 Program size
11.3 Finding Graduate Programs
If you are considering graduate options, we want you to be well-
informed so that you can make wise decisions about whether to go
to grad school and, if you are going, about where to go. You have to
find a program that is a good fit for your skills, interests, and any
other factors that are important to you. In this module, we cover
some ideas as to how you can find programs, as well as some
important factors you should consider when deciding which ones are
going to make your application list. As you read through this module,
keep in mind that some factors may be more important than others,
depending on your goals -- choosing graduate programs is not a one-
size-fit-all endeavor (e.g., Birchmeier, Shore, & McCormick, 2008).
Evaluating program fit
We suggest that you first start by identifying programs that fit your
basic needs for graduate school. After that, you will need to prioritize
what is most important to you. Here are some factors you should
consider (we expand on most of these as we move through this
module):
 Your career goals and the type of degree needed
 The grad program topic area
 Admission information (minimum requirements)
 Acceptance rates
 Accreditation (if applicable)
 Faculty areas of expertise and/or a potential mentor’s
research area
 Program expectations and type of training (e.g., research,
clinical hours)
 What program graduates end up doing (i.e., do they get jobs?
Internships?)
 Cost and/or financial packages
 Program or school reputation
 Program environment or climate (you might not learn this
until later, during an interview)
Those are some of the key factors, but you might come up with others
that are important to you. Which of these factors should you
prioritize? It is difficult to say that one particular factor is more
important than another, and keep in mind that this is just our
perspective. Your priorities might be different, so, feel free to
consider these based on your situation.
Finding grad programs
One place you can look is to check your current institution for a grad
program. However, not every school offers every type of program,
and not every program has good odds for being admitted. So, be
prepared for the possibility that your current school may not be
where you attend graduate school.
In addition, there are some academics who think that it is a bad idea
to attend the same school for both undergrad and grad school. If you
attend different institutions, you will be exposed to a wider range of
ideas and perspectives. And do not be shocked if you encounter the
phrase “academic inbreeding”, which refers to the similar idea of
hiring faculty members from one’s own doctoral program (e.g.,
Altbach, Yudkevich, & Rumbley, 2015). There are differing opinions
on this issue, so attending the same institution might be okay -- but
be sure to check with faculty at your institution, and give at least
some thought to the possibility of expanding your horizons at a
different institution.
One resource for finding graduate programs is the book, Graduate
Study in Psychology (American Psychological Association, 2018). This
book lists most American and Canadian psychology graduate
programs. It also includes information about recent applicants such
as the number of applications, number of admitted students, and
average scores (GPA, GRE). This is a great book because it is published
annually with updated information.
Another great resource is to ask professors for suggestions (yet
another reason to get to know your professors!). Clinical psychology
professors are going to know more about clinical programs, school
psychology professors will know about school psychology programs,
and…we think you get the idea. Also, consider asking graduate
students -- they were recently in your shoes and were looking for
programs, so they might be able to provide some tips.
The internet can also be a great resource for finding grad programs.
Most program websites will list descriptions of the program, research
being conducted, application instructions, and possibly more. There
are also sites that let you search through graduate programs (e.g.,
Gradschools.com). These can be helpful, but we have a warning here
-- these sites may include ads or they may feature institutions that do
not have the best reputations. So, wear your critical thinking cap
while you browse those sites -- watch for ads featuring institutions
that are not accredited (we have more on this below) or are “for-
profit” schools (see Simon, 2018 for a description of the poorer
outcomes at these institutions).
Program Admission Requirements
Graduate programs vary when it comes to admission requirements.
At any particular program, these tend to be stable from year to year,
but be sure to check with a program for its most up-to-date
requirements. Some programs may have minimum cutoffs scores,
some may provide recommendations, and some may list data for past
students who were admitted. Some may include all three -- the
program might set 3.0 as a minimum GPA requirement, recommend
a GPA above 3.3, and regularly admit students that have an average
GPA above 3.5.
In our experiences, program requirements or recommendations tend
to include:
 A minimum grade point average (GPA)
 Minimum standardized test scores (e.g., GRE)
 A Bachelor’s degree
 A degree specifically in Psychology, certain courses
completed, or a minimum score on the GRE subject test
Program Acceptance Rates
Besides your qualifications, one big piece of information that can
affect your grad school decisions is the likelihood of being accepted -
- we often use the term competitiveness. Two factors influence the
probability of getting accepted -- the number of open slots and the
number of applications for those openings. This is simple math, so
let’s look at a few examples in Table X. Both programs A and B receive
100 applications, but because program B admits more students, the
odds of admission are much better. Program C admits the same
number of students as program B, but because they receive half as
many applications, the odds are even better. Keep in mind that the
number of openings and applications can vary from year to year.
Table X
Examples of acceptance rates
Openings Applicants Acceptance Rate
Program A: 5 100 5%
Program B: 10 100 10%
Program C: 10 50 20%
One piece of good news (that helps your odds) is that the number of
institutions awarding Master’s and doctoral degrees in psychology
has been increasing in recent years (American Psychological
Association, 2018). Also, the number of degrees awarded has been
increasing as well (American Psychological Association, 2018b). But,
which psychology graduate programs receive the most applicants
and which programs accept the highest percentage of applicants?
