Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Proposed mix design method for producing sustainable self compacting

heat cured recycled aggregate concrete and its microstructural
investigation
Puja Rajhans, Gaurav Chand, Nishikant Kisku, Sarat Kumar Panda ⇑, Sanket Nayak
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

Sustainable SCHCRAC prepared from

C&D waste.

Improvement of later stage strength
of SCHCRAC by using silica fume and
fly ash.

SCHCRAC prepared by adopting Nan
Su mix design method in conjunction
with equivalent mortar volume
(EMV) method.

Improved properties of SCHCRAC by
using modified two stage mixing
approach (TSMAsfc).

Quantitative microstructural
investigation for justifying the
presence of strength contributing
elements.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The proposed mix design is based on concept of equivalent mortar volume (EMV) method in conjunction
Received 16 December 2018 with Nan Su mix design method to develop sustainable self compacting heat cured recycled aggregate
Received in revised form 17 April 2019 concrete (SCHCRAC). The residual mortar content which is adhered to the recycled aggregate is the inte-
Accepted 24 May 2019
gral part of total mortar requirement of the proposed design mix. Two stage mixing approaches are fol-
Available online 30 May 2019
lowed along with treatment of RCA for enhancing the properties of SCHCRAC. The properties are
negatively influenced due to elevated temperature resulting formation of unhydrated cement clinker
Keywords:
during heat curing process. To improve the properties and later stage strength, admixtures like fly ash,
Heat cured concrete
Self compacting concrete
and silica fume are used. The microstructural investigation is done by using electron probe micro ana-
Microstructure analysis lyzer (EPMA) to justify the improved strength and it is observed that the two stage mixing approach
Recycled aggregate concrete (TSMAsfc) results clear and stronger interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Quantitative analysis and elemental
Equivalent mortar volume method mapping are also carried out to know the presence of strength contributing elements.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In the recent world, rapid urbanization has led to rapid con-
struction of new structures and demolition of old buildings. The
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sarat@iitism.ac.in (S.K. Panda).
debris obtained from the demolished buildings has a serious issue
with the environment for their disposal. In some way, these demol-
ished buildings waste can be used as recycled waste as a replace-
ment to natural aggregate and it is an effective way to overcome
from the degradation of the environment. Researchers [1–10] rec-
ommended that the effective and sustainable utilization of recy-
cled waste generated from the enormous activity of construction

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.149
0950-0618/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581
and demolition (C&D) waste are of great demand. Production of
C&D waste is increasing at an alarming rate which has serious con-
sequences on the earth simultaneously overexploitation of natural
aggregate is also responsible for degrading the quality of the envi-
ronment. Meanwhile in concrete technology, use of recycled aggre-
gates with self compacting concrete (SCC) is used and found a
tremendous achievement. In many researches [11–17], recycled
aggregate has been used with SCC where improved mechanical
and durability properties have been observed. SCC has shown a
great importance in the real-life structures where reinforcement
is so complicated that it actually becomes difficult in filling the
concrete without using mechanical vibrators. In these cases SCC
gets settles very easily into the congested reinforcements by the
action of gravity. Moreover, removal of mechanical compaction
has also made a healthy, peaceful, safer and better environment
at a construction site.
Many researchers [18–21] recommended that for early attain-
ment of strength, heat curing is the best method for precast con-
crete products. Curing at elevated temperature accelerates the
cement hydration kinetics which is responsible for early stage
strength. Its benefit is not only limited to early stage strength
but also it reduces construction time. However, Topcu et al. [22]
observed that while dealing with high range curing temperature,
later stage strength is negatively affected. Researchers have sug-
gested that after using admixtures i.e., fly ash and silica fume,
the later stage strength can be enhanced.
Researcher [23–25] adopted different types of mixing
approaches to improve the strength of RAC. In order to adopt dif-
ferent mixing approaches, Tam et al. [23] firstly proposed a method
of two stage mixing approach (TSMA). In TSMA, water is divided
into two stages and added at different stages. In this method, the
pores and cracks which occurs on the surface of RCA are filled up
by cement slurry. They observed that after adopting TSMA, the
compressive strength increases significantly than that of NMA. Fur-
ther, Tam et al. [25] diversified TSMA into two different mixing
approach by adding silica fumes as admixtures i.e., TSMAs and
TSMAsc. In TSMAs, silica fume is added with RCA in the premix
stage and in TSMAsc, silica fume is added with RCA and a propor-
tional amount of cement. It was observed that TSMAs and TSMAsc
resulted in best mechanical properties in comparison to NMA.
