Study Notes in Electronic Structure of Atoms General Chemistry Senior High School

S tudy Notes in
Genera l Chemistry
Electronic Structure of Atoms

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b- (52 to 59)
FOR SHS
STEM STUDENTS
LEARNING
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARD CODE
COMPETENCIES
Electronic Structure of 1. describe the quantum
STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-52
mechanical model of the atom
Atoms
2. describe the electronic structure
1. Quantum mechanical description
The learners demonstrate an of atoms in terms of main energy
of the atom STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-53
understanding of the levels, sublevels, and orbitals,
2. Schrodinger’s model of the
quantum mechanical and relate this to energy
hydrogen atom and wave
description of the atom and 3. use quantum numbers to
functions STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-54
its electronic structure. describe an electron in an atom
3. Main energy levels, sublevels and
orbitals 4. (LAB) Perform exercises on
STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-55
4. Quantum numbers quantum numbers
5. Electron Configuration 5. write the electronic
STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-56
a. Aufbau Principle configuration of atoms
b. Pauli Exclusion Principle 6. determine the magnetic property
c. Hund’s Rule of the atom based on its STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-57
d. Diamagnetism and electronic configuration
Paramagnetism 7. draw an orbital diagram to
e. Orbital diagrams represent the electronic STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-58
configuration of atoms
8. (LAB) Perform exercises on writing
STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-59
electronic configuration
STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 2

Topics
• 1. Quantum mechanical description of the atom

• 2. Schrodinger’s model of the hydrogen atom and wave functions
• 3. Main energy levels, sublevels and orbitals
• 4. Quantum numbers
• 5. Electron Configuration
• a. Aufbau Principle
• b. Pauli Exclusion Principle
• c. Hund’s Rule
• d. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
• e. Orbital diagrams

1.
Quantum Mechanical
Description of the
Atom

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-52 Describe the
quantum mechanical model of the atom
Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
• The atomic model presented has considered

atoms as consisting of protons and
neutrons making up a nucleus surrounded
by electrons.
• Rutherford’s Atomic Model

• used existing ideas about the atom
• an atomic model in which the electrons move
around the nucleus like the planets move
around the sun
• Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
• could NOT explain: the chemical properties of
elements.
• could NOT explain: the reason an object glows
when heated to higher and higher temperatures

Bohr Model and Energy Levels
• developed by Niels Bohr, a young Danish physicist

and a student of Rutherford, in 1913
• proposed that an electron is found only in
specific circular paths, or orbits, around the
nucleus
• by considering only the simplest atom, hydrogen,
which has one electron
• Energy levels are fixed energies an electron (or
electron orbit) can have.
• (1) The electrons in an atom cannot exist between
energy levels.
• (2) To move from one energy level to another, an
electron must gain or lose just the right amount of
energy. The energy of an atom changes when the atom
absorbs or emits light.

Bohr Model and Quantum of Energy
• Quantum of energy
• the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to
another energy level
• The energy of an electron is therefore said to be quantized.
• The amount of energy an electron gains or loses in an atom is not
always the same. The energy levels in an atom are not equally
spaced. The higher energy levels are closer together.
• The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the less energy it takes
the electron to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level.
• The Bohr model failed to explain the energies absorbed and
emitted by atoms with more than one electron.

Quantum Mechanical (QM) Model
• The modern description of the electrons in atoms

that came from the mathematical solutions to
the Schrödinger equation.
• Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian physicist, used
theoretical calculations and experimental results to
devise and solve a mathematical equation describing
the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen atom in
1926.
• (1) The QM model restricts the energy of electrons
Electron Cloud Model
to certain values but does not specify an exact
path the electron takes around the nucleus.
• (2) The QM model determines the allowed
energies an electron can have and how likely it is
to find the electron in various locations around the
nucleus of an atom.
Quantum Mechanical (QM) Model
• (3) The probability of finding an electron within

a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus
can be represented as a fuzzy cloudlike region.
• Probability describes how likely it is to find an
electron in a particular location around the nucleus of
an atom.
• Electron cloud model: The cloud is more dense where
the probability of finding the electron is high and is
less dense where the probability of finding the electron
is low. Electron Cloud Model
• There is no boundary to the cloud because there is a
slight chance of finding the electron at a considerable
distance from the nucleus.
• Attempts to show probabilities as a fuzzy cloud are
usually limited to the volume in which the electron is
found 90 percent of the time.

