Lecture Notes 1 The Integral Calculus 2019

Lecture Notes 1: The Integral 1
Engr. Caesar Pobre Llapitan
TOPICS
I. Anti-Derivative
II. Indefinite Integral and the u-Substitution
III. Simple Applications of Indefinite Integral
IV. The Sigma Notation
V. Area under a Graph
VI. The Definite Integral
VII. The Fundamental Theorem of the Integral Calculus
VIII. Standard Integration Formulas
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
After completing this unit, the students should be able to:
1. Explain and discuss by examples anti-derivative of simple functions.
2. Evaluate indefinite integral of functions by the chain rule (u-substitution) method.
3. Evaluate definite integral of functions using the sigma notation.
4. Describe area under the graph of functions, the Riemann sum and the definite integral.
5. Determine the definite integrals of functions using the fundamental theorem of calculus.
6. Derive standard integration formulas based from the derivatives of transcendental functions.
7. Evaluate the integrals of transcendental functions using standard integration formulas.
I. ANTI-DERIVATIVE
A. Definition
A function F is said to be an anti-derivative of a function f if F'(x) = f(x) on some interval.
Example 1:
Given f(x) = 2x. The anti-derivative F(x) is x2 since F'(x) = 2x.
There is always more than one anti-derivative of a function. For instance, in the foregoing example,
2 2 ' '
F1 ( x ) = x − 1 and F2 ( x ) = x + 10 are also anti-derivatives of f(x) = 2x since F1 ( x ) = F2 ( x ) = f ( x )
. Indeed, if F is an anti-derivative of a function f, then so is G(x) = F(x) + C, for any constant C. This
is a consequence of the fact that
d
G' ( x ) = [ F ( x ) + C ] = F ' ( x) + 0 = F ' ( x ) = f ( x )
dx
Thus, F(x) + C stand for a set of functions of which each member has a derivative equal to f(x).
Example 2:
Show that F1(x) = x3, F2(x) = x3 + 1, and F3(x) = x3 -  are anti-derivatives of f(x) = 3x2. How about the
function G(x) = x3 + C, where C is any constant?
Theorem 1
If G'(x) = F'(x) for all x in some interval [a, b], then
G( x ) = F ( x ) + C
for all x in the interval.
B. Indefinite Integral Notation

For convenience, let’s introduce a notation for an anti-derivative of a function. If F'(x) = f(x), we
shall represent the most general anti-derivative of f by
∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
which is read “the indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x equals F(x) plus C.”
 The symbol  is called an integral sign, and the notation  f(x) dx is called the indefinite
integral of f(x) with respect to x.
 The function f(x) is called the integrand.
 The differential dx reminds us that the integration is performed with respect to the variable
x.
 The function F is an antiderivative of f, and the constant C is called a constant of
integration.
 The process of finding an anti-derivative is called anti-differentiation or integration.
C. The Indefinite Integral of a Power

If n is a rational number, then, for n  -1
n+1
x
∫ x n dx = n+1
+C
Examples:
Evaluate:
2 3
1. ∫ x6 dx . ∫ x−4 dx . ∫ √ xdx 4. ∫ dx
Theorem 2: Properties of Indefinite Integral
1. If F'(x) = f(x) and G'(x) = g(x), then
∫ [ f ( x ) ± g ( x) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
= F ( x ) ± G ( x) + C
2. If F’(x) = f(x), then
∫ k⋅f ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx
for any constant k.
Examples:
I. Evaluate the integral.
1. ∫ ( x−1/2 + x4 ) dx
3
3. ∫ ( 4 x − 2 x1/2 + 5/x2 ) dx
4 2
27t −1
2. ∫ 3
√t
dt 4. ∫ y +2√ yy −1 dy
II. Solve the following problems.
1. The point (3, 2) is on a curve, and at any point (x, y) on the curve the tangent line has a slope
equal to 2x – 3. Find the equation of the curve.
2. The points (-1, 3) and (0, 2) are on a curve, and at any point ( x, y) on the curve
d2 y
=2−4 x
dx 2 . Find an equation of the curve.
d2 y
2
=1−x 2
3. At any point (x, y) on a curve, dx , and an equation of the tangent line to the
curve at the point (1, 1) is y = 2 – x. Find an equation of the curve.
d3 y
=2
4. At any point (x, y) on a curve, dx 3and (1, 3) is a point of inflection at which the slope
of the inflectional tangent is -2. Find an equation of the curve.
5. The marginal revenue function for certain commodity is R'(x) = 12 – 3x. If x units are
demanded when p dollars is the price per unit, find a) the total revenue function, and b) an
equation involving p and x (the demand equation).
6. The volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of water is h meters. If the
rate of change of V with respect to h is (4h2 + 12h + 9), find the volume of water in the tank
when the depth is 3 m.
Exercises 1:
I. Evaluate the given indefinite integral.
3
1. ∫ √ x2 dx 2. ∫ 10w √ w dw
r−10
3. ∫ r3
dr 4. ∫ (2 √ t − t − 9/t2 ) dt
3
2
5. ∫ (√ x−1) dx 6. ∫ xx+2
+8
dx
x−1−x−2 +x −3 5 2
7. ∫ x2
dx 8. ∫ (√
3 2
s
+
√ s3 ) ds
II. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL AND THE u-SUBSTITUTION
A. The Chain Rule