Investigators have tried to improve the mechanical and durabil-
ity properties of recycled aggregates by decreasing its porosity and
water absorption properties byusing different chemical treatment
methods. Shi et al. [26] adopted two different methods of treat-
ment of RCA and it was observed that both the treatment method
enhanced the properties of RCA and also improved the old and new
ITZ. Bui et al. [27] used sodium silicate solution along with silica
fume for the treatment of RCA. After this treatment of RCA, the
properties of RAC were improved. Wang et al. [28] soaked RCA in
acetic acid solution and observed the reaction of acetic acid with
cement hydration products adhered on the surface of the RCA.
From the above mechanism, the old adhered mortar present on
the surface of RCA was easily removed by mechanically rubbing
the surface of RCA. Saravanakumar et al. [29] followed four differ-
ent chemical treatments method in which different RCA samples
were presoaked in HCL, H2SO4, HNO3 and HCL with silica fumes.
It was concluded that after treatment of RCA, there was significant
improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of RCA in
comparison to untreated RCA. Zhan et al. [30] investigated the
effect of carbonation process to enhance the properties of RCA. It
was noticed that the above carbonation process reduced the water
absorption values and increased the density which resulted
improved properties of RCA. Guenyisi et al. [31] introduced four
alternative aggregate surface treatment methods to improve the
mechanical properties of SCC prepared using 100% RCA. It was con-
cluded that fresh properties and mechanical properties of SCC were
569
remarkably affected by surface treatment of RCA. Ismail et al. [32]
treated the RCA by using low concentration acid to produce high
quality RAC for structural concrete applications. The results
showed that the use of different acid molarities significantly
improved the physical and mechanical properties of RCA.
Better improvement of mechanical and physical properties of
RCA has also been done by considering the residual mortar con-
tent of recycled aggregate in the mix design. Abbas et al. [33] pro-
posed a new mix design method in which the RAC mixes were
proportioned using a new concrete mix design method termed
as the equivalent mortar volume (EMV) method. According to
researches, RCA is a composite material comprising mortar and
natural aggregate concrete and while proportioning the con-
stituents of a concrete mixture containing RCA, the relative
amount and properties of both the fresh coarse aggregate and
fresh paste content of the mix are adjusted accordingly. Authors
observed that the chloride penetration, carbonation resistance
and freezing-thawing effect of the RAC prepared with EMV
method gave satisfied results than that of concrete prepared with
conventional method.
Extensive study reveals that there is lack of research work in
the field of preparing self compacting concrete by using EMV
method either without treatment or with treatment of RCA. Inves-
tigation on SCHCRAC using EMV method in conjunction with
TSMA is also a scope for experimental investigation. In this con-
text, the present investigation is an effort to obtain improved
mechanical and durability properties of SCHCRAC and SCHCRAC-
100% (T) with various replacement of RCA by following equivalent
mortar volume method in conjunction with Nan Su mix design
method along with different mixing approaches. In this mix
design method, the residual mortar contain which is adhered to
the recycled concrete aggregate is the part of total mortar
required for the mix design and this allows 62.94% of substitution
of RCA for getting better performance of SCHCRAC. It is observed
that heat cured concrete prepared with TSMAsfc along with EMV
results best mechanical and durability properties. Moreover, using
microstructure investigation, it confirms the justification of
improvements of the properties of heat cured concrete prepared
using TSMAsfc due to filling of pores and cracks adjacent to the
ITZ.
2. Experimental investigation
2.1. Materials
Ordinary portland cement of 43 grade with a specific gravity 3.15 confirming to
IS 8112 (1989) is used as the main cementitious material. Class F fly ash and silica
fume are used as binders. The physical and chemical properties of the binder mate-
rial are available in previous study [2] of same authors. Crushed limestone is used as
coarse natural aggregate (CNA) and river sand is used as fine aggregate. The fineness
modulus of fine aggregate is 2.45 confirming to zone II as per IS 383 (1970) [34]. The
recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) is obtained from a demolished building of Bokaro,
Jharkhand, India. The physical and chemical properties of RCA, CNA and fine aggre-
gates are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Superplasticizer (SP) is used in
order to increase the flowability of self compacting concrete (SCC). The dosage of
superplasticizer is taken as 0.9 percent of total binder materials after conducting
number of trials to fulfill the fresh properties of SCC. Deionized water is used for
making all concrete mixes.
Table 1
Properties of aggregates (coarse, recycled and fine aggregates).
S. No. Aggregate Property CNA RCA Fine aggregates
1. Specific gravity 2.9 2.54 2.60
2. Water absorption (%) 0.45 2.33 0.8
3. Bulk density (kg/m3) 1350 1220 1600
4. Crushing Value (%) 28.65 31.32 –
5. Impact value (%) 21.15 27 –
570 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