2.
Schrodinger’s Model
of the Hydrogen Atom
and Wave Functions

Schrodinger’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
• Schrödinger's wave equation incorporates both the wavelike and

particle-like behavior of the electron.
Electron-density distribution in the

ground state of the hydrogen atom.
The density of the dots represents the

probability of finding the electron.
The regions with a high density of dots
correspond to relatively large values for
the square of the wave function.

Wave Function, Ψ
• a series of mathematical functions obtained from solving the

Schrödinger's equation
• Square of the wave function, Ψ2
• aka ‘probability density”
• provides information about an electron's location when it is in an allowed
energy state
• represents the probability that the electron will be in a certain region of
space at a given instant
• According to the uncertainty principle, if the momentum of the
electron is known with high accuracy, the exact location of an
individual electron (around the nucleus) cannot be specified. The
simultaneous knowledge of its location is very uncertain.

Atomic Orbitals
• a set of wave functions and corresponding energies yielded by

the complete solution to Schrödinger's equation
• Solutions to the Schrödinger equation give the energies, or energy
levels, an electron can have.
• For each energy level, the Schrödinger equation also leads to a mathematical
expression, called an atomic orbital, describing the probability of finding
an electron at various locations around the nucleus.
• Atomic orbital
• represented pictorially as a region of space in which there is a high
probability of finding an electron
• Each orbital describes a specific distribution of electron density in space, as
given by its probability density. Each orbital therefore has a characteristic
energy and shape.

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

Atom
How is the square of the wave function of an electron, ψ2, related to
the electron?
A. ψ2 is the uncertainty associated with the location of an electron.

B. ψ2 is the average value of a property of the electron.
C. ψ2 represents an acceptable solution to the wave equation.
D. ψ2 is the probability of finding the electron in a particular region
about the nucleus.


Atom
How is the square of the wave function of an electron, ψ2, related to
the electron?
A. ψ2 is the uncertainty associated with the location of an electron.

B. ψ2 is the average value of a property of the electron.
C. ψ2 represents an acceptable solution to the wave equation.
D. ψ2 is the probability of finding the electron in a particular
region about the nucleus.


Atom
When light is emitted by an atom, what change has occurred within
the atom?
A. An electron loses energy.

B. An electron moves farther from the nucleus.
C. An electron moves to a higher energy level.
D. An electron gains energy.


Atom
When light is emitted by an atom, what change has occurred within
the atom?
A. An electron loses energy.

B. An electron moves farther from the nucleus.
C. An electron moves to a higher energy level.
D. An electron gains energy.


Atom
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that:
A. it is not possible to know either the momentum or position of an

electron with precision
B. it is not possible to know the momentum of an electron without
knowing the position
C. it is possible to know either the momentum or the position of an
electron but not both simultaneously
D. None of these


Atom
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that:
A. it is not possible to know either the momentum or position of an

electron with precision
B. it is not possible to know the momentum of an electron without
knowing the position
C. it is possible to know either the momentum or the position of
an electron but not both simultaneously
D. None of these


Atom
Bohr's Theory of the hydrogen atom was important because:
A. It gave a fixed value or quantized the energy levels of electrons.

B. It gave a fixed or quantized value to the nucleus of the atom.
C. It identified the ground level energies of several atoms.
D. None of these


Atom
Bohr's Theory of the hydrogen atom was important because:
A. It gave a fixed value or quantized the energy levels of

electrons.
B. It gave a fixed or quantized value to the nucleus of the atom.
C. It identified the ground level energies of several atoms.
D. None of these


Atom
The nuclear or planetary model of the atom was proposed by …
A. Rutherford, as a result of his emission spectroscopy experiments.