Keep reading to find out!
Acceptance Data for Master’s and Doctoral Psychology Programs
We looked at data across a three year span (Michalski, Cope, &
Fowler, 2015; 2016; 2017). For Master’s programs, counseling,
clinical, and industrial-organizational programs receive the most
applications. Except for a few exceptions, most psychology Master’s
programs had acceptance rates between 30-65%. For doctoral
programs, those three subfields were again the most popular, but the
number of clinical applications were way above every other subfield
-- most subfields averaged between 25-70 applications, but clinical
psychology programs averaged around 150 applications per year!
School psychology doctoral programs had acceptance rates around
30%, but most other subfields were closer to 10-15% acceptance
rates -- notably, clinical psychology was consistently at or near the
bottom.
So, in general the odds of being accepted into a Master’s program are
much better than being accepted into a doctoral program --
especially a clinical psychology doctoral program. Keep in mind that
these are general trends across degrees, and that you will find
variability across institutions. For example, there might be more
competition for a clinical psychology Ph.D. program at an ivy league
school than for one at a regional state school that is less prestigious
(we are not promoting the former over the latter, we are simply using
an example based on what we typically observe).
To see specific application and acceptance information for a
particular program, check to see if a program lists this data on its
website. If not, you can also consult a book we have mentioned
before -- Graduate Study in Psychology (e.g., American Psychological
Association, 2018). As a reminder, this is published annually with
updated information about programs and admissions.
Accreditation
When looking at graduate schools, another consideration is
accreditation. This refers to whether an institution has been vetted
and approved by an external agency. In our view, accreditation of the
institution is a must! Most reputable institutions are accredited by a
regional organization that approves the quality of the curriculum and
training.
Another type of accreditation is for a graduate program. This mainly
applies to applied programs (e.g., clinical, school, social work,
therapy, or counseling), and it is common to see the American
Psychological Association as the agency that accredits doctoral
programs in psychology. Accreditation for clinical psychology
graduate programs is important because you can have more trust in
the quality of education and training (Norcross & Karpiak, 2015).
Also, grad students from accredited programs are more likely to land
an accredited internship (e.g., Callahan, Collins, & Klonoff, 2010),
pass the licensing exam (Norcross & Karpiak, 2015), and they may
need a graduate degree from an accredited program in order to
qualify for some jobs -- especially for government and academic jobs
(e.g., Graham & Kim, 2011).
We realize that accreditation can seem confusing -- for example, how
do you know if an institution or program is accredited? Lucky for you,
the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (n.d.), Council for
Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (n.d.),
and the American Psychological Association (2018) provide
searchable databases so that you can look up institutions and
programs -- the latter includes psychology grad program
accreditation for clinical, counseling, and school psychology. Check
the references below and try out these websites!
Mentors
At this point, we want to make sure that you are aware of a key
distinction between different types of graduate programs. In most
applied programs that are not focused on research, you may be
assigned a mentor or advisor, but you end up working with a variety
of professors or supervisors as you take numerous courses and
complete a number of milestone experiences. In these programs, the
mentor or advisor might provide advice, but you are primarily
applying to a program.
Other grad programs -- typically those that focus on research -- are
mentor-based in that they match up incoming graduate students
with a professor with whom they work closely throughout graduate
school. Think of a “match” as someone with shared professional (or
research) interests and communication style. For these programs,
you want to consider both the academic program itself and how well
you match up with your potential mentor. The match between a
potential mentor and student is a key determinant in both admission
decisions and progress -- one’s relationship with a mentor is one of
the most important factors contributing to satisfaction with a Ph.D.
program (Woolston, 2017)!
So, look at the research of a potential mentor. Dive into faculty web
pages and immerse yourself in publications for a specific research
topic. If you read articles and really like a professor’s research, check
out his or her graduate program. You may also want to consider
whether you would benefit more from individual attention, or if you
would rather be part of a larger research team -- look at professors’
websites to see how many graduate students they currently
supervise. Finally, there are other factors you might look for later in
the application process (possibly during an interview) such as a
potential mentor’s communication style or personality (e.g., Ritzer,
2018). We recommend that you check out the University of
Michigan’s (2018) How to Get the Mentoring You Want: A Guide for
Graduate Students! (see the references below for a link).
Program expectations and type of training
When looking through grad programs, be sure to do some homework
about the program itself. For example, how many hours are you going
to spend training or working in applied settings? Are research
projects (such as a thesis) emphasized? Are there are other major
milestone activities that are required?