Table 2 water temperature of 25
C. The temperature is increased to maximum of 55
C as

Chemical composition recycled concrete aggregates. per the heat curing regime shown in Fig. 2. The temperature controlled heat curing
tank with self compacting recycled aggregate concrete (SCRAC) test samples are
Compounds (%) present presented in Fig. 3. Under each of the major four mixes, there are three sub-
SiO2 64 mixes corresponding to three different mixing approaches i.e., NMA, TSMA and
Al2O3 4.76 TSMAsfc. For each of the sub-mix, the experimental programs are executed in two
Fe2O3 2.11 phases. The first phase consists of performing test and to know about various fresh
MgO 1.96 properties with self compacting concrete as per EFNARC guidelines [36]. The second
CaO 14.35 phase consists of casting of cubes and cylinders and heat cured as per heat curing
LOI 9.13 regime presented in Fig. 2.
Na2O 0.77
K2O 0.52 2.5. Test method for fresh properties of SCRAC
P2O5 0.33
MnO 0.05 To achieve the fresh properties of SCC, different fresh properties tests are exe-
TiO2 0.19 cuted as per EFNARC [36] guidelines. The tests i.e., slump flow test, T50, V-funnel,
and J-ring are conducted for each of the mentioned mixes by adopting three differ-
ent mixing approaches.
2.2. Mixture proportions
2.6. Test methods for harden properties of SCHCRAC
The experimental investigation is conducted with three different mix propor-
tion by using Nan Su [35] mix design method and one by using equivalent mortar Compressive and split tensile strength: After the heat curing, the test samples are
volume method in conjunction with Nan Su mix design method. First mix is the ref- subjected to 3, 7, 28 days of curing and tested in universal testing machine (UTM).
erence mix which contains 0% RCA and designated as SCRAC-0%. Second mix is pre- Rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT): This test is performed to measures the
pared using 100% RCA and referred as SCRAC-100%. Third mix is prepared with the penetration of ion through the SCHCRAC sample and it is conducted in accordance
use of 100% treated RCA, where RCA is chemically treated by using sodium silicate with ASTM C1202. Concrete disc of size 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thickness are
solution and silica fume in order to fill the gaps and pores of RCA and it is desig- used and these concrete discs specimens are subjected to a 60 V applied DC voltage
nated as SCRAC-100% (T). The fourth and final mix is prepared with concept of for continuous 6 h. The experimental setup for RCPT is shown in Fig. 4.
equivalent mortar volume method. The substitution of RCA for EMV is taken as Relative degree of hydration test: To obtain the relative degree of hydration of the
64.54% and this mix is referred as SCRAC-64.54% (EMV). Mix proportion obtained SCHCRAC, the concrete cubes are first crushed into very small sizes. Then these
using Nan Su mix design and EMV method is presented in Table 3. The determina- crushed samples are sieved from 1.18 mm sieve. The quantity passes through the
tion of mix proportion using EMV method is presented in detail in Appendix-A. 1.18 mm sieve are kept in oven at around 100 °C for complete 24 h. After that the
samples are kept in muffle furnace at temperature of 950 °C for 3 h to evaporate
2.3. Mixing approaches out the chemically bound water presents in the samples. The weight of samples
before placing in muffle furnace is noted as initial weight of the sample and the
Normal mixing approach (NMA) is done in a single stage and the additions of weight of samples after placing 3 h in muffle furnace is noted as final weight of
ingredients are mixed as per the flow diagram given in Fig. 1(a). In two stage mixing the sample. The differences in weight of samples are noted as relative degree of
approach (TSMA), mixing process is carried out by adding water in two different hydration. The experimental setup of DOH and specimens under observation is
stages by dividing into two parts. In first step, sand and RCA are added and mixed shown in Fig. 5.
for 60 s. Then half water and half SP are added and mixed for 60 s. Thereafter, the
cementitious material like cement and fly ash are added and mixed for 30 s. Lastly,
2.7. Sample preparation for electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA)
the remaining water and remaining SP are added and mixed for 120 s. The flow dia-
gram of two stage mixing approach is shown in Fig. 1(b). Another proposed mixing
Sample preparation is an important aspect to clearly visualize the BSE images
approach proposed by the authors of this article [1], i.e., two stage mixing approach
(microstructural analysis) of the SCHCRAC sample. In this context, the sample for
(silica fume, fly ash and cement) TSMAsfc is followed, where fly ash is replaced with
microstructural analysis is prepared from all the four concrete mixes and is pre-
certain percentage of silica fume. In this mixing approach, along with silica fume
sented in Fig. 6. The sample are taken in such a manner that the paste, aggregate
slurry, proportional amount of cement and water are added in premix stage and
and ITZ of the concrete samples are identified. Though, microstructural investiga-
the process is followed as presented in Fig. 1(c).
tion, the minute cracks and pores at the ITZ and pastes (loose and dense) are ana-
lyzed. The process of sample preparation of EPMA is available in Rajhans et al. [1]
2.4. Specimen preparation and curing regimes and the same process is followed in present investigation.

Specimens are casted as defined in sub Section 2.2 by following different mixing
approaches at room temperature. In order to evaluate mechanical properties of 3. Results and discussion
SCHCRAC, number of cubes of size (150 mm  150 mm  150 mm) and cylinders
of size (150 mm  300 mm) are casted to obtain the compressive strength and split 3.1. Fresh properties of SCRAC
tensile strength, respectively. Similarly, for rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT)
cylinders of dimensions (100 mm  200 mm) are casted. Before subjecting to heat
curing to these samples, a delay period of 3 h is given to the specimen. After this The fresh properties of SCRAC prepared by using different mix-
delay period, these specimens are lowered slowly into the curing tank with initial ing approaches along with variations in RCA content are presented

Table 3
Mix design for fck = 30 MPa grade of concrete by using Nan Su mix design and EMV method.

Mix proportions (kg/m3) Nan Su method EMV method

SCNAC SCRAC SCRAC-T SCRAC-E
NMA TSMA TSMAsfc NMA TSMA TSMAsfc NMA TSMA TSMAsfc NMA TSMA TSMAsfc
RCA (%) 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 62.94 62.94 62.94
NA 645.8 645.8 645.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 333.5 333.5 333.5
RCA 0 0 0 584 584 584 0 0 0 566.5 566.5 566.5
RCA-T 0 0 0 0 0 0 584 584 584 0 0 0
Sand 899 899 899 899 899 899 899 899 899 765.6 765.6 765.6
Cement 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 323.8 323.8 323.8
Fly ash 131.1 131.1 121.9 124.7 124.7 116.02 124 124 116.02 111.7 111.7 103.88
SF 0 0 9.17 0 0 8.68 0 0 8.68 0 0 7.82
SP 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.18 2.18 2.18
Water 218.5 218.5 218.5 228.5 228.5 228.5 228.5 228.5 228.5 186.2 186.2 186.2
w/cm 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43
AC (%) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581 571

Cement + fly ash Water + SP

Fine +RCA
Mixed for Mixed for Mixed for
(30s) (30 s) (120 s)
Final
Mix

(a) NMA

Remaining half water +

Half water + half SP Cement + fly ash half SP

Fine +RCA
Mixed Mixed Mixed
Mixed (60 s) Final
(60 s) (30 s) (120 s)
Mix

(b) TSMA

Proportional Half SP + Half SP + half

RCA (z %) Cement half water water
Fine (100-z)% cement
+ fly ash

7% silica
Mixed for Final
Slurry mixed Mixed for Mixed for Mixed for Mixed for
30 s 60 s 30 s 120 s
Mix
for30 s 60 s

(c) TSMAsfc

Fig. 1. Flow diagram of different mixing approaches (a) NMA, (b) TSMA and (c) TSMAsfc [1].

Fig. 3. SCRAC cubes are subjected to accelerated heat curing in a temperature

controlled tank.

