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01. Introduction.
Apical foramen.
5. Aical resorptions.
6. Apical instrumentation.
7. Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION:
The development of the root begins after the enamel and the
dentin formation has reached the future CEJ.
The cells of the inner layer remain short and normally do not
produce enamel.
The free end of the diaphragm does not grow into the
connective tissue, but the epithelium proliferates coronally to the
epithelial diaphragm.
Before division of the root trunk occurs, the free end of these
horizontal epithelial flags grow towards each other and fuse.
Type-I: A single canal extends from the pulp chamber to the apex.
Type-II: Two separate canals leave the pulp chamber and join short
of the apex to form a canal.
Type-III: One canal leaves the pulp chamber divides into two within
the root and then to exit as one canal.
Type-IV: Two separate and distinct canals extend from the pulp
chamber to the apex.
Type-V: One canal leaves the pulp chamber and divides short of the
apex into two separate and distinct canals with separate apical
foramina.
Type-VI: Two separate canals leave the pulp chamber merges in the
body of the root and redivide short of the apex as two distinct
canals.
Type-VII: One canal leaves the pulp chamber divides and then
rejoins within the body of the root and finally redivides into two
distinct canals short of the apex.
Type-VIII: Three separate and distinct canals extend from the pulp
chamber to apex.
Generally, the roots have a single apical foramen and a single canal
(Type-I). However, it is not uncommon for other canal complexities
to be present and exit the root as one two or three apical canals
(Type II – VII).
Calcificatio
10-12 11-12 13-14 12-14 13-14 10-11 15-16
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In young incompletely developed teeth the apical foramen is
tunnel shaped with the wider portion extending outward. The mouth
of the tunnel is filled with periodontal tissue that is later replaced by
dentin and cementum.
Levy and Glaft (1970) found in their study that the deviation
occurred more commonly on the buccal or lingual aspect than on the
mesial or distal side.
In the maxillary molars and all the mandibular tooth with the
exception of the 2nd premolar, the main apical foramina coincide with
apices less frequently.
- Increased dentin.
- Increased cementum deposition.
Many believes the apical foramen open at the center of the root
apex but no so, it can open either mesial, distal, buccal center
more often bucco-lingual.
APICAL CONSTRICTION:
The apical foramen is not always the most constricted portion
of the root canal.
CEMENTO-DENTINAL-JUNCTION (CDJ):
According to Kuttler (1958) the root canal is divided into a long
conical dentinal portion and a short tunnel-shaped cemental portion.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Kultzer (1955) claimed that the distance between the CDJ and
the apical foramen averaged 0.507 mm in young people and 0.784
mm in older people, thereby enabling the clinician to measure more
precisely the distance to which the root filling should extend.
These accessory canals branch of from the main root canal and
end is accessory foramina.
They are more common in young patients because they
become obliterated by cementum and dentin as the patient ages.
The apical pulp tissue differs structurally from the coronal pulp
tissue.
Apical Coronal
More fibrous. More filamentous.
Contains fewer cells.
It also supports the blood vessels and nerves, which enter the
pulp.
CLINICAL SIGN:
One is the ripping of the apical end of the canal resulting (1)
tear drop (2) elliptical (3) zipped foramen.
1. Loss of constriction.
METHODS OF PREPARATION:
RE FERENCES;