance Act
(Chapter 23:04) as amended.
- Prohibited deductions
- Capital allowances
Taxation of Farmers
- Determination of gross income of farmers
- Valuation of trading stock
- Sales due to land acquisitions
- Drought sales
- Specific deductions including restocking allowances
65
- Computation and payment of tax and tax returns
Taxation of Miners
- Determination of gross income including sale of mining claims
- Specific deductions:
- Prospecting expenditure
- Capital redemption allowances
- Computation and payment of tax and tax returns
Determination of Tax liabilities

- Income accruing to individuals, minors, natural persons
- Income accruing to partnerships, companies, private business corporations, special economic zones,
industrial park developers
- Income from insurance companies, financial institutions, non-profit and statutory corporations
- Income accruing to trusts
Estate Duty
- Estate duty
- Duties levied in terms of the Estate Duty Act (Chapter 23:03) with particular reference to:
- Estate – (its meaning)
- Valuation
- Deduction
- Duty payable
- Returns required
- Important court decisions
- The practices of the Commissioner of Taxes
- Definitions in terms of Administration of Estates Act (Chapter 6:01)
- Deceased estates and taxation
- Estate planning
Capital Gains Tax

- The difference between income tax and capital gains tax.
- Taxes levied in terms of the Capital Gains Tax Act (Chapter 23:01) with particular reference to:
- Calculation of tax payable
- Rollover
- Withholding tax
- Payment, assessment, refund
- Important court decisions
- The practices of the Commissioner of Taxes
Other taxes, rates, levies and duties

- Crop levies
- Property rates and taxes
- Customs duties and import taxes
- Paysheet levies – Standards, Zimdef, NEC and NSSA
Tax Practice
- Tax returns and assessment:
- The self-assessment system
- Tax returns including e-filing and record keeping requirements
- Payment of taxes and payment dates
- Non-resident tax payers
- Representative taxpayers
- Tax consultancy and professional code of ethics
- Recovery and refund
- Withholding taxes
66
- Objections and appeals
- Tax planning
- Estate planning
- Important court decisions which clarify tax law and generally accepted tax practice.
- Sale of business
- Tax evasion and tax avoidance
Value Added Tax

- Background to the introduction of VAT
- Interpretation of the Act and definitions
- Tax levied in terms of the Value Added Tax Act (Chapter 23:12) with particular reference to:
- Registration and deregistration
- Supplies and taxable supplies
- Allowable deductions
- Separate trades, branches and divisions
- Agents and auctioneers
- Tax invoice
- Credit note and debit note
- Tax periods
- Computations and assessments
- Refunds, penalties and appeals
- Payments and returns including e-filing.
NOTE:
 Students may make use of hand-held, self-powered, silent, non-programmable calculators but
immediate working steps must be shown.
 Students may take into the examination room an unmarked copy of the Income Tax Act (as amended)
and of the Finance Act and the Capital Gains Tax Act.
 Students are permitted to take in their ZXNET Amended Zimbabwe Taxation Statutes provided that no
notes or commentaries are included.
scheme below.

1. Specific inclusions in gross income 10
2. Deductions in the determination of taxable income 10
3. Taxation of farmers 5
4. Taxation of miners 5
5. Determination of tax liabilities 10
6. Estate duty 10
7. Capital Gains Tax 10
8. Other taxes , rates, levies and duties 10
9. Tax Practice 10
10. Value added tax 10
Total 100

Tagara E (2006) Zimbabwe Taxation Vision Publications Harare
(Revised Edition)
Zimbabwe Government Finance Act (Revised Government Printers Harare
67
(1996) Edition)
Zimbabwe Government Capital Gains Tax Act Government Printers Harare
(1996) (Revised Edition)
Bloch H Zimbabwe Income ZXNET Harare
Tax Guide (1999-
2000)
Hill L W (1997) Income Tax in Butterworths Durban
Zimbabwe (4th
Edition)
Zimbabwe Government Income Tax Act Government Printers Harare
Chapter 23:06
(Revised Edition)
Tapera, Marvellous. Taxation Principles in Gramsol books. Harare
(2014) Zimbabwe: A
Comprehensive Tax
Guide.
Murray E (2011) Taxation in Zimbabwe Directory Publishers Harare

 ZCTA Taxation handbook. Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe (Latest edition).
Harare.
 Income Tax Act (1996)
 Capital Gains Tax Act (1996)
68
HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to of the management of the key resource in the organization, human resources
and the measurement, management and improvement of organisational performance through the
application of various tools and techniques.

- Understand the environment in which organisations operate, different organisational structures and
management concepts.
- Understand the manager’s role in Planning and controlling of the management function.
- Understand the role and function of Human Resources in an organization.
- Understand the law that relates to aspects of Human Resources Management.
- Evaluate Human Resources systems, make appropriate decisions and recommendations.
- Understand the need for management control, performance measurement and change management.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Organizations and organisational structures

- The organisation and its environment
- Organizational structures including line, staff and matrix.
- Organisational policies and procedures.
- Globalisation, e-commerce, multinationals and emerging markets.
- The role of management in organizations.
- Difference between the role of the “Director” and that of “Manager”.
Quality management
- Definition of organisational culture,
- Corporate culture and performance,
- Multiculturalism.
Planning and Controlling

- Control process, control systems, financial controls, budgets, audits.
- Operations management, operation systems, planning and control.
Human Resources Management

- The duties of a human resources manager and the position of the role in the organization.
- Managing a workforce.
- Organization of work.
- Organizational types and their differences.
Law and the Practice of Human Resources Management

- Law Practice Relative to:
- Remunerations, hours of work, overtime, holidays, sick leave, fridge benefits, employment records.
- The employment contract/rights and obligations of the parties.
- Pension funds, medical schemes, insurance and P.A.Y.E. Employee’s safety.
- Industrial accidents.
69
Human Resources Recruitment and Selection
- Short and long term planning
- Labour turnover, recruitment and selection
- Labour markets, Job analysis, Personnel Specification, Job descriptions, recruitment methods, selection
methods, equal opportunities, interviewing
Training and Development

- The learning process
- Short and Long-term planning
- Induction and education programmes in general
- Training, of apprentices and supervisors
- Policies on promotions, transfers, dismissals, and retrenchments
- Training and development for strategic success – competence assessment
- Organizational Development – quality and productivity
Organizational Culture and Human Resources Management