Fig. 2. Heat curing regime.

parameters for all the concrete mixes are within the permissible
limit of EFNARC guidelines [36].

in Table 4. The fresh properties of SCRAC prepared by using differ-

ent mixing approaches along with variations in RCA content are
presented in Table 3. The concrete having 100% RCA is lesser work-
able than that of concrete prepared with CNA. Moreover, the treat-
ment of recycled sample with sodium silicate and silica fume
makes the concrete further reduction in workability. The SCRAC-
62.94% mix prepared by following EMV method of mix design
results best workable concrete. Among all the mixing approaches,
TSMAsfc results best workable concrete and all the fresh properties
3.2. Harden properties of SCHCRAC
3.2.1. Compressive strength
The comparison of compressive strength results between
SCRAC-100% normal cured concrete and SCHCRAC-100% concrete
mix is presented in Fig. 7. It is observed that the early strength of
concrete is achieved at the age of 3 days because of accelerated
curing. The early age strength of normal cured SCRAC-100% mix
572 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

Table 4
Fresh properties of SCRAC mixes prepared with different mixing approaches.

Sample Mix Mixing Fresh properties of Self compacted concrete

Approach
Slump flow T50 V-funnel J-ring
(mm) (s) time (s) (mm)
SCRAC-0% NMA 715 4.2 8.0 7.8
TSMA 720 3.9 7.7 7.4
TSMAsfc 725 3.6 7.5 7.1
SCRAC-100% NMA 695 3.9 9.2 8.1
TSMA 700 3.8 8.7 7.6
TSMAsfc 710 4.3 8.0 7.2
SCRAC-100% NMA 680 4.4 9.6 9.2
(T) TSMA 689 4.5 9.1 8.8
TSMAsfc 700 5.0 8.5 8.5
SCRAC-E NMA 718 3.5 9.0 9.2
Fig. 4. SCHCRAC disc specimens subjected to RCPT. (62.94%) TSMA 725 3.8 8.5 9.0
TSMAsfc 730 4.5 8.3 8.8

Fig. 7. Variation of compressive strength of normal cured SCRAC and SCHCRAC with
Fig. 5. Muffle furnace containing crushed concrete samples for relative degree of curing age prepared by following TSMAsfc.
hydration test.

concrete is almost 38% of the designed strength whereas the early

Fig. 6. Four different SCHCRAC samples for EPMA analysis.
age strength of SCHCRAC 100% mix concrete is 60% of the
designed strength. In heat curing, the hydration process kinetics
is accelerated at high temperature and resulted higher strength
of concrete in early stage. Fig. 8 presents the variation of compres-
sive strength of SCHCRAC concrete mix prepared with different
mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA content.
The error bar in the graph represents the variation of minimum
and maximum value from the mean value. The concrete prepared
with TSMA results better strength than that of concrete prepared
with NMA. In TSMA, pores and cracks are filled in by cement slurry
as the water is divided into two stages and added at different
stages. The strength of concrete is further enhanced by following
TSMAsfc as the silica fumes and cement are mixed in premix stage
which fills the pores of RCA as silica fumes is pore filler material.
These pores and cracks are further reduced by following chemical
treatment of RCA by sodium silicate solution and silica fumes. The
sodium silicate gets trapped inside the pores and cracks and reacts
with portlandite to form C-S-H gel. Further, the silica fumes gets
settle deep inside the pores resulting lesser porosity and better
properties of concrete. It is observed that SCHCRAC-100% (T) mix
concrete prepared with TSMAsfc gives 14.20% increase in strength
than that of SCHCRAC-100% mix prepared with same mixing
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581
(a) 3 days strength
(c) 28 days strength
Fig. 8. Variation of compressive strength of SCHCRAC prepared with different mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA content.
approach i.e., TSMAsfc. The compressive strength is also presented
for heat cured concrete prepared with equivalent mortar volume
in conjunction with Nan Su mix design method. In this mix design
method, the residual mortar contain which is adhered to the recy-
cled concrete aggregate is the part of total mortar required for the
mix design and this allows 62.94% of substitution of RCA for get-
ting maximum strength. This method results best properties of
concrete as the porosity in the concrete is reduced and strong ITZ
is formed. It is noticed that after adopting TSMAsfc, the compressive
strength of SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) concrete mix is only 8.1%
lower than that of SCHCRAC-0% by following Nan Su mix design
method.
3.2.2. Split tensile strength
The variation of split tensile strength of SCHCRAC prepared with
different mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA
content is presented in Fig. 9. It is observed that the heat cured
concrete prepared with TSMAsfc shows higher split tensile strength
than that of NMA. This is because the concrete prepared with NMA
(100% RCA) has weakest aggregate mortar bond. The failures in
RCA are occurred not only through the interface but also through
the RCA as old mortar paste adhered on the surface of RCA which
makes the RCA weaker. This adhered mortar paste has lots of pores
and cracks which negatively influence the split tensile strength.
Regarding the lower split tensile strength of concrete prepared
with NMA, the modified two stage mixing approach (TSMAsfc) is
an effort to enhance the split tensile strength by adding the silica
573
(b) 7 days strength
fume in the premix stage. In this premix stage, the silica fume-
cement slurry are formed which fills the pores and cracks of RCA.
Filling the pores and cracks makes the aggregate mortar matrix
bond stronger. The pores and cracks are further eliminated by
treatment process of RCA which makes the concrete paste less por-
ous and denser. It is observed that the split tensile strength of
SCHCRAC-100% (T) mix concrete by following TSMAsfc is 17.92%
greater than split tensile strength of SCHCRAC-100% mix concrete
after 28 days of curing. Moreover, for SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV)
mix concrete followed by TSMAsfc, the 28 days split tensile strength
is 8.02% lower than that of the split tensile strength of concrete
prepared with SCHCRAC-0% mix concrete.
3.2.3. Relative degree of hydration test (DOH)
Relative degree of hydration is the amount of portland clinker
that undergoes the hydration process and fully reacts with water.
Therefore, relative degree of hydration is directly proportional to
the chemically bound water present in the concrete because it
plays an important role in hydration process of cement. The
amount of chemically bound water present in the heat cured con-
crete sample is determined to proceed the cement hydration pro-
cess to achieve better strength. The variation in relative degree of
hydration of SCHCRAC prepared with different mixing approach
along with different percentage of RCA content is shown in
Fig. 10. It is observed that the heat cured concrete sample prepared
with TSMAsfc (100% RCA) shows minimum relative degree of
hydration percentage than that of sample prepared with TSMAsfc
574 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

(a) 3 days strength (b) 7 days strength

(c) 28 days strength

Fig. 9. Variation of split tensile strength of SCHCRAC prepared with different mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA content.