Theorem 3: Indefinite Integral of the Chain Rule
If F is an anti-derivative of f, then
∫ f [ g ( x ) ] g' ( x ) dx = F [ g ( x ) ] + C
Proof:
By the chain rule
d
F [ g ( x ) ] = F ' [ g ( x ) ] g' ( x )
dx
= f [ g ( x ) ] g' ( x )
Hence, from the definition of an anti-derivative

∫ f [ g ( x ) ] g' ( x ) dx = F [ g ( x ) ] + C
x n+1
F(x) =
In particular, if n+1 , n a rational number, and if u = g(x) is a differentiable
function, then
n+1
F [ g ( x) ] =
[g (x )] and
d n
F [ g ( x )] = [ g ( x )] g ' ( x )
n+1 dx
Hence,
n+1
n [ g ( x )]
∫ [ g ( x ) ] g' ( x ) dx = n+1 +C
On a practical level, it is often helpful to change the variable in an integration problem by employing
the substitution
u = g(x) du = g'(x) dx
Thus, if n is a rational number and u = g(x) is at differentiable function, then for n  1

n+1
u
∫ un du = n+1
+C
Examples:
Evaluate the following integrals.
x 3
dx
1. ∫ 2
( 4 x +3 ) 6 5. ∫ ( x2+2) x dx
3 x 3 +1 dx
2.
∫ √ ( 7−2x ) x 34 2
dx 6. ∫
√ x3 x4
1
3. ∫ x2 √ 1+ x dx 7. ∫
√ x ( 1+√ x )2
dx
1 dx t
4. ∫
√ 1+
3 x2 x2
8. ∫ √ t+3 dt
B. Indefinite Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
If u = g(x) is a differentiable function, then
∫ cos u du = sin u + C ∫ sec 2 u du = tan u + C ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C

∫ sin u du = −cos u + C ∫ csc 2 u du = −cot u + C ∫ csc u cot u du = −csc u + C
Examples:
1
1. ∫ 3cos3 x dx 6. ∫ sin 10 x dx
2. ∫ sec2 ( 1−4 x ) dx 7. ∫ ( 4sec x tan x− 2 sec2 x ) dx
1+cos4 t
3. ∫ 3cos2 3x dx 8. ∫ 2
dt
4. ∫ cos4 2 x sin 2x dx 9. ∫ ( 2+tan2 θ ) dθ

5. ∫ 2csc2 2 y dy 10. ∫ ( 1−cot2 x ) dx
Exercises 2:
I. Evaluate the given indefinite integral.
dx 1
1. ∫ ( 5 x+1 )3 11. ∫ sec ( 5 x+1 ) dx
z
2. ∫ 3 2 dz 12 ∫ sec x ( sec x+tan x ) dx
√ z +9
4 sin 2 θ
3. ∫ ( 4 x2−16 x+7 ) ( x−2 ) dx 13 ∫ cosθ dθ
3
s ( s3 −4 ) cos √1−3 x
4. ∫ ds 14. ∫ 3
dx
5 2 2
√ s −10 s +6 √ (1−3 x )
2+3 √ x ( 1+sin x )4
5. ∫ √ x
ydy
dx 15. ∫ sec x + tan x dx
6. ∫ √5− y 16. ∫ (csc θ cot θ − 3 sec2 θ ) dθ
t sin t
7. ∫ √ t+2 dt ( hint : t = t +2−2 ) 17. ∫ √ 4+cost dt
4 z+3 1−2 cot 2 x

8. ∫ ( 4 z+5 )3 dz 18. ∫ cos2 x dx
x3 cos 2x
9. ∫ 2
dx 19. ∫ cos x − sin x dx
√ 1−2 x
4
( r 1/3 +2 )
10
. ∫ 3
dr 20. ∫ cosθ sin
√θ
2
dθ
√r 2
√ √θ
II. Application Problems
1. Find a function f so that f ' (x ) = 1/ x and f(9) = 1.

√
2. Find a function f such that f''(x) = 1, f'(-1) = 2 and f(-1) = 0.
3. Find a function f whose graph passes through the point (, -1) that also satisfies f'(x) =1 –sin
x.
4. Find the function given that the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at any point [x,
f(x)] is x2 – 2x + 3 and the graph of f passes through the point (1, 2).
5. Find the function given that the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at any point [x,
f(x)] is x2 – 2x + 3 and the graph of f passes through the point (1, 2).
6. Find the function f given that it satisfies f''(x) = 36x2 + 24x and its graph has a horizontal
tangent line at the point (0, 1).
7. For the first 10 days in December a plant cell grew in such a way that t days after December 1
the volume of the cell was increasing at a rate of (12 – t)-2 cubic micrometers per day. If on
December 3 the volume of the cell was 3 m3, what was the volume on December 8?
8. The cost of a certain piece of machinery is $700, and its value is depreciating with time
dV
=−500 ( t+1 )−1
according to the formula dt , where V dollars is its value t years after its
purchase. What is its value 3 years after its purchase?
III. SIMPLE APPLICATIONS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
A. Solution of Differential Equations

Differential equations are equations containing derivatives.
Examples:
2
dy 2 x
= 2
1. Find the complete solution of the differential equation dx 3 y .
d2 y
2
= 4 x +3
2. Find the complete solution of the differential equation dx .
3. Find the family of curves whose slope is 4x – 5. Select the member through (3, 1).
4. Find the particular solution of the differential determined by the initial conditions:
a. dy/dx = x2 - 2x – 4; y = -6 when x = 3
b. dy/dx = (x + 1)(x + 2); y = -3/2 when x = -3
c. d2y/dx2 = -3/x4; y = ½ and dy/dx = -1 when x = 1
B. Rectilinear Motion and Motion of Falling Bodies