- Framework of organizational culture:
- Managing ‘culture’, the role of Human Resources Management.
- Organizational culture and business success.
- Management of culture change
- Multiculturalism
- Corporate culture and performance
Effective Communication in Human Resources Management

- Interpersonal skills
- Communication – the need and the communication patterns
- Counselling – role and skills
- Conflict management – grievance procedures, discipline management
Performance and Reward

- Performance appraisal – merit rating
- Rewards and motivation – theories of motivation, effective leadership.
- Incentives
- Performance related pay.
- Indirect compensation
- Employee empowerment
- Benefits
- Staff welfare
- Job evaluation
Change Management
- Classifying change
- Building the case for change and the change vision
- Use of a change agent
- Planning for change and the change kaleidoscope
- Lewin’s Three Stage Change Model
- Resistance and barriers to change including
- Lewin’s force field analysis
- The psychological contract
- The Kubler-Ross change curve
- Kotter’s strategies for change
Human Resources Management Information Systems

- Organizational structures, human resources information systems and, reports generation
70
scheme below.

1. Organisations and organisational structures 10
2. Quality Management 10
3. Planning and controlling 10
4. Human Resources Management 10
5. Human Resources Recruitment and Selection 10
6. Training and Development 10
7. Organizational Culture and Human Resources Management 10
8. Effective Communication in Human Resources Management 10
9. Performance and Reward 5
10. Change Management 10
11. Human Resources Management Information Systems 5
Total 100

Zimbabwe Government Income Tax Act 23:06 Government Printers Harare
(1984)
Zimbabwe Government Income Tax Act 23:06 Government Printers Harare

(2000)
Zimbabwe Government Labour Act 28:01 Government Printers Harare

(2003)
Zimbabwe Government Manpower Planning & Government Printers Harare

(1984) Regulations Act 28:02
Makings G (2004) Commentary on the Howard Dean & Company Harare

Labour Act (4th Edition)
Bates A (2006) Personnel Management in Jann Consultancy Harare

Zimbabwe Harare 3rd
Edition
Jackson SE Schuler RS Managing Human South Western Learning Manson
and Werner S (2009) Resources 10th Edition
Armstrong Michael A Armstrong’s Handbook of Kogan Page London

(2012) Human Resources
Management 12th Edition
Grobler Pieter A et…al Human Resources Cengage Learning Hampshire
71
(2011) Management in South
Africa 4th Edition
Fisher C D et…al (2005) Human Resources Biztantra New Delhi
Management
Amos T et… al (2008) Human Resource Juta Academic Cape Town
Management 3rd Edition
Swanepoel B J (2014) South African Human Juta Academic Cape Town
Resource Management:
Theory and Practice 5th
Edition
Price Alan (2007) Human Resource Cengage Learning London
Management in a
Business Context 3rd
Edition
Raymond A N et…al Human Resources Prentice Hall New Jersey
(2012) Management
72
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to build on the body of Financial Accounting knowledge learnt in the Business
Accounting subject and apply International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) or other relevant
standards to transactions and other events, evaluate appropriateness of accounting policies used to prepare
financial statements and prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRSs and other relevant
standards.

Prepare financial statements for partnerships, branches and trusts. Explain the formation of limited liability
companies including the issue of shares and account for transactions of special nature.
Define the main elements of financial statements and identify components of financial statements including
preparation of consolidated and separate financial statements.
Account for taxation in financial statements of companies.
Interpret and analyse financial accounts.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Partnership Accounting
- Accounting for partnerships including changes in profit sharing ratios.
- Conversion of partnership to limited liability companies.
- Dissolution of partnerships.
Formation of Company and issue of shares

- Steps in formation of company.
- Issues of shares and debentures.
- Pre-incorporation profits.
Accounts of Different Types of Organisations

- Preparation of accounts for branches and trusts.
Transactions of a Special Nature

- Investments, underwriting, redemption of shares and debentures
- Royalties
- Consignments
- Joint ventures
- Hire purchase (in accordance with relevant accounting standards)
Elements of Financial Statements

2. Identify and define elements of financial statements.
Components of Financial Statements

- Identify components of financial statements and their presentation formats including line items and
relevant disclosures.
Separate Financial Statements

- Prepare the following financial statements in accordance with IAS 1, IAS 27 (revised) and other relevant
standards;
- Statement of comprehensive income
- Statement of financial position
73
- Statement of changes in equity
- Statement of cash flows – indirect and direct methods
Income Taxes
3. Determine the nature and extent of reportable segments in accordance with IFRS 8.
4. Specify and discuss the nature of segment information to be disclosed.
5. Define the following financial accounting and reporting terms in accordance with IAS 12:
6. Accounting profit
7. Taxable profit
8. Tax expense
9. Current tax
10. Deferred tax liability
11. Deferred tax assets
12. Temporary differences
13. Tax base
Analysis and Interpretation

- Financial statements and the use of ratios.
- Using ratios to analyse and interpret financial statements e.g. activity, liquidity, profitability and gearing
ratios.
Financial Accounting Information as an aid to Management

- Preparation of budgets, forecasts, cash budgeting.
NOTE:
 Students may make use of hand-held, self-powered, silent and non-programmable calculators but
intermediate working steps must be shown.
 Students are expected to apply theory to practical situations.
scheme below.

1. Partnership Accounting 10
2. Formation of a company and issue of shares 10
3. Accounts of different types of organisations 10
4. Transactions of a special nature 10
5. Elements of financial statements 10
6. Components of financial statements 10
7. Separate financial statements 10
8. Consolidated financial statements 10
9. Income taxes 10
10. Analysis and interpretation 5
11. Financial Accounting information as an aid to Management 5
Total 100

Dempsey A et..al Introduction to Financial LexisNexis Durban
(2011) Accounting 8th Edition
74
Wood Frank Sangster Business Accounting 1, Prentice Hall London
Alan (2013) 12th Edition
Wood Frank & Frank Wood’s Business Pearson London
Sangster Alan (2012) Accounting 2, 12th Edition
Kew J & Watson A Financial Accounting: An Oxford University Oxford

(2012) Introduction Press
Musamba J F (2001) Introductory Accounting NG Publications Harare
3rd Edition
Harrison Walter T Financial Accounting 9th Prentice Hall London
et…al (2012) Edition
Kothar Jagdish & Financial Accounting: An Prentice Hall London
Barone Elisabelt(2006) International Approach
International International Financial International UK
Accounting Standards Reporting Standards Accounting Standards
Boards (2012) Board
Kew J & Watson A Financial Accounting: An Oxford University Oxford

(2012) Introduction Press
Musamba J F (2001) Introductory Accounting NG Publications Harare
3rd Edition
Harrison Walter T Financial Accounting 9th Prentice Hall London
et…al (2012) Edition
Kothar Jagdish & Financial Accounting: An Prentice Hall London
Barone Elisabelt(2006) International Approach
International International Financial International UK
Accounting Standards Reporting Standards Accounting Standards
Boards (2012) Board
75
COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING I
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to instil the knowledge, key skills and competencies necessary to act in a Cost and
Management Accounting function.