(0% RCA) because of old mortar paste adhered on the surface of
RCA which has lots of pore and crack. Because of pores and cracks,
the water absorption capacity of recycled aggregate is high and
hence very less water remains available for hydration of cement
leading to lesser strength of concrete. However, in case of TSMAsfc
(0% RCA) better relative degree of hydration is recorded as compare
to TSMAsfc (100% RCA) because of lesser water absorption capacity
of natural aggregates and hence sufficient amount of water is avail-
able for the proceeding of cement hydration process. Similarly, in
case of SCHCRAC-100% (T), relative degree of hydration is recorded
more because of the coating of sodium silicate on the surface of
recycled aggregate. The pores of RCA are sealed by sodium silicate
solution and get easily filled with further mixing of silica fume on
it, hence it reduces the water absorption capacity of recycled
aggregate. Further, in case of SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) mix, the rel-
ative degree of hydration is more as the RCA content is only
62.94%. Therefore, less permeability of concrete is observed as less
water is absorbed by surface of recycled aggregate and maximum
amount of water is available for hydration of cement. Finally, it can
be concluded that relative degree of hydration is barely affected by
the heat curing method as the chemically bound water present in
the concrete sample is not affected. This water retaining capacity of
heat cured concrete persist because of the presence of fly ash and
silica fume. Consequently, later stage strength of this concrete is
observed because of silica fume and fly ash.
3.2.4. Rapid chloride penetration test
RCPT test is conducted to measure the total charge passed
through the SCHCRAC sample. The total charge is calculated in
terms of electrical current passing through the concrete sample.
The variation of electrical current with time interval of one minute
for 360 min in heat cured concrete specimens prepared using
TSMAsfc mixing approaches is presented in Fig. 11. The plot is gen-
erated from Giatech Perma2TM rapid chloride permeability instru-
ment available at IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, India.
In this test, the samples prepared using TSMAsfc (100% RCA)
shows maximum flow of electrical current within the given time
interval. This high flow of electrical current in concrete specimens
is because of presence of more cracks and pores in recycled aggre-
gate which is responsible for high porosity and permeability. How-
ever, sample prepared with 0% RCA shows that the flow of
electrical current is less than that of concrete prepared with
100% RCA because of lesser pores and cracks. Similarly, the con-
crete sample prepared from SCHCRAC-100% (T) mix is having les-
ser flow of current than that of SCHCRAC-100% because all the
cracks and pores of recycled aggregate are almost filled in with
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581 575

(a) Normal mixing approach (b) Two stage mixing approach

(c) Two stage mixing approach using silica fume and cement
Fig. 10. Variation of relative degree of hydration of SCHCRAC prepared with mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA content.

100%
100% (T)
62.94% (EMV)
0%
Fig. 11. Variation of electrical current with time passing through the SCHCRAC at
28 days of curing prepared with TSMAsfc.
the coating of sodium silicate and silica fume. Hence, the perme-
ability of the concrete is further reduced. Again in SCHCRAC-
62.94% (EMV), lowest flow of current is recorded because in this
case the overall total mortar content is reduced and therefore les-
ser permeability is observed.
It is established that the current passing through the specified
sample is directly proportional to charge passes through the sam-
ple. Variation of charge flow through the SCHCRAC prepared with
different mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA
content is presented in Fig. 12. It is observed from Fig. 12(a) that
the chloride ion penetration is maximum in concrete mix of
SCHCRAC-100% mix prepared using NMA. The chloride ion pene-
tration is low in the concrete prepared with TSMAsfc because of
the elimination of pores and cracks presents on the adhered mortar
of RAC. Further, the resistance to chloride ions of SCHCRAC-100%
(T) is improved after filling the pores of RCA with a coat of sodium
silicate solution and with silica fume. The penetration of ion is low
in the concrete prepared with SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) mix as the
total mortar content gets reduced. It is also noted from Fig. 12 that
resistance to chloride ions increases with increase in curing days.
The resistance to chloride ions passing through the concrete sam-
ple is maximum when the concrete sample is cured for 28 days
than that of concrete cured for 3 days and 7 days. This is because,
when the concrete samples cured for higher days, the later stage
hydration reactions take place. Due to this, hydrated products
(C3S, C2S) are formed and pores and cracks are filled in with this
products. Further, the fly ash and silica fume which are added in
this mix gives later stage strength. Silica fume reacts with calcium
hydroxide and formed C-S-H gel which is main strength contribut-
ing compounds and this C-S-H gel imparts resistance to chloride
ions to the concrete. After adopting TSMAsfc, the penetration of ions
in concrete sample prepared with SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) after
28 days of normal curing is controlled by 19% than that of concrete
576 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

(a) Charge flow after 3 days curing (b) Charge flow after 7 days curing

(c) Charge flow after 28 days curing

Fig. 12. Variation of charge flow through the SCHCRAC prepared with different mixing approach along with different percentage of RCA content.