Let s = f(t) represent motion of particle along a straight line, where s = displacement and t = time
Then
ds
v=
dt  Instantaneous velocity
dv
a=
dt
d ds d2 s
= ( )
dt dt
= 2
dt  Instantaneous acceleration
For motion of falling bodies,

a = ag = constant = acceleration due to gravity
= 32 ft/s2 = 9.8 m/s2
Examples:
1. A balloon ascending at the rate of 12 ft/s is at a height 80 ft above the ground when a
package is dropped. How long does it take the package to reach the ground?
2. A particle is moving on a line; at t seconds, s feet is the directed distance of the particle from
the origin, v feet per second is the velocity of the particle, and a feet per second per second is
the acceleration of the particle. If a = 2t – 1 and v = 3 and s = 4 when t = 1, express s as
functions of t.
3. If a ball is rolled across level ground with an initial velocity of 20 ft/sec, and if the speed of
the ball is decreasing at the rate of 6 ft/sec2 due to friction, how far will the ball roll?
4. A stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 128 ft/sec. If
the only force considered is that attributed to the acceleration due to gravity, find a) how
long it will take for the stone to strike the ground, b) the speed with which it will strike the
ground and c) how high the stone will rise.
Exercises 3
1. A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 40 ft/sec from a point 20 ft above
the ground. a) If a v foot per second is the velocity of the ball when it is s feet from the
starting point, express v in terms of s. b) What is the velocity of the ball when it is 36 ft from
the ground and rising?
2. A ball is dropped from the top of the Washington Monument, which is 555 ft high. a) How
long will it take the ball to reach the ground, and b) with what speed will it strike the ground.
3. In a baseball game, one of the batters hit a pop-up. Suppose that the initial velocity of the
ball was 96 ft/sec and the initial height of the ball was 4 ft from the ground.
a. Find the position function giving the height of the ball at any time.
b. How high did the ball go?
c. How long did the ball stay in the air after being struck?
4. When Apollo 15 astronaut David Scott dropped a hammer and a feather on the moon to
demonstrate that in a vacuum all bodies fall with the same (constant) acceleration, he
dropped them from about 4 ft above the ground. The television footage of the event shows
the hammer and the feather falling more slowly than on Earth, where, in a vacuum, they
would have taken only half a second to fall the 4 ft. How long did it take the hammer and
feather to fall 4 ft on the moon?
5. A rocket lifts off the surface of Earth with a constant acceleration of 20 m/s 2. How fast will
the rocket be going 1 min later?
6. You are driving along a highway at a steady 60 mph (88 ft/s) when you see an accident ahead
and slam on the brakes. What constant deceleration is required to stop your car in 242 ft?
7. The State of Illinois Cycle Rider Safety Program requires riders to be able to brake from 30
mph (44 ft/s) to 0 in 45 ft. What constant deceleration does it take to do that?
8. A ballast is dropped from a stationary hot-air balloon that is at an altitude of 400 ft. Find (a)
an expression for the altitude of the ballast after t seconds, (b) the time when it strikes the
ground, and (c) its velocity when it strikes the ground. (Disregard air resistance and take g =
32 ft/sec2.)
9. After rounding the final turn in the bell lap, two runners emerged ahead of the pack. When
runner A is 200 ft from the finish line, his speed is 22 ft/sec, a speed that he maintains until
he crosses the line. At that instant of time, runner B, who is 20 ft behind runner A and
running at a speed of 20 ft/sec, begins to spurt. Assuming that runner B sprints with a
constant acceleration, what minimum acceleration will enable him to cross the finish line
ahead of runner A?
10. Two points A and B are located 100 ft apart on a straight line. A particle moves from
A toward B with an initial velocity of 10 ft/sec and an acceleration of ½ ft/sec 2.
Simultaneously, a particle moves from B toward A with an initial velocity of 5 ft/sec and an
acceleration of ¾ ft/sec2. When will the two particles collide? At what distance from A will
the collision take place?
IV. THE SIGMA NOTATION
A. Definitions
An integral is either indefinite or definite. Later on, we shall see that the definite integral is defined
as the limit of a certain kind of sum. Therefore, it is helpful to introduce a special notation that
enables us to write an indicated sum of constants such as 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n; 22 + 42 + … + (2n)2; and
1/3 + ¼ + … + 1/2n-1 in a concise manner.
Let ak be a real number depending on an integer k. We denote the sum a1 + a2 + … + an by the

symbol
n
∑ ak
k =1
where:
 = Greek letter sigma = sigma notation or summation notation
k = index of summation = “dummy” variable
n
∑ ak
The sum k =1 is read “the sum of ak where k runs from 1 to n.”
Note:
The index of summation need not start at the value k = 1. However, it is better to start at k =
1 for convenience rather than necessity!
For instance:
10 9 10 10 10
k
∑ ( 2 k−1 ) = ∑ ( 2 k + 1 ) ∑4 = ∑ 4 = ∑ 4i
j
k =1 k =0 k=1 j=1 i=1
Examples:
Write each of the following sums in expanded form:
5 10
∑k ∑ sin ( kπ4 )
1. k=1 5. k =1
10 n
∑k 2
∑ 1n ( 2 k−1 )
2. k =1 6. k =1
20 n 3
∑ 1
( k +1 )2
∑ ( 1+ kn ) ( 1n )
3. k =1 7. k =1
15 n−1
∑ (−1 ) k 3
k ∑ sin ( kπn )
4. k =1 8. k =1
B. Rules of Summation
Theorem: Properties of the Sigma Notation