B. Bohr, as a result of his gold foil experiment.
C. Bohr, as a result of his emission spectroscopy experiments.
D. Rutherford, as a result of his gold foil experiment.


Atom
The nuclear or planetary model of the atom was proposed by …
A. Rutherford, as a result of his emission spectroscopy experiments.

B. Bohr, as a result of his gold foil experiment.
C. Bohr, as a result of his emission spectroscopy experiments.
D. Rutherford, as a result of his gold foil experiment.


Atom
Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrated that …
A. metals have a low number of electrons in their outer shell.

B. atoms have a small nucleus that contains positive particles.
C. atoms contain positive and negative particles.
D. there are protons and neutrons in the nucleus.


Atom
Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrated that …
A. metals have a low number of electrons in their outer shell.

B. atoms have a small nucleus that contains positive particles.
C. atoms contain positive and negative particles.
D. there are protons and neutrons in the nucleus.


Atom
In Bohr's model of the atom, the …
A. maximum number of electrons per energy level is two.

B. energy of an electron shell increases with its distance from the
nucleus.
C. electrons are never able to move from one energy level to another.
D. potential energy of an electron depends largely on its speed.


Atom
In Bohr's model of the atom, the …
A. maximum number of electrons per energy level is two.

B. energy of an electron shell increases with its distance from
the nucleus.
C. electrons are never able to move from one energy level to another.
D. potential energy of an electron depends largely on its speed.

3.
Main Energy Levels,
Sublevels and Orbitals

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-53 Describe the electronic
structure of atoms in terms of main energy levels,
sublevels, and orbitals, and relate this to energy
Main (or Principal) Energy Levels
• the energy associated with an energy level

• increases as the distance from the nucleus increases
• An electron in the seventh energy level has more energy associated with it
than does one in the first energy level.
• The lower the main energy level, the closer the negatively charged
electron in it is to the positively charged nucleus and the more
difficult it is to remove this electron from the atom.

Sublevels
• When an electron is in a particular energy level, it is more likely to be

found in some parts of that level than in others. These parts are called
orbitals. Orbitals of equivalent energy are grouped in sublevels. Each
orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons.
• The first main energy level (K shell) contains only an s sublevel; therefore,
it can hold a maximum of two electrons.
• The second main energy level (L shell) can contain a maximum of eight
electrons - that is, two in the s orbital and 6 in the three p orbitals.
• The third main energy level (M shell) holds a maximum of 18 electrons: 2
in the s orbital, 6 in the three p orbitals, and 10 in the five d orbitals.
• The fourth main energy level (N shell) can hold up to 32 electrons: 2 in
the s orbital, 6 in the three p orbitals, 10 in the five d orbitals, and 14 in
the seven f orbitals.

Sublevels
• Principal quantum numbers (n)

• labels the energy levels of electrons in the quantum mechanical model
• these numbers are assigned the values n â 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth.
• Principal energy level greater than 1
• There are several orbitals with different shapes and at different energy levels.
• These energy levels within a principal energy level constitute energy
sublevels
• Each energy sublevel corresponds to one or more orbitals of
different shapes. The orbitals describe where an electron is likely
to be found.

Atomic Orbitals: s-, p-, d-, and f- orbitals
Electron density is another way of expressing probability: Regions where there

is a high probability of finding the electron are said to be regions of high
STEM electron density.
STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 32
• s Orbitals
• all spherically symmetrical
• The number of nodes increases with increasing value for the principal
quantum number, n. (3s orbital possesses two nodes.)
• As n increases, the electron is more and more likely to be located farther from
the nucleus. That is, the size of the orbital increases as n increases.
• p Orbitals
• The electron density is concentrated on two sides of the nucleus, separated
by a node at the nucleus; the orbital has two lobes.
• The orbitals of a given subshell have the same size and shape but differ from
one another in spatial orientation.
• px, py, and pz orbitals: the letter subscript indicates the axis along which
the orbital is oriented
• p orbitals increase in size as we move from 2p to 3p to 4p, and so forth

• d Orbitals
• The different d orbitals in a given shell have different shapes and orientations
in space. Four of the d orbitals have "four-leaf clover" shapes, and that each
lies primarily in a plane.
• The dxy, dxz, and dyz lie in the xy, xz, and yz planes, respectively, with the
lobes oriented between the axes.
• The lobes of the dx2 - y2 orbital also lie in the xy plane, but the lobes lie along
the x and y axes.
• The dz2 orbital looks very different from the other four: It has two lobes along
the z axis and a "doughnut" in the xy plane. Even though the dz2 orbital looks
different, it has the same energy as the other four d orbitals.