sample prepared with SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) after 3 days of nor-
mal curing.
3.2.5. Microstructure of SCHCRAC
Microstructural investigations of heat cured concrete samples
are analyzed by using EPMA. The BSE images are obtained from
the EMPA and all the BSE images of SCHCRAC with different mixing
approaches are presented in Fig. 13. It is observed that the cracks
and pores are easily visible at the ITZ of concrete along with a large
number of unhydrated cement clinkers in concrete samples pre-
pared with NMA. The loose paste surrounded over the surface of
recycled coarse aggregate are also observed which shows weak
ITZ resulting lesser strength. These cracks and pores adjacent to
ITZ are significantly reduced after adopting TSMA and TSMAsfc
[1,2]. It is depicted in Fig. 14(a) that the unhydrated clinkers are
heterogeneously distributed in the heat cured concrete sample
due to early precipitation of hydrated products leading to forma-
tion of denser unhydrated cement clinker particles because of heat
curing. These heterogeneous distributions of unhydrated cement
clinkers are controlled by presence of fly ash and silica fume in
concrete which helps in standard curing for subsequent days and
a homogeneous distribution of microstructure is observed in later
stage as shown in Fig. 14(b). Fig. 14(a) shows the heterogeneous
distributions of clinker after 3 days of curing and Fig. 14(b) pre-
sents the homogeneous distributions of clinker after 28 days of
curing.
The presence of different strength contributing element in con-
crete samples prepared from SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) mix helps in
understanding the internal reason for an improvement of strength.
In this investigation, the elemental mapping of concrete are carried
out to know the presence of different elements like calcium, silica,
chlorine and aluminum and are presented in Fig. 15. In Fig. 15(b),
the presence of silica is observed in high quantity. Initially silica
fumes remains inert when it is being added but after coming in
contact with cement and water the reaction between silica and
water starts and produces two compounds C-S-H and CH. C-S-H
is responsible for strength producing crystallization whereas CH
is also known as free lime which reacts with silica fumes and forms
C-S-H again. This additional C-S-H improves mechanical properties
of concrete and also helps in making denser matrix of concrete. In
Fig. 15(c) and (d), the presence of calcium and aluminum are
observed in SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) mix. These calcium and alu-
minum react with CH and results into hydration of cement and it
produces C-S-H and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH). Again, this
C-S-H and CAH are responsible for high strength of concrete
because of its pozzolanic properties.
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581
ITZ UNHYDRATED CEMENT CLINKER
CEMENT PASTE
PORES
(a) Normal mixing approach
ITZ
(c) Two stage mixing approach using silica fume and cement
Fig. 13. Elimination of pores and cracks from ITZ of concrete sample prepared from SCHCRAC-100% (T) mix after following two stage mixing approach.
4. Conclusion
C&D waste not only solves the environmental and disposal
problems but also this waste can be used for producing different
concretes including self compacting concrete for precast use. Based
on the experimental investigation of SCHCRAC, the following con-
clusion are drawn:

Mechanical and durability properties of SCHCRAC prepared by
two stage mixing approach are improved by following equiva-
lent mortar volume method in conjunction with Nan Su mix
design method. This method of mix design not only reduces
the demand of different components of ingredients but also
enhances the strength of SCHCRAC.

Improvements of concrete properties are observed by treating
the RCA by sodium silicate and silica fume as this treatment
results filling of cracks and pores, which is present in the
adhered mortar of RCA. The heat curing of concrete results
heterogeneous microstructural distribution initially because of
presence of unhydrated cement clinker but this is eliminated
in later stage due to the presence of fly ash and silica fume.
577
CH CEMENT PASTE
C-S-H
ITZ
(b) Two stage mixing approach
CH
CSH

The compressive strength of concrete of SCHCRAC-100% (T) mix
gives 14.20% increase in strength than that of SCHCRAC-100%
mix prepared after following TSMAsfc in both the cases. Simi-
larly, it is noticed that after adopting TSMAsfc, the compressive
strength of SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) concrete mix is only 8.1%
lower than that of self compacting concrete having 100% CNA
by following Nan Su mix design method. The split tensile
strength of concrete of SCHCRAC-100% (T) mix is 17.92% greater
than that of self compacting concrete having 100% CNA after
28 days of curing. Similarly, for SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) mix
concrete followed by TSMAsfc, the 28 days split tensile strength
is 8.02% lower than that of the of concrete prepared with self
compacting concrete of 100% CNA. It is concluded that the treat-
ment of RCA results improvement in properties of SCHCRAC.
Moreover, the TSMAsfc along with EMV method of mix design
results marginal reduction in properties compared to self com-
pacting concrete of 100% CNA.

From microstructural investigation, it is observed that the pores
and cracks from ITZ of SCHCRAC is reduced by following two
stage mixing approaches and the best results are noticed for
concrete prepared with TSMAsfc. In this mixing approach, the
578 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

UNHYDRATED CEMENT CLINKER

CEMENT PASTE CEMENT PASTE

(a) Heterogeneous distributions of (b) Homogeneous distributions of

unhydrated cement clinker after 3 hydrated cement paste after 28
days of curing. days of curing.
Fig. 14. Microstructural view of unhydrated and hydrated cement in SCHCRAC-100% mix concrete after (a) 3 days curing (b) 28 days curing.

imagee of SCHCRAC-62.94% EMV

(a) BSE ima (b) Elemental mapping of Silica

(c) Elemental mapping of Calcium (d) Elemental mapping of Aluminum

Fig. 15. Elemental mapping of different elements present in concrete prepared from SCHCRAC-62.94% (EMV) with TSMAsfc.
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581 579

elemental mapping in EPMA analysis confirms the presence of V SCRACE

Si, Ca and Al which are the strength contributing elements. W SCRACE
FA ¼ W SCNAC
FA  FMV
ð8eÞ
V SCNAC
MV