- Define the framework of Cost Accounting
- Apply cost accounting functions using the various costing methods
- Advise Management on business decisions based on cost and management accounting concepts
- Appraise the cost accounts and use variance analysis to guide decision making
- Develop suitable costing systems for the organisation
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Distinction between cost accounting, management accounting and financial accounting
Elements of cost
- Their nature and classification
- Cost centres and cost units
- Relationship between cost and financial accounts
- Double entry theory applied to cost accounting records, interlocking and integral accounts
Classification of materials
- Purchasing stores
- Basic controls applied to purchasing (including economic order quantity), pricing of stores issues and
inventory valuation, valuation of work in progress
Quality and Control

- Just In Time Purchasing and Manufacturing
- Total Quality Management
Remuneration
- Principles of wages control including the learning curve and payroll routine
Overheads
- Analysis and classification of overhead expenses, their apportionment to cost centres and absorption
into cost units
- Activity based approaches to Cost Analysis
Product costing
- Principles applied to job, process and service type industries
- Conversion cost and accounting for material losses
- Problems of common cost
- Joint products, by products
- Activity based costing – use of cost drivers and activities
Budgetary Control
- Objectives of budgetary control, evaluation of budget systems
- All types of budgets including:
- Fixed and flexible budgets, cash flow budgets, use of variances
76
- Quantitative aids to budgeting, use of computer based models
- Behavioural implications of budgeting and budgetary control
Marginal costing
- Theory and practice
- Variable cost
- Direct and indirect costs
- Contribution concept
- Break even analysis
- Profit/volume ratios
- Margin of safety
- Profit graphs
- Relevant and irrelevant costs, historic costs, limiting factors, including problems requiring elementary
linear programming solutions, decisions about alternatives, such as make or buy, and shutdown,
opportunity costs
Standard costing
- Types of standards – (basic, normal, current, expected and ideal standards)
- Setting standards, Variance analysis, two, three and four variance analysis, treatment and utilization of
variances
- Significance and relevance of variances, planning and operational variances
- Behavioural of implications
- Patterns of cost behaviour
- Influence of volume of activity
- The preparation of profit reconciliation statements using either standard marginal costing or absorption
costing principles
Quantitative Techniques in Management Accounting

- (Statistical replacement methods i.e. vehicle replacements, other replacements, inventory control
- models, transportation models)
NOTE:
 Students may make use of hand-held, self-powered, silent, non-programmable calculators but
intermediate working steps must be shown.
scheme below.

1. Elements of costing 10
2. Classification of costs 10
3. Quality and control of costs 10
4. Remuneration 5
5. Overheads 5
6. Product costing 10
7. Budgetary control 10
8. Marginal costing 15
9. Standard costing 10
10. Quantitative Techniques in costing 5
11. Management Accounting 10
Total 100
77

Drury Collin (2008) Management and Cost Cengage London
Accounting 7th Edition
Els G et…al Fundamentals of Cost LexisNexis Durban
and Management
Le Roux GS and Lotter Basic Principles of Cost Juta Academic Cape Town
W A (2003) and Management
Accounting – A
Student’s Guide Latest
Edition
Lucey Terry (2009) Costing 7th Edition Cengage London

Whitecotton Stacey Managerial Accounting McGraw Hill Irwin New York
et…al (2014)
Horngren Charles T Cost Accounting: A Prentice Hall New York
et…al (2014) Managerial Emphasis 2nd
Edition
Lucey Terence (2003) Management Accounting Continuum London
5th Edition
Pelle and Hustler Cost and Management Juta Academic Cape Town
Accounting 1 Tutorial
Workbook Latest Edition
78
IBAS DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES
ON THE JOB TRAINING (OJET)
1. AIM
The aim of the attachment is to marry theory with practice.
At the conclusion of this attachment the student will be able to practice as an accounting technician or at
the clerical level. Students who are unemployed or those employed in non-relevant areas will be required to
undergo a period of at least one year industrial or commercial attachment in relevant positions.
3. ATTACHMENT PERIOD
The attachment period will be at least one year for each student. The attachment must be undertaken
before one is allowed to graduate. Any waiver of this rule, where applicable will need to be obtained from
the Institute. This applies to those students who will be employed already in relevant areas and may not
need to go through the “On the Job Training” requirement.
4. ASSESSMENT SCHEME – PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE (LOGBOOK)

1. Accounting 25
2. Finance 10
3. Taxation 10
4. Corporate Practice 10
5. Administration 10
6. Information Technology 15
7. Planning and Economics 5
8. Human Resources Management 5
Total 100
79
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES – HIGHER DIPLOMA
Preamble
The course is designed to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes to satisfy knowledge of accounting skills, cost
management skills, auditing skills, corporate management skills and corporate governance skills. The Institute of
Business and Accounting studies higher diploma qualification is designed to meet the needs of professionals who
are involved in accounting and administration work. These professionals include accounting technicians, clerks,
administrators and administrator assistants. Entry into the Higher Diploma course is open to appropriate
Diploma Holders. The course is offered on a full time basis. Assessment is through, continuous skills
assessment, written examinations. The course will consider gender mainstreaming, sustainable development,
physical challenges, health dispositions, and the intersections between race, class and culture.
3.1 Aim
The aim of this course is to equip students with the knowledge of accounting, administration, auditing,
corporate management and governance. By the completion of the course students are expected to have
an in-depth understanding of how to prepare accounts, administer organizations and apply good
corporate governance practices as well as carrying out research and write appropriate reports.
3.2 Objectives
3.2.1 Create books of accounts;

3.2.2 Analyse and critique the economic and business environment;
3.2.3 Apply auditing skills;
3.2.4 Analyse business finances;
3.2.5 Demonstrate good corporate governance;
3.2.6 Demonstrate business administration skills;
3.2.7 Solve business problems through research;
HIGHER DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

Study in
Hours
HD1.2 AUDITING 160
HD2.2 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT II 200
HD3.2 CORPORATE MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE (OPTIONAL) 160
HD4.2 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING III 160
HD5.2 PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING (OPTIONAL) 190
HD6.2 COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING II 200
HD7.2 RESEARCH PROJECT 320
TOTAL HOURS 1390
80
SYLLABI - IBAS HIGHER DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES
AUDITING
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to instil the principles and impart the key skills necessary to be able to understand
and operate in an audit function.

