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Turn Taking:
In conversation analysis, turn-taking is a term for the manner in which
orderly conversation normally takes place. A basic understanding can
come right from the term itself: It's the notion that people in a
conversation take turns in speaking.
When studied by sociologists, however, the analysis goes deeper, into
topics such as
How people know when it's their turn to speak
How much overlap there is between speakers
When it's OK to have overlap
How to consider regional or gender differences.
The underlying principles of turn-taking were first described
by sociologists Harvey Sacks, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail
Jefferson.
Importance of Turn Taking:
By waiting your turn to speak and avoiding interrupting another
person, you not only show your desire to work together with the other
members of your society, you also show respect for your fellow
members.
Turn Types:
Adjacency Pair:
In conversation analysis, an adjacency pair is a two-part exchange in
which the second utterance is functionally dependent on the first, as
exhibited in conventional greetings, invitations, and requests. It is also
known as the concept of “nextness”. Each pair is spoken by a different
person.
One of the most significant contributions of CA [conversation analysis] is
the concept of the adjacency pair. Adjacency pairs include such exchanges
as
Question/answer
Complaint/denial
Offer/accept
Request/grant
Compliment/rejection
Challenge/rejection
Instruct/receipt.
Characteristics:
Adjacency pairs typically have three characteristics:
-They consist of two utterances;
-The utterances are adjacent, that is the first immediately follows the
second.
-Different speakers produce each utterance
Breaking adjacency pair :
If one breaks adjacency pair such as not answering a question,
answering “hello” with “goodbye” one is causing “trouble” in the
conversation which needs to be repaired.
Repair:
Repair is needed when the turn taking rules are failing to operate.
Simultaneous speech often needs repair when two people are speaking at
once. Silence needs repair because no one is talking.
Self-repair:
A: I’m going to that restaurant we went to last week. You know the
Italian one in Brunswick Street.
B: You mean Lygon Street don’t you.
A: Yeah. That’s right Lygon Street.
Preference Organization:
The term, 'Preference organization' refers to the phenomenon that son
first pair parts allow for alternative seconds.
When one invites other one, the other person usually accepts the
invitation and it is termed preferred organization.
But when the invitation is not accepted and the other person
expresses regrets, it is ‘Dispreferred organization’
Example:
Insertion Sequences:
Example 2:
A: Did you enjoy the meal?
(B: Did you?
A: Yes.)
B: so did I.
The person towards whom the first part of an adjacency pair has been
directed may want to undertake some preliminary action before responding
with the second part , a request for clarification by the recipient will take
place after the first pair part but before the second pair part , this is an
insertion sequence.
Pre-sequence:
Sometimes, an adjacency pair is inserted before another (related) adjacency pair,
in order to
Set the stage ( Pre-announcement)
Conclusion:
In conversation analysis, turn taking is the notion that people in a
conversation take turns in speaking. It plays an important role in
conversation as it leads to the correct interpretation of intentions and can
help to avoid conversation gap. Turn Types gives us a better understanding
of what the speaker wants to convey to the listener.