V SCRACE
Declaration of Competing Interest W SCRACE
SP ¼ W SCNAC
SP  FMV
ð8fÞ
V SCNAC
MV
None declared.
V SCRACE
Appendix A. The explanation of proposed mix design method W SCRACE
F ¼ W SCNAC
F  FMV
ð8gÞ
V SCNAC
MV
i.e., equivalent mortar volume method
Minimum replacement ratio (NARmin) in SCRAC-E mix:
Determination of various constituents of SCRAC-E mix: SCRACE
The volume of V RCA and V SCNAC are related to its correspond-
CNA
Following conditions are satisfied in proposed method for ing dry compacted volume is as given below.
SCRAC-E mix design.
SGRCA
V SCRACE ¼ V SCNAC V SCRACE
RCA ¼ V SCRACE
DCRCA  SGRCA
DC

TMV MV
ð1Þ b
ð9Þ
SGCNA
V SCRACE
TCNA ¼ V SCNAC
CNA V SCNAC
CNA ¼ V SCNAC
DCCNA  SGCNA
DC

V SCRACE
TMV ¼ V SCRACE
AMV þ V SCRACE
FMV The maximum value of V SCRACE
DCRCA can be unit. Hence, first part of
ð2Þ
V SCRACE ¼ V SCRACE þ V SCRACE Eq. (9) is reduced as,
TCNA ACNA CNA

Since, RCA consists of adhered mortar and actual coarse natural SGRCA
SCRACE V SCRACE
RCA ¼ DC
ð10Þ
aggregate present in it, V ACNA can be obtained as given below. SGRCA
b

SGRCA Substituting Eqs (10) and second part of Eqs. (9) in Eqs. (4) and
V SCRACE
ACNA ¼ V SCRACE
RCA  ð1  AMCÞ  b
ð3Þ
SGACNA assuming similar shape and size of CNA and RCA, the following
b
expression is derived.
where, AMC is the adhered mortar content of RCA sample. The ratio
of fresh coarse natural aggregate in SCRAC-E mix to that of SCNAC ð1  AMCÞ SGRCA
NARmin: ¼ 1   b
ð11Þ
mix is defined as natural aggregate ratio (NAR). Substituting Eqs. V SCNAC SGCNA
DCCNA b
(1) and (2) in Eqs. (3) and rearranging we get the following
equation. where, the value of V SCNAC
DCCNA is obtained from Table 3 of IS
10262:2009 depending upon the maximum size of CNA and fine-
V SCNAC  ð1  NARÞ
V SCRACE
RCA ¼ CNA
ð4Þ ness modulus of fine aggregate used in preparing the SCRAC-E mix.
SGRCA
ð1  AMC Þ  SGACNA
b
Maximum AMC in SCRAC-E mix:
b
The maximum allowable AMC for SCRAC-E mix having 100% RCA
V SCRACE content is obtained by rearranging the Eq. (11) as given below.
where, NAR ¼ CNA
V SCNAC
CNA
SCRACE SCRACE
" #
After obtaining the value of V RCA and V CNA from Eqs. (4), SGCNA
the required weight of RCA and CNA can be obtained for preparing AMC max ¼ 1  V SCNAC
DCCNA  b
 100 ð12Þ
SGRCA
b
SCRAC-E mix. For finding the volume of fresh mortar required for
preparing SCRAC-E mix, the adhered mortar volume can be deter- If the AMC determined after freezing and thawing actions is
mined as given below. more than theAMC max , it is not possible to use 100% RCA in
SCRAC-E mix. In this condition, it is required to replace the AMV
V SCRACE
AMV ¼ V SCRACE
RCA  V SCRACE
ACNA ð5Þ in RCA with CNA to compensate the requirement of total CNA in
Putting the value of V SCRAC from Eqs. (3) into Eqs. (5) we have SCRAC-E mix compared to its companion SCNAC mix. The NAR is
ACNA
" # expressed as given below.
SGRCA
V SCRACE
AMV ¼ V SCRACE
RCA  1  ð1  AMCÞ  b
ð6Þ V SCRACE
SGACNA
b NAR ¼ AMV
ð13Þ
V SCRACE
RCA
Subsequently, fresh mortar volume V SCRACE
FMV is obtained as given
Substituting Eq. (13) in Eq. (6), the NAR is expressed as given
below.
below.
V SCRACE
FMV ¼ V SCNAC
MV  V SCRACE
AMV ð7Þ " #
V SCRACE SGRCA
Now, weight of all the ingredients for preparing the SCRAC-E NAR ¼ AMV
¼ 1  ð1  AMCÞ  b
ð14Þ
V SCRACE
RCA SGACNA
b
mix by proposed mix design method can be expressed as below.
Mix proportion for preparing M30 grade of self compacting recy-
W SCRACE
RCA ¼ V SCRACE
RCA  SGRCA
b  1000 ð8aÞ
cled aggregate concrete is done by adopting Nan Su method of mix
design in conjunction with EMV method. Step wise evaluations of
W SCRACE
CNA ¼ V SCRACE
CNA  SGCNA
b  1000 ð8bÞ ingredients are shown as below.
Step: 1.
V SCRACE Mix proportions for preparing SCNAC mix by Nan-Su method
W SCRACE
W ¼ W SCNAC
W  FMV
ð8cÞ
V SCNAC
MV
are obtained as given below.
Weight of cement (W SCNAC ) = 380 kg/m3; Weight of water
V SCRACE C
W SCRACE
C ¼ W SCNAC
C  FMV
ð8dÞ (W SCNAC ) = 218.5 kg/m3; Weight of coarse natural aggregate
V SCNAC
MV
W
(W SCNAC
CNA ) = 645.8 kg/m3; Weight of fine aggregate (W SCNAC
FA )
580 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581