- Outline the Framework and purpose of auditing
- Outline the nature and theory of the Auditing function
- Apply internal audit functions
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Historical Developments of Auditing

- Statement of responsibilities
- Audit committees
Principles of Auditing
- Nature of Auditing
- Objectives of an Audit
- Auditing Standards
- Role of Internal Auditor, compatibility with auditing standards
- Independence, professional qualifications, Role of external auditor
- Reliance on work of an Internal Auditor
- Appointment, Duties and Rights of an Auditor
- Company Law provisions affecting auditors
The Audit Process

- Planning
- Materiality and risk assessment
- Familiarisation with the client (knowledge of business)
- Controlling and Audit and working papers
- Recording the system
- Audit tests and sampling. Compliance and substantive test techniques ranging from enquiry,
observation, examination, sampling, re-performance, and re-calculation to establish that the work has
been properly performed.
- sampling techniques
- audit evidence
- management letters
- audit reports – any benefits to be derived from auditor’s activities will normally be accomplished through
the medium reports on findings and recommendations
- bank and external confirmation
Responsibilities and how compatible they are

- Evaluating the system. Evaluation of internal control from the standpoint of how well the accounting
system provides for information that is adequate and accurate; protection of resources of business from
losses due to theft, embezzlement or carelessness. (This is normally a part of the external auditing
function). Evaluation of clerical and accounting efficiency: effectiveness of procedures, utilisation of
81
resources, use of mechanical and electronic equipment, adequacy of personnel. (This is normally part
of the internal auditing function).
Professional Ethics – International Federation of Accountants Requirements on Auditing
Computer Auditing
- Audit procedures of computer applications – input controls, processing controls, output controls, user
controls and general controls.
- Advanced computer auditing such as the use of internet, e-commerce Eft, Pos, etc.
Reliance on Others
- Specialists – Lawyers, property valuers, etc. Other activities – work performed by other auditors at
branches or subsidiaries.
Evaluating and Concluding

- Post Balance Sheet events
- Contingencies and commitments
- Completion of the audit
- Going concern and letters of representation
Audit Practice
- Relevance of controls to the internal and external audit
- The nature of systems of internal control
- Evaluation of systems of internal control
Notes:
Knowledge of International Accounting Standards and the International Auditing guidelines is a pre-
requisite.
Three-hour examination paper with questions set and distributed on the basis of the weighting shown in the
scheme below.

1. Historical Development 10
2. Audit principles 15
3. Audit process 15
4. Responsibility and How Compatible 10
5. Computer Audit 15
6. Reliance on Others 10
7. Evaluation and Conclusion 15
8. Audit Practice 10
Total 100
82

Millichamp, Alan & Auditing 10th Edition Cengage Learning London
Taylor John (2012)
Von Puttick and van The Principles and Juta Academic Cape Town
Esch (2007) Practice of Auditing
Marx Ben et…al (2011) Applied Questions on LexisNexis Durban
Auditing
Cascarino R &Van Esch Internal Auditing :An Juta Academic Cape Town
S (2006) Integrated Approach
Barlow P (1995) The Business Approach Juta Academic Cape Town
to Internal Auditing 3rd
Edition
Louwers Timothy J Auditing and Assurance McGraw Hill New York
et…al(2011) Services
International Handbooks of International Federation UK
Federation of International Auditing, of Accountants
Accountants (2012) Assurance and Ethics
Pronouncements (Latest
Edition)
Beasley Mark Eledr Auditing and Assurance Prentice Hall New Jersey
Rundal Alvin Arens Services 13th Edition
(2010)
83
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT II
1. AIM
The subject aims to make the student aware of the role of the financial manager in an organisation and the
various ways in which he / she can help in increasing the value of the firm and hence shareholder value.

- Outline strategies for increasing firm value
- Make use of appropriate techniques in dealing with financial decisions taken by an organisation
- Outline action to be taken by an organisation in specified situations
- Outline important and underlying financial management theory and application
- Outline the objectives of corporate management and governance
- Create capital budgets
- Analyse risk in capital budgets
- Outline the capital structure
- Apply portfolio management
- Explain dividends and dividend policy
- Explain mergers and takeovers
- Apply risk reduction using financial instruments
- Apply foreign exchange management
3. LEARNING CONTENT
General revision of techniques covered in Introduction to Financial Management
Objectives and Corporate Management and Governance

- Aims and objectives of an organisation and their impact on business planning
- Key stakeholder of an organisation
- Environmental issues and their impact on corporate objectives
- Concept of goal conference
- Corporate Management and Governance issues
Capital Budgeting
- Types of investment projects
- Replacement or expansion
- Independent and mutually exclusive projects
- Divisible and indivisible projects
- Capital Budgeting Techniques

- Discounted payback
- Initial investment, annual cash flows and project terminal value
- Comparing projects with unequal lines including equivalent annual annuities

- Capital budgeting under inflation: inflation and discount rate nominal and real rates
- Tax and tax allowances
- Capital rationing – capital constraints and project rankings
Capital budgeting: Risk Analysis

- Expected value and probability distributions
- Certainty equivalents
84
- Sensitivity analysis
- Break-even analysis
- Capital asset pricing model; financial leverage.
Capital Structure and Cost of Capital