Atomic Orbitals
n2 = number of
orbitals in a principal
energy level
2n2 = the maximum

number of electrons
that can occupy a
principal energy level

Orbitals in Many-Electron Atoms
• In a many-electron atom, the electron-electron repulsions cause

different subshells to be at different energies.
• Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
• net positive charge attracting the electron
• Any electron density between the nucleus and the electron of interest will
reduce the nuclear charge acting on that electron.
• equals the number of protons in the nucleus, Z, minus the average number
of electrons, S, that are between the nucleus and the electron in question
• Screening effect
• The positive charge experienced by outer-shell electrons is always less than
the full nuclear charge because the inner-shell electrons partly offset the
positive charge of the nucleus. The inner electrons are said to shield or
screen the outer electron from the full charge of the nucleus.

Orbitals in Many-Electron Atoms
Energies of Orbitals
• In a many-electron atom, for a given value of n, Zeff decreases with
increasing value of ℓ.
• e.g. The 3s electrons experience the least shielding, and the 3d electrons the
most. Thus, the 3s electrons experience a larger Zeff than do the 3p electrons,
which in turn experience a larger Zeff than do the 3d electrons.
• In a many-electron atom, for a given value of n, the energy of an
orbital increases with increasing value of ℓ.
• e.g. Because Zeff is larger for the 3s electrons, they have a lower energy (are
more stable) than the 3p, which, in turn, are lower in energy than the 3d.
• e.g. the n = 3 orbitals (red) increase in energy in the order s < p < d
• Orbitals with the same energy are said to be degenerate.

Trends in Energy
• Within a given principal energy level, electrons in p orbitals are always

more energetic than those in s orbitals, those in d orbitals are always
more energetic than those in p orbitals, and electrons in f orbitals are
always more energetic than those in d orbitals. For example, within the
fourth principal energy level, we have:
• In addition, the energy associated with an orbital increases as the

number of the principal energy level of the orbital increases. For
instance, the energy associated with a 3p orbital is always higher than
that associated with a 2p orbital, and the energy of a 4d orbital is always
higher than that associated with a 3d orbital. The same is true of s
orbitals:

Energies of Orbitals
• For hydrogen atom, the energy of an
electron is determined solely by its
principal quantum number. The energies
of orbitals increase as follows:
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d
= 4f < …
• The energy picture is more complex for
many-electron atoms than for hydrogen.
The energy of an electron in such an
atom depends on its angular momentum
quantum number as well as on its
principal quantum number. The total
energy of an atom, however, depends not
only on the sum of the orbital energies
but also on the energy of repulsion
between the electrons in these orbitals.

4.
Quantum Numbers

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-54 Use quantum
numbers to describe an electron in an atom
STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-55 (LAB) Perform
Quantum Numbers exercises on quantum numbers
• A set of four numbers which gives complete information about an

electron in an atom
• Quantum Numbers:
• Principal Quantum Number, n
• Azimuthal Quantum Number, ℓ
• Magnetic Quantum Number, mℓ
• Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms)

Principal Quantum Number, n exercises on quantum numbers
• can have integral values of 1, 2, 3, and so forth.

• As n increases, the orbital becomes larger, and the electron spends
more time farther from the nucleus.
• An increase in n also means that the electron has a higher energy
and is therefore less tightly bound to the nucleus.