= 899 kg/m3; Weight of fly ash (W SCNAC

F ) = 131.1 kg/m3; Weight of ITZ; Interfacial W SCRACEMV ; Fine aggregate
FA
superplasticizer (W SCNAC
SP ) = 2.55 kg/m3 and Air content = 2%. transition zone in SCRAC-E
Step: 2. SCHCRAC; Self compacting W SCNAC ; Fine aggregate
FA
Maximum allowable AMC for SCRAC-E mix. heat cured in SCNAC
" # recycled
SGCNA aggregate
AMC max ¼ 1  V SCNAC
DCCNA  b
 100
SGRCA
b
concrete
EMV; Equivalent W SCRACEMV ; Superplasticizer
  SP
2:9 mortar volume in SCRAC-E
AMC max ¼ 1  0:62   100 ¼ 29:92% TSMA; Two stage Superplasticizer
2:54 W SCNAC
SP ;
mixing in SCNAC
RCA
where, V SCNAC
DCCNA = 0.62 (IS 10262:2009); SGb = 2.54; SGCNA
b = 2.9. approaches
Actual AMCmax (29.92%). Hence, 100% replacement of CNA is not C&D; Construction W SCRACEMV ; Fly ash in
F
allowed. and demolition SCRAC-E mix
Step: 3. SCC; Self compacting W SCNAC ; Fly ash in SCNAC
  F
V SCRACE SGRCA concrete mix
SCRACE ¼
Natural aggregate ratio ðNARÞ ¼ V AMV 1  ð1  AMCÞ  SGACNA
b

RCA b SCRAC; Self compacting qCNA

b ;
Bulk density of
recycled CNA
W SCNAC
V SCRACE
CNA ¼ NAR  V SCNAC
CNA ¼ 0:5145  CNA aggregate
SGNA
b  1000 concrete.
SCRAC-T; Self compacting qFA
b ;
Bulk density of
648:8 recycled fine aggregate
0:5145  ¼ 0:115
2:9  1000 aggregate
Required weight of RCA and CNA is obtained as given below. concrete-
E E treated
W SCRAC
RCA ¼ V SCRAC
RCA  SGRCA
b  1000 ¼ 0:223  2:54  1000 ¼
3 SGACNA ; Bulk specific W SCRACEMV ; Water in SCRAC-
566:42 kg=m : b
gravity of ACNA
W
E
E E
W SCRAC ¼ V SCRAC  SGCNA  1000 ¼ 0:115  2:9  1000 ¼ Bulk specific Water in SCNAC
CNA CNA b SGRCA
b ; W SCNAC
W ;
3
333:5 kg=m : gravity of RCA
Step: 4. SGCNA Bulk specific W SCRACEMV ; Cement in
b ; C
The required fresh mortar volume (V SCRACE ) is calculated as gravity of CNA SCRAC-E
RCA
mention below. V SCRACEMV ; Vol. of CNA in W SCNAC ; Cement in
CNA C
SCRAC-E SCNAC
V SCRACE ¼ V SCNAC  V SCRACE ¼ 0:777  0:115 ¼ 0:662 V SCNAC Vol. of CNA in W SCRACEMV Fine aggregate
CNA ; ;
FMV MV AMV
FA
where, SCNAC in SCRAC-E
  V SCRACEMV ; Total mortar W SCNAC ; Fine aggregate
TMV FA
SGRCA vol. in SCRAC-E in SCNAC
V SCRACE
AMV ¼ V SCRACE
RCA  1  ð1  AMCÞ  b
SGACNA
b
V SCNAC ; Mortar volume W SCRACEMV ; Superplasticizer
  MV SP
¼ 0:223  1  ð1  :503Þ  2:6 ¼ 0:115
2:54 in SCNAC in SCRAC-E
V SCRACEMV ; Total CNA in W SCNAC ; Superplasticizer
TCNA SP
Step: 5. SCRAC-E in SCNAC
Weight of water, cement, fine aggregate, superplasticizer and Residual mortar Fly ash in
V SCRACEMV
RMV ; W SCRACEMV
F ;
fly ash for SCRAC-E mix are calculated as given below. volume in SCRAC-E mix
V SCRACE 3
W SCRACE
W ¼ W SCNAC
W  FMV
V SCNAC
¼ 218:5  0:662
0:777
¼ 186:16 kg=m SCRAC-E
MV
V SCRACE 3 V SCRACEMV ; Fresh mortar W SCNAC ; Fly ash in SCNAC
FMV F
W SCRACE
C ¼ W SCNAC
C  FMV
V SCNAC
¼ 380  0:662
0:777
¼ 323:76 kg=m vol. in SCRAC-E mix
MV

W SCRACE ¼ W SCNAC 
V SCRACE
FMV
¼ 898:56  0:662 ¼ 765:56 kg=m
3 V SCRACEMV
ACNA ; ACNA in qCNA
b ;
Bulk density of
FA FA V SCNAC 0:777
MV SCRAC-E mix. CNA
V SCRACE
W SCRACE
SP ¼ W SCNAC
SP  FMV
V SCNAC
¼ 2:55  0:662
0:777
¼ 2:1 kg=m
3
V SCRACEMV
RCA ; Volume of RCA qFA
b ;
Bulk density of
MV
in SCRAC-E fine aggregate
V SCRACE 3
W SCRACE ¼ W SCNAC  FMV
¼ 131:11  0:662 ¼ 111:70 kg=m 0
f C; Designed SGRCA Bulk specific
DC ;
F F V SCNAC 0:777
MV
compressive gravity of RCA in
The following symbols are used in this paper: strength of the dry compacted
cement state
SGCNA Bulk specific V SCNAC CNA in SCNAC
CNA; Coarse natural W SCRACEMV ; Water in SCRAC- DC ; DCCNA ;
W
aggregate E gravity of CNA mix in dry
RCA; Recycled Water in SCNAC in dry compacted state
W SCNAC
W ;
concrete compacted
aggregate state
SP; Superplasticizer Cement in V SCRACEMV ; RCA in SCRAC-E
W SCRACEMV
C ; DCRCA
SCRAC-E mix in dry
EPMA; Electron probe Cement in compacted
W SCNAC
C ;
micro analyzer SCNAC state
 P. Rajhans et al. / Construction and Building Materials 218 (2019) 568–581
Appendix B. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.149.
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