- Leverage (Gearing): impact on earnings, impact on risk
- Optimal Capital Structure
- The net income approach
- The Net operating income approach
- The traditional approach
- The Modigliani – Miller (MM) approach
- The contemporary approach
- The impact on inflation
- Target Capital Structure
- Costs of individual types of finance
- Weighted average cost of capital
- Portfolio theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model
- The cost of capital
- Capital gearing
- Capital structure theory and decisions
Portfolio Management
- Two asset portfolio and vetura
- Measuring two asset portfolio returns
- Principles of portfolio risk
- Two asset portfolio risk
- Positioning an investor on the efficient frontier
- Multiple Share Portfolio Risk and Return
- Benefits of diversification
- Beta and capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
- The efficient markets hypothesis
- The weak form
- The semi strong
- The strong form
- Testing for market efficiency
- Evidence of efficiency of Stock Exchanges
Dividends and Dividend Policy

- The residual approach to dividends
- Factors affecting the dividend decision
- Legal requirements
- Information content of dividends
- The nature of the shareholders
- Agency factors
- Dividend Payment Policies
- Stable dividend amoun t
- Stable payout ratio
- Stable dividend plus bonus
- The Payment of Dividends
- Bonus issues and share splits
- Dividend reinvestment plans
- Repurchase of own shares by company
- Dividends in kind
85
Mergers and Takeovers
- Types of mergers
- Reasons for mergers
- Terms of mergers
- Acquisition financed by cash
- Acquisition financed by share issue
- Setting an offer
- Mergers and dividends, working capital and net asset value
- Defensive tactics – proactive and reactive measures
- Regulation of takeovers
- Management buy-outs
Risk Reduction using Financial Instruments

- Rationale for financial innovation
- Fundamental derivative instruments – options, futures and forward contracts
- Risk reducing techniques
- Natural ledger
- Hedging with interest rate swaps
Foreign Exchange Management

- Historical background
- The balance of payments
- Current Account
- Capital Account
- Official Reserves
- The foreign exchange market
- Direct and indirect quotations
- Bid – ask spread
- Spot and forward transactions
- Forward rate and premium / discount
- Cross rates
- Exchange rate theories
- Interest rate parity
- Purchasing power parity (PPP)
- Integrating interest rate parity and purchasing power parity
- Foreign exchange exposure
- Transaction exposure
- Translation exposure
- Economic exposure
- Hedging Policies
- Forward exchange contract
- Money market hedge
- Current options
- Currency of invoice
- Leads and lags
scheme below.

1. Objectives and Corporate Management and Governance 10
2. Capital Budgeting 10
3. Capital Budgeting and Risk Analysis 15
86
4. Capital Structure 10
5. Portfolio Management 10
6. Dividends and Dividend Policy 15
7. Mergers and Takeovers 10
8. Risk Reduction using Financial Instruments 10
9. Foreign exchange management 10
Total 100

Correia Carlos et…al Financial Management Juta Academic Cape Town
7t Edition
Gitman Lawrence J & Principles of Managerial Prentice Hall London
zutter Chad J (2011) Finance 13th Edition
Van Horne James C & Fundamentals of Financial Times/Prentice London
Wachowicz John Martin Financial Management Hall
(2008)
Arnold Glen (2012) Corporate Financial Pearson Educational Harlow

Management 5th rev. Limited
Edition
Ramsden Philip (2011) Financial Management Hodder & Stoughton London
Conradie W M & Basic Financial Juta Academic Cape Town
Flourie CMW (2011) Management
Brigham Eugene F & Financial Management: Cengage Learning London
Ehrhardt Michael Theory & Practice 13th
C(2011) Edition
Du Toit Elda (2013) Corporate Financial CSSA Pretoria
Management in
Southern Africa
Brockinton R (1993) Financial Management DP Publications London
(6th Edition)
Richard A, et al (2000) Principles of Corporate McGraw-Hill New York
Finance (5th Edition)
87
CORPORATE MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE (OPTIONAL)
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to equip the student with knowledge, skills and attributes that will enable the
student to practice good Corporate Management and Governance in public and private companies

- Outline governance issues
- Determine directors and shareholders’ entitlements
- Create financial reports
- Assess rewards and contributions
- Assess risks
- Value organisations’ assets
- Define corporate management and governance
- Outline director functions and shareholder functions
- Create financial reports and analyse risk and rewards
- Outline the history of corporate management and governance
3. LEARNING CONTENT
PART ONE WHAT IS CORPORATE MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE?

- Definitions and issues in Corporate Management and Governance
- Development of Corporate Management and Governance
- Stakeholders in a company
- Key objectives in Corporate Management and Governance
- Key issues in Corporate Management and Governance
- Approaches to Corporate Management and Governance
- Concepts, ethics and roles
- Concepts in Corporate Management and Governance
- Ethics and Corporate Management and Governance
- Corporate social responsibilities
- Whistleblowers
- The company Lawyer and Corporate Management and Governance
- The company secretary and Corporate Management and Governance
PART TWO DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS

- The powers of directors and rights of shareholders
- The powers of directors
- The duties of directors to their company
- Fiduciary duties of directors
- A director’s duty of skill and care
- Fair dealing by directors
- Directors’ legal responsibilities to employees and other stake holders
- Shareholders’ rights
- Other restraining measures against directors
- Shadow directors and alternative directors
- Balance of power on the board-Suitability
- Character and qualities
- The board and decision-making
- The roles of chairman and chief executive officer
- Non-executive directors
88
- Board appointments
- Board succession
- Training directors
- The lessons of Enron
- Two-tier boards
- Non executive directors-Independent and
- non- independent non-executive directors
- The number of non-executive directors
- The role of non-executive directors
- Criticisms on non-executive directors
- The Higgins Report
- Relations with shareholders
- The relationship between the board and the shareholders
- The shareholders-Shareholder expectations
- Regulatory requirements for shareholder involvement
- Measures by the board to improve relations
- Measures by Shareholders to improve relations
- Electronic communications and electronic voting
- The OECD Corporate Management and Governance principles and shareholder rights
PART THREE FINANCIAL REPORTING, REWARDS AND RISKS

- Financial reporting and auditing
- Financial reporting and Corporate Management and Governance
- Misleading financial statements
- The role of the external auditors: the audit report
- Auditor independence
- Controls over the audit profession
- The audit committee
- Directors’ responsibilities for financial statements
- Directors’ remuneration
- Public attitudes
- Elements of remuneration for executive directors
- Share options (stock options)
- The remuneration of non executive directors
- The remuneration committee
- Disclosure and approval of remuneration details
- Shareholder approval of directors’ remuneration
- Remuneration policy
- Directors’ service contracts
- The Greenbury Report and recommendations
- Developments in the United States
- Risk management and Corporate Management and Governance
- The nature of risk-Internal control system
- The Turnbull Committee Report on internal control
- The role of internal audit
- Risk management
- The board’s statement on internal control
- Developments in risk management as governance issue
PART FOUR A HISTORY OF CORPORATE MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE

- A history of Corporate Management and Governance in the United Kingdom
- The Cadbury code
- The Greenbury Report
- The Hampel Report
- The Combined code
- The Higgs Report and the Smith Report
89
- Future changes in UK company law
- An international history of Corporate Management and Governance
- The OECD principles of Corporate Management and Governance
- Corporate Management and Governance and the Commonwealth countries
- The King reports (South Africa)
- Corporate Management and Governance in the United States
scheme below.