Azimuthal Quantum Number, ℓ exercises on quantum numbers
• aka orbital angular momentum quantum number

• can have integral values from 0 to n - 1 for each value of n
• defines the shape of the orbital
• The value of ℓ for a particular orbital is generally designated by the
letters s, p, d, and f, corresponding to ℓ values of 0, 1, 2, and 3,
respectively.
• The letters s, p, d, and f come from the words sharp, principal,
diffuse, and fundamental, which were used to describe certain
features of spectra before quantum mechanics was developed.

Magnetic Quantum Number, mℓ exercises on quantum numbers
• can have integral values between ℓ and - ℓ, including zero

• describes the orientation of the orbital in space

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-55 (LAB)
Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms) Perform exercises on quantum

numbers
• In 1925 the Dutch physicists George Uhlenbeck and Samuel

Goudsmit proposed a solution to this dilemma. They postulated
that electrons have an intrinsic property, called electron spin.
• If the electron is viewed as a tiny sphere, it can be envisioned as
spinning on its own axis.
• Only two possible values are allowed for ms : +1/2, and -1/2 which
can be interpreted as indicating the two opposite directions in
which the electron can spin.
• A spinning charge produces a magnetic field. The two opposite
directions of spin produce oppositely directed magnetic fields.
These two opposite magnetic fields lead to the splitting of
spectral lines into closely spaced pairs.

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-
55 (LAB) Perform
Relationship Among Quantum Numbers exercises on
quantum numbers

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-55
Relationship Among Quantum Numbers (LAB) Perform

exercises on quantum
numbers
• The shell with principal quantum number n will consist of exactly n

subshells. Each subshell corresponds to a different allowed value of ℓ
from 0 to n - 1.
• The first shell (n = 1) consists of only one subshell, the ls (ℓ = 0); the second
shell (n = 2) consists of two subshells, the 2s (ℓ = 0) and 2p (ℓ = 1); the third
shell consists of three subshells, 3s, 3p, and 3d, and so forth.
• Each subshell consists of a specific number of orbitals. Each orbital
corresponds to a different allowed value of mℓ. For a given value of ℓ,
there are 2ℓ+1 allowed values of mℓ, ranging from -ℓ to ℓ.
• Each s (l = 0) subshell consists of one orbital; each p (ℓ = 1) subshell consists of
three orbitals; each d (ℓ = 2) subshell consists of five orbitals, and so forth.
• The total number of orbitals in a shell is n2, where n is the principal
quantum number of the shell. The resulting number of orbitals for the
shells—1, 4, 9, 16—has a special significance with regard to the periodic
table:
• the number of elements in the rows of the periodic table—2, 8, 18, and 32—are
equal to twice these numbers.

Quantum Values Information conveyed
number
Principal Any integer value i.e. 1, — Main shell of the electron.
quantum 2, 3, 4 etc. — Approximate distance from the nucleus
number (n) — Energy of shell
— Maximum number of electrons present in the shell
(2n2)
— Explains the main lines of spectrum
Azimuthal For a particular value of — No. of subshells present in the main shell
quantum n, ℓ = 0 to n – 1 — Relative energies of the subshells
number (ℓ) ℓ = 0,  s-subshell — Shapes of orbitals
— Explains the fine structure of the line spectrum
ℓ = 1,  p-subshell
ℓ = 2,  d-subshell
ℓ = 3,  f-subshell
Magnetic For a particular value of — No. of orbitals present in any subshell
quantum ℓ, m = –ℓ to +ℓ including — Explains the splitting of lines in a magnetic field
number (mℓ) zero.
Spin +1/2, -1/2 — Direction of electron spin (clockwise or
quantum anticlockwise)
number (ms) — Explains the magnetic properties of substances
STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-53 Describe the electronic structure of atoms in terms
of main energy levels, sublevels, and orbitals, and relate this to energy
Quiz #. Quantum Numbers STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-55 (LAB) Perform

exercises on quantum numbers
Give the subshell notation for the following set of quantum numbers:
n = 4 and l = 3.
A. 4f
B. 3d
C. f4
D. 4d


Give the subshell notation for the following set of quantum numbers:
n = 4 and l = 3.
A. 4f
B. 3d
C. f4
D. 4d