n n
∑ c⋅a k = c ∑ a k
1. k =1 k =1 , where c is any constant
n n n
∑ ( a k ± b k ) = ∑ ak ± ∑ bk
2. k =1 k=1 k=1
n m n
∑ ak = ∑ ak + ∑ ak
3. k =1 k=1 k =m +1 , m < n, for positive integers m and n.
4. If k  1, then
b b+c
∑k = ∑ ( k−c )
a. k=a k=a+c
b b−c
∑k = ∑ ( k+c )
b. k=a k=a−c ; where k = a + c = a – c = 1
Examples:
Use the rules of summation to expand each sum:
10 8 17
∑ 3 k2 ∑ ( k + 3 k 3)  1 j2
1. k =1 2. k =1 3. j 3
C. Summation Formulas
n
n
n2 ( n+1 )2
∑ c = nc ∑ k3 = 4
1. k =1 4. k =1
n n
n ( n+1 ) n ( n+1 ) ( 6n 3 + 9n2 +n−1 )
4
∑k= 2 ∑k = 30
2. k =1 5. k =1
n
n ( n+ 1 )( 2n+1 )
∑ k2 = 6
3. k =1
“Telescoping Sum”
n
∑ [ F ( i ) − F ( i−1 ) ] = F ( n ) − F ( 0 )
i=1
Examples:
I. Find the value of the given sum.
20 10 10
1. ∑ 2k 2. ∑ ( k +1 ) 3. ∑ ( p3 +4 )
k=1 k =1 p=0
10 5 60
3 2 2
4. ∑ ( 2i −5 i+3 ) 5. ∑ (k +1 ) 6. ∑ k2
i=−1 k =1 k=21
30 400 100
7. ∑ k2 8. ∑ ( √ k − √ k −1 ) 9. ∑ k ( k1+1 )
k=−30 k =1 k =1
2
10
.
Evaluate the limit:
lim
n→∞
([ kn ) + 2] ( 4n )
Exercise 4
I. Rewrite the sum using sigma notation. Do not evaluate.
1. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … + 60
2. 21 + 22 + 23 + … + 210
3. 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + … + 23
1 2 3 4 8
+ + + + .. . +
4. 5 5 5 5 5
1 2 3 4 5
5.
[( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ]
2
5
+1 + 2
5
+1 + 2
5
+1 + 2
5
+1 + 2
5
+1
1 2 1 22 1 3 2 1 4 2 1
6.
[( ) ] ( ) [( ) ] ( ) [( ) ] ( ) [( ) ] ( )
4
−1
4
+
4
−1
4
+
4
−1
4
+
4
−1
4
1 3 1 2 3 1 33 1 n 3 1
7.
[ ( ) ]( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) [ ( ) ]( )
2
n
−1
n
+ 2
n
−1
n
+ 2
n
−1
n
+ ... + 2
n
−1
n
8.
[√ ] ( ) [√ ] ( ) [√ ] ( ) [√ ] ( )
0
n
+1
1
n
+
1
n
+1
1
n
+
2
n
+1
1
n
+ ... +
n−1
n
+1
1
n
II. Use the rules of summation and the summation formulas to evaluate the sum.
10 n 2
1 k
1. ∑ ( 2 k +1 )
k =1
9. ∑
k =1 n
1+
n( )
10 3
10 5
k3  5 
2. ∑ k ( k −2 ) . 
k 1 225
 k 
 k 1 
k =1
10 2
 7  7
k3
  
2
3. ∑ k ( 2 k +1 ) 11. k 
k=1  k 1  k 1 4
n n
4. ∑ ( 2 k +1 )2 12.   10
i 1
i 1
 10i 
k =1
8
  n   n  1 
10
4
5. ∑ ( 3−k 2 ) 13.
n 1
4
k =1
n m
6. ∑ n12 (2 k +1 ) 14.  2
j 1
j
 2 j 1 
k =1
n 2m
1 1 
7.  4i  i  2 
i 1
2
15.   i  i  1 
im
25 n
 3i  i  2   3  3k    3k 1  3 k 1  
2 k 2 2
8. 16.
i 1 k 1

III. Evaluate the limit after first finding the sum (as a function of n) using the summation formulas.
n n
2k 1
1. lim ∑ 2 4. lim ∑ 3
( 2 k +1 )2
n→∞ k =1 n n→∞ k =1 n
n n 2
k 2
2. lim ∑
n→∞ k =1
n
k
( )( )
n
+2
3
n
2
5. lim ∑ 1 +2
n→∞ k =1
n
[ ( )]( )
n n
2k 1 2 k −1
3. lim ∑
n→∞ k =1
( 1+
n )( ) n
6. lim ∑ 1 +
n→∞ k =1
( 2n )( 1n )
V. AREA UNDER A GRAPH
As the derivative is motivated by the geometric problem of constructing a tangent to a curve, the
historical problem leading to the definition of a definite integral is the problem of finding area.
Specifically, we are interested in finding the area A of a region bounded between the x-axis, the
graph of a non-negative function y = f(x) defined on some interval [a, b], and a) the vertical lines x =
a and y = b or b) the x-intercepts of the graph. We shall call this area, simply, the area under the
graph f.
Consider now the problem of finding the area A under the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) on
interval [a, b].
The area A can be approximated by adding the areas of n rectangles as follows:

1. Partition the interval [a, b] into n subintervals [xk - 1, xk] where x0 = a, xn = b, and
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < … < xn - 1 < xn = b.
2. Denote the length of each subinterval by xk, where xk = xk – xk – 1. The subintervals are not
necessarily of the same length.
¿
3. Choose any number
x k in each subinterval.
f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
4. Form the product . This represents the area of a rectangle on the kth subinterval.
n
∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
5. Form the sum k =1 . This is the sum of the areas of the n rectangles and represents
an approximation to the value of A.
Definition of the Concept of Area under a Graph

Let f be continuous on [a, b] and f(x)  0 for all x in the interval. We define the area A under
the graph on the interval to be
n
A = lim ∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
Δx →0
k k=1
In a practical sense, when using the formula above, we do two things:

1. Partition the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of equal length. Since (b – a) is the total length
of the given interval, then x = (b – a)/n is the length of each of the n intervals.
2. Choose the
x ¿k to be the right endpoint of each subinterval. Thus, if x0 = a, then
b−a
x¿1 = x0 +Δx = a +
n
b−a
x¿2 = x0 + 2 Δx = a + 2
n ( )
⋮
b−a
x¿k = x 0 + kΔx = a + k
n ( )
⋮
b−a
¿
xn = x 0 + nΔx = a + n
n
=b( )
It follows, by substituting
a+k ( b−an ) for
¿
xk and
b−a
n for x in the formula that the area A
is also given by
n
b−a b−a
f (a + k
n ) n
A = lim ∑ ⋅
Δx → 0
k k=1
n
b−a b−a
f (a + k
n ) n
= lim ∑ ⋅
n→∞ k =1
Examples:
Find the area under the graph of the given function on the indicated interval.
1. 2
f ( x ) = x , [0, 2] 3. f ( x ) =¿ {2 0≤x ≤1¿¿¿
3 2 2
2. f ( x ) = x −3 x +4 , [ 0, 2] 4. f ( x ) = 4 − x , [−1, 2]
Exercises 5
I. Find the areas of the regions specified in the following problems.
1. Below y = 3x, above y = 0, from x = 0 to x = 1.
2. Below y = 3x + 4, above y = 0, from x = -1 to x = 2.
3. Below y = x2, above y = 0, from x = 1 to x = 3.
4. Below y = x2 + 2x + 3, above y = 0, from x = -1 to x = 2.
5. Above y = x2 – 1, below y = 0.
6. Above y = 1 – x, below y = 0, from x = 2 to x = 4.
7. Below y = 4x – x2 + 1, above y = 1.
8. Below y = x3, above the x-axis, and between the vertical lines at x = 0 and x = b > 0.
VI. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

n
∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
Sum such as k =1 for various partitions [a, b] are known as Riemann sum and are
named after the famous German mathematician Georg Friedrich Benhard Riemann (1826-1860).
The Riemann sum does not require that f be either continuous or nonnegative on the
n
∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
interval [a, b]. Thus, k =1 does not necessarily represent an approximation to the
area under a graph. Keep in mind that “area under a graph” refers to the area bounded between
the graph of a nonnegative function and the x-axis. If f(x) < 0 on [a, b], a Riemann sum could
n n
∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k f ( x ¿k ) < 0 ∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
contain terms k =1 , where . In this case the products k =1 are
numbers that are the negatives of the areas of rectangles drawn below the x-axis. Therefore, if the
n
∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
Riemann sums k =1 are close to a number L for every partition P of [a, b] for which the
norm ‖P‖ is close to zero, we then write
n
lim ∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k = L
‖P‖ → 0 k =1
and say that L is the definite integral of f on the interval [a, b]. If the limit exists, the function f is
said to be integrable on the interval [a, b].
Definition of the Definite Integral

Let f be a function defined on closed interval [a, b]. Then the definite integral of f from a to b,
b
denoted by
∫a f (x ) dx , is defined to be
n
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = ‖P‖lim→ 0 ∑ f ( x ¿k ) Δx k
k=1
The numbers a and b in the preceding definition are called the lower and upper limits of
integration, respectively. Note that a definite integral need not be an area!
Geometric Interpretation of the Definite Integral

The positive (negative) terms in the Riemann sum are associated with the areas of the rectangles
that lie above (below) the x-axis.
As f gets larger and larger, the sums of the areas of the rectangles lying above the x-axis seem to give
a better and better approximation of the area of the region lying above the x-axis. Similarly, the
sums of the area of the rectangles lying below the x-axis seem to give a better and better
approximation of the area of the region lying below the x-axis.
This observation suggests that we interpret the definite integral

n
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = n→
lim ∑ f ( c k ) Δx k
∞ k =1
as a difference of areas. Specifically,
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = area of S 1−area of S 2+area of S 3
where S2 is the region lying above the graph of f and below the x-axis.
More generally,
areas of the regions above  a, b   areas of the regions below  a,b 

b
 f  x  dx 
a
Properties of the Definite Integral
Theorem 1:
b
If f is continuous on [a, b], then