1. Corporate Management and Governance 25
2. Directors and Shareholders 15
3. Financial Reporting, Rewards and Risk 45
4. History of Corporate Management and Governance 15
Total 100

Fernando A C (2009) Corporate Management Dorling Kindersley New Delhi
and Governance :
Principles, Policies and
Practices
Kneale Clive (2012) Corporate Management ICSA South Africa
and Governance in
Southern Africa
Goergen Marc (2012) International Corporate Pearson Education Harlow
Management and
Governance
90
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING III
1. AIM
The aim of the subject is to impart knowledge and skills in Financial Accounting at a higher level to be used
in Commerce and Industry.

- Create Financial Statements according to the provisions of the I.A.S., IFRS and in compliance with the
Zimbabwe Companies Act Chapter 24:03 and its subsequent Amendments.
- Analyse and interpret Financial and related information and produce reports to meet the needs of
internal and external users.
- Appraise the theoretical and regulatory aspects of the Accounting function.
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Revision of aspects of company accounts covered at Diploma Level

- Legal requirements
- The corporate financial statement for internal use
- Published Accounts
- Financial Instruments
Interpretation and Analysis of Accounts

- Comparative financial statements and composite
- Ratio Analysis
- Group Statement of Cash Flows as per IAS 7
- Segment Reporting
Acquisitions, Take-overs and Mergers

- Business valuation
- Calculation of purchase consideration and methods used
- Accounting treatment in Books of purchasing company and Books of Vendor Company
- (Intra-group transactions, Inter-company owing)
- Inter-company holdings when purchasing company holds shares in Vendor Company and when Vendor
Company holds shares in purchasing company and when shares are held by both companies in each
other.
Alteration of Share Capital and Internal Reconstruction

- Alteration of share capital
- Re-organisation through surrender of shares
- Scheme of Capital reduction
- Steps in re-construction
Liquidation
- Legal provisions
- Meaning and salient features
- Order of payment
- Preferential Payment
- Liquidator’s final statement of account
Price Level Accounting / Inflation Accounting (IAS 29)

- Financial Statements and price level changes
91
- Methods or techniques of price level accounting
- Current Purchasing Power Technique
- Current Value Accounting Technique
- Historical Cost Accounting
- Pricing and valuation of inventories
- Maintenance of working capital (Monetary items)
- Impairment of assets
Deferred Taxation (IAS 12)

- Meaning and scope of Deferred Taxation
- Timing Differences
- Permanent Differences
- Tax losses
- Comprehensive method
- Partial method
- Transfer to and from of Deferred Tax Account
- Taxation disclosure in financial statements
Modern Development in Accounting and Reporting
Group Statements (IFRS 3, 10, 11 & 12)

- Consolidated group statements
- Vertical and Horizontal groups
- Wholly owned and partly owned subsidiaries
- Changes in the degree of shareholding
- Dividends on ordinary shares including the treatment of dividends from pre-acquisition profits
- Inter-Company Transactions
- Treatment of Contingent liabilities
- Treatment of unrealised profits
- Revaluation of assets and liabilities
- Preference shares in Subsidiaries
- Reciprocal stock holding for both not involving inter-company profits on asset transfers and involving
inter-company profit on asset transfers
- Foreign subsidiaries
- Accounting for subsidiaries and Associated Companies
scheme below.

1. Interpretation and Analysis 15
2. Acquisitions, Takeovers and Mergers 10
3. Capital Reconstruction 15
4. Liquidation 10
5. Price Level Accounting / Inflation Accounting 10
6. Deferred Taxation 15
7. Group Statements 25
Total 100
92

International Financial Latest Edition IASB London
Reporting Standards
Companies Act (Chapter
24:03)
Public Accountants and
Auditors Act (Chapter
27:12)
Opperman, Booysens, Accounting Standards
Binnekade and 15th Edition
Oberholster (2013)
C K N Mans and N Group Statements –
Boshoff Volume 1 (Latest
Edition)
C K N Mans and N Group Statements –
Boshoff Volume 2 (Latest
Edition)
International International Financial International Accounting UK
Accounting Standards Reporting Standards Standards Board
Board (2012)
Wood Frank & Frank Wood’s Business Pearson London
Sangster Alan (2012) Accounting 2. 12th
Edition
Cairns T Dickinson K C Selected Questions in Juta & Co Kenwyn
King K (1992) Accounting (6th Edition)
Zimbabwe Government Companies Act Chapter Government Printers Harare
(2000) 24:03
Cilliers H S Mans K N Group Statements (6th Butterworths Durban
(1998) Edition)
93
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING (OPTIONAL)
1. AIM
The aim of this subject is to teach students to understand generally the role accounting plays in the public
sector and particularly the working of the basic forms of public sector accounting.