If n = 4, what are the possible values of ℓ?
A. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 3
C. -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3


If n = 4, what are the possible values of ℓ?
A. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 3
C. -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3


What is the lowest-numbered principal shell in which f orbitals are

found?
A. 4
B. 2
C. 5
D. 3


What is the lowest-numbered principal shell in which f orbitals are

found?
A. 4
B. 2
C. 5
D. 3


Which of the following statements concerning energy levels is true?
A. The 4s level in multielectron atoms is equal in energy to the 3d

level in multielectron atoms.
B. The 2s level in multielectron atoms is equal in energy to the 2p
C. The 2s level in hydrogen is equal in energy to the 2p level in
hydrogen.
D. The 3s level in hydrogen has a lower energy than the 3d level in
hydrogen.


Which of the following statements concerning energy levels is true?
A. The 4s level in multielectron atoms is equal in energy to the 3d

B. The 2s level in multielectron atoms is equal in energy to the 2p
C. The 2s level in hydrogen is equal in energy to the 2p level in
hydrogen.
D. The 3s level in hydrogen has a lower energy than the 3d level in
hydrogen.


Which quantum number(s) do 2s and 2p orbitals have in common?
A. n and ℓ
B. n
C. ℓ
D. ℓ and mℓ


Which quantum number(s) do 2s and 2p orbitals have in common?
A. n and ℓ
B. n
C. ℓ
D. ℓ and mℓ


For a principal quantum number n, how many atomic orbitals are

possible?
A. n2
B. 2n
C. n
D. n+1


For a principal quantum number n, how many atomic orbitals are

possible?
A. n2
B. 2n
C. n
D. n+1


Which set of quantum numbers uniquely defines one of the electrons

in an atomic orbital with n = 2 and l = 0?
A. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0, ms = +1
B. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 1, ms = +1
C. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0, ms = +½
D. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 1, ms = +½


Which set of quantum numbers uniquely defines one of the electrons

in an atomic orbital with n = 2 and l = 0?
A. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0, ms = +1
B. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 1, ms = +1
C. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0, ms = +½
D. n = 2, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 1, ms = +½


How many radial nodes does a 4s orbital possess?
A. 2
B. 1
C. 4
D. 3


How many radial nodes does a 4s orbital possess?
A. 2
B. 1
C. 4
D. 3


For the principal quantum number n = 4, it is possible to have:
A. only s and p orbitals.

B. only s, p, d and f orbitals.
C. only an s orbital
D. only s, p and d orbitals.


For the principal quantum number n = 4, it is possible to have:
A. only s and p orbitals.

B. only s, p, d and f orbitals.
C. only an s orbital
D. only s, p and d orbitals.


Which of the following is not a possible value of mℓ for an electron

with ℓ = 2?
A. -1
B. 0
C. +1
D. +3


Which of the following is not a possible value of mℓ for an electron

with ℓ = 2?
A. -1
B. 0
C. +1
D. +3


The set of quantum numbers that correctly describes an electron in

a 3p orbital is:
A. n = 3; ℓ = 0; mℓ = 0; ms = 0
B. n = 3; ℓ = 2; mℓ = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2; ms = +1/2 or -1/2
C. n = 3; ℓ = 1; mℓ = -1, 0, or 1; ms = +1/2 or - 1/2
D. n = 4; ℓ = 0; mℓ = -1, 0, or 1; ms = +1/2 or -1/2



a 3p orbital is:
A. n = 3; ℓ = 0; mℓ = 0; ms = 0
B. n = 3; ℓ = 2; mℓ = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2; ms = +1/2 or -1/2
C. n = 3; ℓ = 1; mℓ = -1, 0, or 1; ms = +1/2 or - 1/2
D. n = 4; ℓ = 0; mℓ = -1, 0, or 1; ms = +1/2 or -1/2