∫a f (x ) dx exists; that is, f is integrable on the interval.
Theorem 2:
Let f and g be integrable functions on [a, b]. Then
b b
1.
∫a k f ( x ) dx = k ∫a f ( x ) dx , where k is any constant.
b b b
2.
∫a [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] dx = ∫a f ( x ) dx ± ∫a g ( x ) dx
b c b
3.
∫a f ( x ) dx = ∫a f ( x ) dx + ∫c f ( x ) dx , where c is any number in [a, b].
The independent variable x in a definite integral is called a dummy variable of integration. The
value of the integral does not depend on the symbol used. In other words
b b b
∫a f ( x ) dx = ∫a f ( r ) dr = ∫a f ( s ) ds
Theorem 3:
For any constant k
b b
∫a k dx = k ∫a dx = k ( b − a )
Theorem 4:
1. If f(a) exists, then
a
∫a f ( x ) dx = 0
2. If f is integrable on [a, b], then
a b
∫b f ( x ) dx = −∫a f ( x ) dx
Theorem 5: Symmetry of Integration
1. If f is odd on [-a, a], then
a
∫−a f ( x ) dx = 0
2. If f is even on [-a, a], then
a a
∫−a f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫0 f ( x ) dx
Examples:
Evaluate the following integrals using symmetry considerations
π /4 π /4
1. ∫−π /4 ( x + sin2 x ) dx 2. ∫−π /4 ( x2 − 2x + sin x + cos 2x ) dx
π /3
3 3 t3
. ∫−π /3 (1 + x2 − cos x ) dx 4. ∫−3 1+t 2 dt
VII. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS
The First Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

Let the function f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and let x be any number in [a, b].
If F is the function defined by
x
F ( x ) = ∫a f ( t ) dt
Then
d x
f ( t ) dt = f ( x )
F’(x) = f(x)  dx ∫a
Proof:
Consider two numbers x1 and x1+x in [a, b].
x1
F ( x 1 ) = ∫a f ( t ) dt
x +Δx
F ( x 1 + Δa ) = ∫a 1 f ( t ) dt
So that
x 1 + Δx x1
F ( x 1 + Δx ) − F ( x 1 ) = ∫a f (t ) dt − ∫a f ( t ) dt
Also
x1+ Δx x1 x 1+ Δx
∫a f ( t ) dt = ∫a f ( t ) dt + ∫x f ( t ) dt
1
x1+ Δx x1 x 1+ Δx
∫a f ( t ) dt − ∫a f ( t ) dt = ∫x f ( t ) dt
1
By the mean-value theorem for integrals

x 1+ Δx
∫x f ( t ) dt = f ( c ) Δx
1
Therefore
F ( x 1 + Δx ) − F ( x 1 ) = f ( c ) Δx
F ( x 1 + Δx ) − F ( x 1 )
= f (c )
Δx
F ( x 1 + Δx ) − F ( x 1 )
lim = lim f ( c )
Δx→0 Δx Δx→0
Since c is any point between x1 and x1+x,

lim x 1 = x 1 and lim ( x 1 + Δx ) = x 1
Δx→0 Δx →0
Therefore, by the squeeze theorem

lim f ( c ) = x 1
Δx →0
Hence,
F ' ( x1) = f ( x1)
Generally,
F' (x) = f (x)
Examples:
Evaluate the derivative of the following:
d x 1 d x2
dt
dx ∫1 t 3 +1 ∫ √cos t dt
1. 2.
dx 3
d x3 1 d 2x 1
dt
dx ∫x 1+t 2
3. ∫ dt 4.
dx 0 1+t
Exercises 6
Compute the derivative.
d 3 d x d x 1
1. ∫ √ 1+t 4 dt 2. ∫ √ 4+t 2 dt 3. ∫ dt
dx x dx 0 dx 2 t 4 +4
d x d x2 1 d sin x 1
cos ( t 2 +1 ) dt ∫ dt dt
∫ dx ∫3 1−t 2
4. 5. 6.
dx −x dx 0 √ t 2 +1
d 4 d x d 2x
sin t 2 dt cos ( t 2 +1 ) dt t √1+t 2 dt
dx ∫tan x dx ∫−x dx ∫tan x
7. 8. 9.
The Second Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

Let the function f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and let g be a function such that
b
g’(x) = f(x), for all x in [a, b]. Then

∫a f ( t ) dt = g ( b ) − g ( a ) .
Proof:
Consider
x
∫a f ( t ) dt = F ( x )
F' (x) = f ( x)
It follows that
g (x ) = F ( x ) + k
x
g ( x ) = ∫a f ( t ) dt + k
b
g ( b ) = ∫a f ( t ) dt + k
x = b:
Let
a
g ( a ) = ∫a f ( t ) dt + k
Let x = a:
Therefore,
b a
g ( b ) − g ( a ) = ∫a f ( t ) dt − ∫a f ( t ) dt
b
∫a f ( t ) dt = g ( b ) − g ( a) = g ( x )|ba
Examples:
Evaluate the definite integrals.
  3x 
3
2
 5 x  1 dx
1. 1
Solution:
3
5 2
  3x 
3
2
 5 x  1 dx  x 3  x x
1 2 1
5
 33   1   32   1   3   1 
3 2
  2 
 28  20  4  44
 /2
2. 
0
sin 2 x dx
Solution:
 /2 1  /2
 sin 2 x  2dx 
2 0
sin 2 x dx 
0
1  /2
  cos 2 x 0
2
1 1
   1
2 2
3. 
2
x  3 dx
Solution:
 x  3 if (x - 3)  0 or x  3
x 3 
-  x  3 if ( x - 3) < 0 or x < 3
5 3 5
 2
x  3 dx   x  3 dx   x  3 dx
2 3
3 5

2
 3  x  dx  3  x  3 dx
3 5
 1  1 
  3x  x 2    x 2  3x 
 2  2  2 3
 9   25  9 
  9     6  2      15     9  
 2   2  2 
29