For applied programs, consider the type of training you are going to
receive. Will you learn to treat individuals from a psychodynamic
perspective? Or will you learn more about cognitive behavioral
methods? The Society of Clinical Psychology describes a variety of
treatments and includes suggested readings -- we have the link in our
references below (Division 12 of the American Psychological
Association, 2016). One recommendation is that, regardless of the
specific type of training that is offered, you may want to make sure
that it is evidence-based treatment. This means that, instead of being
trained in a treatment approach where everyone hopes that it works,
you should be trained in an approach that has research or other
evidence to support its effectiveness (e.g., APA Presidential Task
Force on Evidence-Based Practice, 2006).
What Past Students End Up Doing
One often overlooked aspect of choosing a grad program is what
their past students end up doing. For an experimental psychology
program, have the past students gone into academic positions (e.g.,
professors), other research positions, or into private industry? If you
are applying to a clinical psychology doctoral program you will want
to pay attention to information regarding internship placement rates
and possibly licensure exam performance (e.g., Norcross & Karpiak,
2015) -- do you want to attend a program where a significant
proportion of the students are not properly prepared for these next
steps?
Information like this is important because you want to have a good
idea where you are going to end up after finishing a program. So,
check program websites for this information. If you cannot find this
information, then we encourage you to ask -- good programs that are
proud of their students’ outcomes will gladly share this information
with you!
Grad School Finances
The cost of grad school can be another factor to consider, and some
grad school tuition can be expensive. However, one thing to know is
that many Ph.D. programs drastically cut tuition or, in some cases,
waive it completely! That’s right -- the graduate programs that might
be the most competitive can be the most generous when it comes to
tuition costs. You are not likely to see waived or drastically reduced
tuition for master’s programs, Psy.D. programs, medical school, or
law school.
Most grad programs will expect that you treat it like your full time job
(and you will likely have to do that, in order to graduate on schedule).
One way to deal with costs is to work on campus -- many programs
offer teaching assistant (TA) or research assistant (RA) positions that
include a small stipend. These stipends are not lucrative, but they
help you pay the bills. Also, these roles may allow you to focus on
skills that are related to your field, such as conducting research or
helping with a class in your topic area. In addition, you can also
develop networking relationships by working closely with professors.
See our chapter on money for even more tips.
Does the reputation of an institution or program matter?
Some think that reputation matters -- for example, a
disproportionate number of billionaires, CEOs, and national
politicians attended elite colleges and graduate programs (e.g., Wai,
2014), with Harvard standing out in particular (Wai & Rindermann,
2017). In addition, 25% of institutions (at the higher end, in terms of
prestige) produce approximately 80% of tenure-track professors
(Clauset, Arbesman, & Larremore, 2015). However, others argue that
where you are educated does not matter -- what matters is being
exposed to valuable opportunities and then taking advantage of
those (e.g., Bruni, 2015). Plenty of people have earned great
positions by working hard even though they did not attend a
prestigious institution (e.g., Warner & Clauset, 2015).
Our advice is to understand that an institution’s reputation can
potentially influence future employers. After all, we all tend to be
influenced by name brands (e.g., which do you want -- Coca-Cola or
Great Value Soda Pop?), and if you ask people to be honest, many
wish they could earn a degree from a well-regarded institution like
Harvard (we recommend the Hahvahd Tours)! However, this is one
very small aspect of what you should use to choose a graduate
program -- do not spend too much time worrying about U.S. News &
World Report rankings. Your career goals, your fit with a mentor or
program, and a program’s history of placing graduates into good jobs
should be much higher on list of priorities!
Program size and environment
You may also want to consider the program size and environment.
For example, do you feel more comfortable amongst a group (or
cohort) of 30 new grad students, or would you prefer a starting
cohort closer to 5? While you can get an idea of a program’s typical
cohort sizes from its website, you might not be able to fully evaluate
a program’s environment until you visit the institution and meet with
people. But, consider reaching out to current grad students
(reminder -- be polite and brief) and asking for their perspective of
the program. And, importantly, do they like it there?
Take Home Message
Clearly, there are a lot of factors to consider when choosing possible
graduate programs. Because of this, you want to start thinking about
which factors are most important to you. You do not have to be
picking out potential programs during your freshman and sophomore
years, but keep your eyes and ears open. For example, suppose you
are interested in social psychology and you read a fascinating article
in that class that piques your interest -- check out who wrote it, if he
or she is affiliated with a graduate program, and store that away in
your head as one program to consider later.
Action Steps
(1) Go through our list of factors and rank which ones are most (and
least) important for you. For some of you, it might be too difficult to
create a true ranking -- in this case, differentiate what is “most
important” and what is of “lesser importance”. Finally, think about if
there is anything else that you would add to our list (e.g., location).
(2) To better understand accreditation, we highly recommend that
you explore the Council for Higher Education Accreditation, Council
for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs,
and American Psychological Association website databases (the
weblinks are included in the references below).
References
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American Psychological Association (2018). Degrees in psychology
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https://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/degrees-psychology.aspx
American Psychological Association (2018). APA-accredited programs.
Retrieved from
https://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/programs/index.aspx
APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2006). Evidence-
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Birchmeier, Z., Shore, C., & McCormick, S. (2008, Summer). Getting in:
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