- Explain the legal basis of public sector accounting
- Create the budget for a public sector environment
- Plan expenditure for government and local government
- Invest public funds
- Analyse a public fund
- Identify revenue for government
- Explain government accounting
- Explain private sector accounting
- Outline legal basis of government accounting
- Outline functions of finance officers
- Identify sources of government revenue and outline government expenditure
- Prepare budgets and apply budgetary control in the public sector
- Apply planning programme budgetary system
- Explain government accounting
- Appraise investment and analyse cost and benefits
- Create accounts for the public sector organisation
- Create accounts for not-for-profit organisation
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Introduction to Government Accounting

- What is Government Accounting?
- Purpose of Government Accounting
- Users of Government Accounting Information
- Users of Government Accounting Information
- Comparison between Government Accounting and
Private Sector Accounting

Basis of Government Accounting
- Cash Basis
- Accrual Basic
- Commitment/Obligation/Encumbance Basis
Legal Basis of Government Accounting

- Nigerian Constitution
- Audit Act
- Finance Act 1
- Finance Regulation
- Finance and Treasury Circular
Functions of Finance Officers

- Accountant General of the government
- Auditor General for the government
- Accounting Officers
94
- Sub Accounting Officers
- Revenue Holders
- Impress Holders
- Officer Controlling Expenditures
Sources of Government Revenue and Government Expenditure

- Sources of Revenue
- Classification of Revenue into;
Federation Account Revenue Head
Federal Government Account Revenue head or Consolidated
Revenue Fund
Development Fund
- Government Expenditure -- Recurrent and Capital
Fund Accounting- Classification of Funds
- Types of Funds
- Justification of Fund Accounting
BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

- Objectives/uses of animal budget
- Types of budgeting system
- Traditional/incremental budgeting
- Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB)
Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)

- Budgetary Process/cycle in Zimbabwe
- Personnel Cost Budget
Local Government Accounting:

- Need for Local Government
- Function of Local Government
- Functions of Local Government treasurer
- Sources of Local Government Revenue
- Books of Accounts Kept by Local Government
-
Investment Appraisal and Cost Benefit Analysis
Accounting for Public Sector Organization
Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organization
scheme below.

1. Introductions 8
2. Private Sector Accounting 7
3. Legal Basis for Public Sector Accounting 10
4. Functions of Finance Officers 5
5. Sources of Government Revenue and Government 15
Expenditure
6. Budget and Budgetary Control in to Public Sector 10
7. Planning Programmes Budget System 10
8. Local Government Accounting 10
9. Investment decisions 10
10. Accounting for Public Sector Organisations 10
95
11. Accounting for Non-profit organisations 5
Total 100

Rowan, Jones & Public Sector Accounting Pearson Harlow, Essex
Pendlebury Maurice Education. 6th ed.
(2010),
Public Sector Accounting SAAA Publications

(latest edition)
Understanding Central SAAA Publications
Government Finance
and Accounts (latest
edition)
Government of Rural District Accounting Ministry of Local Harare
Zimbabwe Handbook Government
Institute of Municipal Harare City Treasurer’s Harare
Finance Officers’ Library
Handbook
IFAC (2009) Handbook of IASB London,
International Public
Sector Accounting
Pronouncements
Government of Urban Councils Act Government Printers Harare

Zimbabwe (Chap 29:15) & Rural
Urban Councils Act
(Chap 29:13)
Government of Published Annual Harare
Zimbabwe Accounts of Central
Government, Local
Authorities and
Parastatals
Government of Public Finance Government Printers Harare
Zimbabwe Management Act
(Chapter 22:19)
Daniel G I Public Sector Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

Accounting, Press
SAFE Associates Ltd Public Sector Accounting SAFE Associates Ltd Lagos
and Finance Question
and Solution Pack
Awoyemi, E O A Guide to Government Onibonoje Press Ibadan
Accounting Internal
Audit
96
COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING II
1. AIM
The aim of the subject is to provide an understanding of advanced techniques in management accounting
and their use as an aid to management.

- Create and analyse analyse budgets
- Appraise management performance
- Apply appropriate management accounting techniques for short-term decision making
- Examine standards set by management
- Appraise investment proposals
- Outline budgetary control
- Create standard costing
- Apply responsibility accounting and performance measurement
- Outline transfer pricing
- Analyse risk and Uncertainty when making decisions
- Outline relevant costs and make decisions
- Apply investment decisions and apply capital budgeting
- Apply planning and control techniques
3. LEARNING CONTENT
Budgetary Control
- Objectives of Budgeting
- The budgeting process including approaches to budgeting e.g. zero-based budgeting, incremental
budgeting, PPBS
- Administering the budget
- Functional budgets and master budget
- Cash Flow Budget
- Flexible Budgeting
- Budgetary control statement / performance report
- Behavioural aspects of budgeting
Standard Costing
- Concept of Standard Costing
- Setting standard costs
- Computation of variances on material, labour, overhead and sales
- Advanced variances: materials and labour mix and yield variances, planning and operating variances
- Variance Analysis
- Accounting for variances: ledger entries, variances in income statements and operating variances
- Significance of variances
Responsibility Accounting and Performance Measurement

- Objectives of responsibility accounting
- Responsibility centres-cost centre, revenue centre, profit centre, investment centre
- Factors in measuring performance
- Measuring divisional performance
- Return on investment and residual income as measures of performance
- Investment turnover
- Operating rate
97
- Performance at different levels
- Measures for improving performance
- Decisions to improve performance
Transfer Pricing
- Meaning and objectives of transfer pricing
- Different bases for transfer prices: variable cost, full cost, market price, market price minus opportunity
cost
- Appropriate (optimum) transfer price under different conditions
Relevant Costs and Decision making

- Concepts: relevant and irrelevant costs
- Opportunity costs
- Sunk costs
- Incremental costs
- Replacement costs
- Decision making costs
- Choice of method of production
- Replacement of equipment
- Lease, buy or make decisions
- Operate or shut down
- Short-range pricing
- Sell as is or process further
- Total income approach vs. relevant data in decision making
- Probability in decision making
Decision making under Risk and Uncertainty

- Define risk, certainty and uncertainty
- Illustrate the measurement of risk
- List and discuss the elements of decision making procedure under conditions of uncertainty
- Discuss the following techniques for decision making under uncertainty
- Expected value criterion
- Minimum criterion
- Maximum criterion
- Minimax regret
- Decision Tree Diagrams
Investment Decisions / Capital Budgeting

- Explain the meaning of capital budgeting
- Planning capital expenditure
- Controlling capital expenditure
- Steps in capital budgeting
- Methods of evaluation: accounting rate or return (ARR) profitability index (PI), internal rate or return
(IRR), Net present value (N.P.V.).
- Explain mutually exclusive investments
- Income tax, depreciation, inflation and capital expenditure
- Probability in capital budgeting
Planning and Control Techniques

- Network analysis
- Linear programming
98
scheme below.