2
4. 1
x  x dx
Solution:
x if x  0
x 
- x if x < 0
1 0 1
 1
x  x dx  
1
x  x dx  
0
x  x dx
0 1
  x  x dx   x  x dx
1 0
0 1
 2  x   dx    0 dx
1 0
2 0 2
2  x
3/ 2
  2
3 1 3
5.   x  2
0
x  1 dx
Solution:
Using change of variable:
Let u  x 1
Then
x  u2 1
dx  2 du
When x = 0, u = 1
x = 3, u = 2
Therefore:
 
3 2
  x  2
0
x  1 dx   u 2  1 u  2u du 
1
 
2
 2  u 4  u 2 du
1
2
2 2
 u5  u3
5 3 1
 64 16   2 2 
     
 5 3  5 3
62 14 256
  
5 3 15
Exercises 7
Evaluate the definite integrals.
3 1
1. ∫1 x dx 7. ∫−3 |x| dx
2 4
2. ∫−2 ( 3 x2−x+1 ) dx 8. ∫0 |2 x−6| dx
1 2
3. ∫−3 |x| dx 9. ∫0 |x2−1| dx
π /2 1+cos θ π /2 1+cos θ
4. ∫π /6 (θ +sin θ )2 dθ 10. ∫π /6 (θ +sin θ )2 dθ
1 1 π /3
5. ∫1/4 √ x dx 11. ∫π /6 sin x cos x dx
4 3/2
6. ∫−3 |x+2| dx 12. ∫−1/2 ( x−cos πx ) dx
VIII. STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULAS
A. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
Formulas 1:
du
∫u = ln u + C
1.
u
∫ a du = lna a + C, a > 0, a ≠ 1
u
2.
3. ∫ eu du = eu + C
Examples:
2 2
1+cos y
1. ∫ 2 x x+
+5 x +1
2
dx 6. ∫ sec
tanθ
θ
dθ 11. ∫ y+sin y dy
x
2. ∫ 32 y dy 7. ∫ e4 x dx 12. ∫ 2+e
ex
dx
4 e√ x e x −e−x dx
3. ∫1 dx 8. ∫ e x +e−x dx 13. ∫ e x +1
√x
sin ( ln x ) dx 14 e2 x
4. ∫ x dx 9. ∫ x ln x . ∫ e x +1 dx
5. ∫ at et dt 10. ∫ anx dx 15. ∫ a z ln z ( ln z+1 ) dz
Formulas 2:
1. ∫ tan u du = −ln |cos u| + C 3. ∫ sec u du = ln ( sec u + tanu ) + C

2. ∫ cot u du = ln sin u + C 4.
∫ csc u du = ln ( cscu − cotu ) + C

Examples
Evaluate the integrals.
1. ∫ x sec x2 dx 3. ∫ z tan z2 dz
dx
2. ∫ e x cot ex dx 4. ∫ sin 2 x
B. Integrals Giving Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Formulas:
du u
∫ = sin−1 + C
1.
2
√ a −u2 a
du 1 −1 u
∫ a2 + u2 = tan +C
2. a a
du 1 −1 u
∫ = sec +C
3. u √u 2−a2 a a
Examples:
dx dx
1. ∫ 1+25 x 2 4. ∫
√1−6 x−x 2
2 x−3 1 dt
2. ∫ 5. ∫−1 4+( t−1 )2
√1−x2 dx
2x−3
3. ∫
√1−x 2 dx
C. Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Formulas:
1. ∫ coshu du = sinhu + C 4. ∫ csch2 u du = −cothu + C

2. ∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C 5. ∫ sechu tanhu du = −sech u + C
3. ∫ sech2 u du = tanh u + C 6. ∫ cschu cothu du = −cschu + C
Examples:
1. ∫ sinh 8 x dx 4. ∫ cosh 2 x sinh x dx
2
2. ∫ cosh ( 5x−1) dx 5. ∫ csc√hx√ x dx
3. ∫ x2 sec h2 x3 dx
D. Integrals of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Theorem:
sinh− 1 x = ln ( x + √ x 2 +1 ) 1 x+1
coth− 1 x =
2
ln ( )
x−1
|x| > 1
cosh−1 x = ln ( x + √ x 2 −1 ) x ≥1 1 √ 1−x 2
−1
sech x = ln +
x (
x ) 0 < x ≤1
1 1+ x 1 √1+x 2
tanh−1 x =
2
ln ( )
1−x
|x| < 1
csch−1 x = ln ( +
x |x| ) x≠0
Derivatives:
d 1 du d −1 du
sinh− 1 u = 2 csch−1 u = u≠0
dx √u +1 dx dx |u|√ 1+u2 dx
d 1 du d −1 du
cosh−1 u = 2 u>1 sech− 1 u = 0<u <1
dx √ u −1 dx dx u √ 1−u2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
tanh− 1 u = |u| < 1 coth−1 u = |u|> 1
dx 1−u 2 dx dx 1−u 2 dx
Integrals:
u
∫ √udu+a
2 2
= sinh− 1
a
+C
u
∫ √udu−a
2 2
= cosh−1
a
+C u >a>0
du 1 −1 u
{
∫ 2 2 = ¿ a tanh a + C |u|< a ¿ ¿¿¿
a −u
Using logarithms:
∫ √udu+a2 2
= ln ( u + √u 2 +a 2 ) + C
∫ √udu−a2 2
= ln ( u+ √ u2 −a 2 ) + C u>a>0
du 1 a+u
a −u
= ¿ {
∫ 2 2 2a ln a−u + C |u|< a ¿ ¿¿¿
Examples:
r
1. ∫ x sec x2 dx 6. ∫ 1−r2 dr
dx
2. ∫ e x cot ex dx 7. ∫ x 2+6 x−8
dx
3. ∫ z tan z2 dz 8. ∫
x √ ( ln x )2−1
dx xdx
4. ∫ sin 2 x 9. ∫ 1−x 4
sin t 10 dx
5. ∫ dt ∫
√ 2−sin 2
t . √ x 2+2 x
Hyperbolic Identities
sinh (-x) = -sinh x cosh (-x) = cosh x
cosh2x – sinh2x = 1 coth2x – 1 = csch2x
cosh x + sinh x = ex tanh2x= 2tanhx/1+tanh2x
sinh 2x = 2sinhx coshx cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x

= 2cosh2x – 1
= 2sinh2x + 1
Exercises 8
2
e ln x e2 dx xe6 x
1. ∫1 x
dx 2. ∫e
x ( ln x )2
3. ∫ 6x
2
dx
ln x
√1+e
x
∫ 10x ∫ 10
x +1
4. dx 5. ∫ ( x+1 ) e x 7 xe dx 6. x
10 −1
dx
x 2x
∫ 2 dxx
ln 2 e e2 dx
7. 8. ∫0 dx 9. ∫e
√3⋅2 +4 e x−5 x ( ln x )
−2 dt sin x dx ds
10. ∫−4 2 11. ∫ 12. ∫
√−t −6 t−5 √ 2−cos 2 x √ 2 s−s2
√3 xdx 1 dx e dx
13. ∫0 14. ∫0 e x +e− x 15. ∫1
√1+x 2 x [ 1+ ( ln x )2 ]
1 dx π /6 2
sec x dx 2 ( t+2 )
16. ∫1/ √2 17. ∫0 18. ∫1 dt
x √ 4 x 2 −1 1+9 tan 2 x √ 4 t−t2
dx 20 1 dx
19. ∫ 2x ∫0 √1+cosh y dy 21. ∫
√ e −8 . √7+5 x−2 x 2
dx ( 2+x ) dx x dx
22. ∫ ( 1+ x ) √ x 23. ∫ 24. ∫ x 2 + x+ 1
√ 4−2 x −x 2
dy dt
25. ∫ 9 e y +e− y 26. ∫ 2t 2+3 t +5 27. ∫ tanh2 3 x dx
28 1/3 30
1/2 4 x−3 +2 8 x y y
.
∫1/3 x−2 −x
dx 29. ∫1 x 4/3 +4
dx
. ∫ e y 2 e 3 e dy
References
[1] Larson, R., & Edwards, B. (2018). Calculus with CalcChat and CalcView (11th ed.). Boston,
Massachusetts, USA: Cengage Learning.
[2] Leithold, L. (n.d.). The Calculus with Analytical Geometry. Harper Collins.
[3] Stewart, J. (2008). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (6th ed.). Belmont, California, USA: Thomson
Learning Inc.
[4] Tan, S. T. (2011). Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Belmont, California, USA:
Cengage Learning.
[5] Zill, D. G., & Wright, W. S. (2011). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (4th ed.). Sudbury,
Massachusetts, USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Lecture Notes 1 The Integral Calculus 2019

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Lecture Notes 1 The Integral Calculus 2019

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Lecture Notes 1: The Integral 1

Engr. Caesar Pobre Llapitan

B. Indefinite Integral Notation

C. The Indefinite Integral of a Power

II. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL AND THE u-SUBSTITUTION

A. The Chain Rule

Hence, from the definition of an anti-derivative

Thus, if n is a rational number and u = g(x) is at differentiable function, then for n  1

∫ cos u du = sin u + C ∫ sec 2 u du = tan u + C ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C

4. ∫ cos4 2 x sin 2x dx 9. ∫ ( 2+tan2 θ ) dθ

4 z+3 1−2 cot 2 x

1. Find a function f so that f ' (x ) = 1/ x and f(9) = 1.

III. SIMPLE APPLICATIONS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

A. Solution of Differential Equations

B. Rectilinear Motion and Motion of Falling Bodies

For motion of falling bodies,

IV. THE SIGMA NOTATION

Let ak be a real number depending on an integer k. We denote the sum a1 + a2 + … + an by the

k =1 k =0 k=1 j=1 i=1

Theorem: Properties of the Sigma Notation

V. AREA UNDER A GRAPH

The area A can be approximated by adding the areas of n rectangles as follows:

Definition of the Concept of Area under a Graph

In a practical sense, when using the formula above, we do two things:

VI. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definition of the Definite Integral

Geometric Interpretation of the Definite Integral

This observation suggests that we interpret the definite integral

as a difference of areas. Specifically,

areas of the regions above  a, b   areas of the regions below  a,b 

Properties of the Definite Integral

If f is continuous on [a, b], then

VII. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS

The First Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

By the mean-value theorem for integrals

Since c is any point between x1 and x1+x,

Therefore, by the squeeze theorem

The Second Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

g’(x) = f(x), for all x in [a, b]. Then

A. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

1. ∫ tan u du = −ln |cos u| + C 3. ∫ sec u du = ln ( sec u + tanu ) + C

∫ csc u du = ln ( cscu − cotu ) + C

1. ∫ coshu du = sinhu + C 4. ∫ csch2 u du = −cothu + C

sinh (-x) = -sinh x cosh (-x) = cosh x

cosh2x – sinh2x = 1 coth2x – 1 = csch2x

cosh x + sinh x = ex tanh2x= 2tanhx/1+tanh2x

sinh 2x = 2sinhx coshx cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x

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