1. Budgetary Control 15
2. Standard Costing 15
3. Responsibility Accounting and Performance Measurement 10
4. Transfer Pricing 15
5. Relevant Costs and Decision Making 10
6. Decision making under Risk and Uncertainty 10
7. Investment Decisions / Capital Budgeting 15
8. Planning and Control Techniques 10
Total 100

Drury Collin (2008) Management and Cost Cengage London
Els G et…al Fundamentals of Cost LexisNexis Durban
Management Accounting
6th Edition
Le Roux G S and Lotter Basic Principles of Cost Juta Academic Cape Town
W A (2003) and Management
Accounting
Lucy Terry (2009) Costing 7th Edition Cengage London

Horngren Charles T Introduction to Prentice Hall New Jersey
(2013) Management Accounting
16th Edition
Whitecotto Stacey Managerial Accounting McGraw Hill Irwin New York
et…al (2011)
Horngren Charles T Cost Accounting: A Prentice Hall New Jersey
(2014) Managerial Emphasis 2nd
Edition
Lucey Terence (2003) Management Accounting Continuum London
5th Edition
99
RESEARCH PROJECT
PRESENTATION GUIDELINES
1. AIM
The purpose is to highlight the specifications in the presentation of the research project in order to achieve
uniformity and consistency. The section covers the following aspects: -
- The Preliminary (front) pages

- The Research Report Text
- Text Formatting
- Back pages material
- Binding
2. By the conclusion of this subject the student will be able to:-

- Identify business problems
- Review literature
- Make use of research methodologies
- Analyse and present data
- Summarises findings
- Recommend findings
- Conclude research
3. RESEARCH PROJECT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Preliminaries
In the preliminary pages of the research project the following should be presented:
- General presentation / appearance

- Title - Should be clear and adequately identifying scope of the report
- Relevant and brief
- Acknowledgements
- Abstract / Executive Summary
- Title
- Objectives
- Methodology
- Findings
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- Table of Contents
Introduction (Chapter 1)
- Background
- Statement / problem definition
- Purpose / Objective
- Statement of Hypothesis
- Significance of the study
- Assumptions
- Delimitations of the study
- Definition of terms
- Summary
100
Literature Review (Chapter 2)
- Major concepts and issues of study
- Methodological issues identified
- Sources of literature
- Summary of findings
- Gap identified
- Thrust of research shown
- Text citing format
Research Methodology (Chapter 3)
- Introduction
- Research Design
- Appropriateness of problem
- Sources of data identified
- Research Instruments
- Appropriateness of problem
- Clear questions or instruments
- Summary
Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion (Chapter 4)

- Introduction
- Data Presentation Process
- Scan, sift and organise data
- Presentation of data
- Testing hypothesis
- Use of Charts, graphs
- Calculation of correlation co-efficients
- Discussion of findings and limitations
Summary (Chapter 5)
- Brief summary of major finds of the research
Conclusions
- Supported by facts presented
- Drawn from findings
- Related to the objectives
Recommendations
- Linked to the project objectives
- Practical solutions
- Relevant and derived from findings
Appendices
- Methodology of the study
Project length should be between 7 500 and 10 000 words.
Research Project:
To submit a Project Report Covering areas on the basis of the weighting shown below

1. Background 15
2. Literature review 15
101
3. Methodology 10
4. Analysis, Data Presentation & Findings 20
5. Conclusions 10
6. Recommendations 15
7. Summary, Acknowledgements Appendices 15
Total 100
RESEARCH PROJECT: ORAL
ASSESSMENT COMPONENT WEIGHT %
1. Explanation of Topic and Justification of Study 10

2. Justification and Explanation of Methodology 20
3. Explanation of Aims, Objectives, Limitations and Destinations 15
4. Explanation and Justification of Findings 20
5. Justifications of Conclusions 5
6. Explanation of Recommendations 20
7. Personal Presentation 10
- Composure and confidence
- Dress
- Self-expression
- Mannerisms
- General presence
Total 100
102
TUITION PROVIDERS
It is the responsibility of students and not of the Institute to arrange study programmes. Enquiries may be
made at the IBAS Office for advice in this regard so as to obtain the names of colleges which are accredited by
the Institute to offer IBAS tuition.
103

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INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING

EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2019

Location and Contact Details

Office: Dzidzo House

Postal Address: P O Box CY 172

Telephone: (+263 24) 2700553-5; 2702241

Fax: (+263 24) 2700624

E-mail: ibas@icsaz.co.zw; cis@icsaz.co.zw

Open Monday to Friday 8:30 am to 4:30 pm

Closed at Weekends and on Public Holidays

All correspondence should be addressed to the Chief Executive and Secretary

1.2.1 Utilize business English in a business environment;

CERTIFICATE IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

Subject Coursework weighting Final Examinations Total Assessment

The coursework marks will be developed from written assignments

(ii) Information Communication Technology

POSTPONEMENT OF EXAMINATION ENTRIES

Examination entries will not be postponed except as stated below:

Refund of Examination Fees

b) Notification of postponement will not be accepted by telephone, telegram, or fax.

d) Refund of examination fees or postponement of examinations will be considered if the student

6. No change in a student’s entry will be accepted after the closing date.

10. Cellular phones are banned from the examination hall.

The results letter will carry the following symbols:

The Institute grants the following awards on completion of its examinations.

i) Certificate in Business and Accounting Studies

ii) Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies

iii) Higher Diploma in Business and Accounting Studies

Examiners and Moderators

RULES AND REGULATIONS – DZIDZO HOUSE LIBRARY

6. Use of Material and Facilities

Other Library Venues in Zimbabwe

INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI

CERTIFICATE IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES Duration of

DIP1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 120

Information Communication Technology

Change Over To the New Curriculum

SYLLABI – IBAS CERTIFICATE IN BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING STUDIES

By the conclusion of this subject the student will be able to:-

NB. The examination will be set from a business related context.

Language and Sentence Construction

Comprehension and Writing a Summary

Other Business Documents

Audio Visual Aids

No. Topic Weighting (%)

Author Title & Edition Publisher City

Emmerson P (2007) The Business English Macmillan ELT London

By the conclusion of this subject the student will be able to:-

The accounting cycle

Books of First Entry

Adjustments and Provision

The Suspense Account

No. Topic Weighting (%)

Author Title & Edition Publisher City

Chamisa E E (2013) Step Ahead Principles Longman Harare

INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

By the conclusion of this subject the student will be able to:-

Algebraic terminology and simple manipulations

Consumer Mathematics/ Uses of Percentages in Business

Rounding and Estimating (General Arithmetics)

Basic Statistical Concepts