What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal

quantum number n = 2?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4


What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal

quantum number n = 2?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4


What is the maximum number of electrons that can be

accommodated in the shell with n = 4?
A. 32
B. 18
C. 24
D. 10


What is the maximum number of electrons that can be

accommodated in the shell with n = 4?
A. 32
B. 18
C. 24
D. 10


Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is not allowed?
A. n = 2, ℓ = 2, mℓ = 0
B. n = 3, ℓ = 1, mℓ = -1
C. n = 3, ℓ = 2, mℓ = 0
D. n = 2, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1


Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is not allowed?
A. n = 2, ℓ = 2, mℓ = 0
B. n = 3, ℓ = 1, mℓ = -1
C. n = 3, ℓ = 2, mℓ = 0
D. n = 2, ℓ = 1, mℓ = 1



a 3s orbital is:
A. n = 3; ℓ = 0; mℓ = 0; ms = 0
B. n = 3; ℓ = 2; mℓ = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2; ms = +1/2 or -1/2
C. n = 3; ℓ = 1; mℓ = -1, 0, or 1; ms = +1/2 or - ½
D. None of the above.



a 3s orbital is:
A. n = 3; ℓ = 0; mℓ = 0; ms = 0
B. n = 3; ℓ = 2; mℓ = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2; ms = +1/2 or -1/2
C. n = 3; ℓ = 1; mℓ = -1, 0, or 1; ms = +1/2 or - ½
D. None of the above.


An atom in its ground state contains 18 electrons. How many of

these electrons are in orbitals with ℓ = 0?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10



these electrons are in orbitals with ℓ = 0?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10


The maximum number of electrons in a 3d orbital is …
A. 18.
B. 10.
C. 3.
D. 2.


The maximum number of electrons in a 3d orbital is …
A. 18.
B. 10.
C. 3.
D. 2.


The maximum number of electrons in the 4f subshell is …
A. 14.
B. 64.
C. 2.
D. 10.


The maximum number of electrons in the 4f subshell is …
A. 14.
B. 64.
C. 2.
D. 10.

5.
Electron
Configuration
a. Aufbau Principle
b. Pauli Exclusion Principle
c. Hund’s Rule
d. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
e. Orbital diagrams

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-56 Write the
electronic configuration of atoms
Electron Configurations
• ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around

the nuclei of atoms
• way in which the electrons are distributed among the various
orbitals of an atom
• The most stable (or ground) electron configuration of an atom is

that in which the electrons are in the lowest possible energy states.

Electron Configurations
• n, ℓ, mℓ, ms
• n=1
• ℓ=0
• ms +1/2 and -1/2

Aufbau Principle
• Electrons are progressively added

to the different orbitals in their
increasing order of energy.
ls < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < ....
• Orbitals are filled in the order of

increasing energy. Lower the (n +
l) value, lower is the energy and if
two orbitals have same (n + l)
value, orbital with lower value of
n has lower energy.

Electronic Configuration

Pauli Exclusion Principle
• In 1925 the Austrian-born physicist Wolfgang

Pauli (1900-1958) discovered the principle that
governs the arrangements of electrons in many-
electron atoms.
• The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two   
electrons in an atom can have the same set of
four quantum numbers n, ℓ, mℓ, and ms. an
orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons,
and they must have opposite spins.
• The electrons in an atom can be indexed, thus
giving their quantum numbers and thereby
defining the region in space where each electron
is most likely to be found.

Hund’s Rule
• Pairing of electrons does not occur in

orbitals of the same energy until
each of them is singly filled.
• Electron pairing in an orbital of same
energy takes place only when each
orbital is singly filled.

• n2 = number of orbitals in a principal energy level

• n = 1  n2 = 1 (one s)
• n = 2  n2 = 4 (one s + three p)
• n = 3  n2 = 9 (one s + three p + five d)
• n = 4  n2 = 16 (one s + three p + five d + seven f)
• 2ℓ + 1 = number of orbitals each subshell of quantum number contains
• ℓ = 0 (s)  2ℓ + 1 = 1 orbital
• ℓ = 1 (p)  2ℓ + 1 = 3 orbitals
• ℓ = 2 (d)  2ℓ + 1 = 5 orbitals
• ℓ = 3 (f)  2ℓ + 1 = 7 orbitals
• 2n2 = maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy
level
• n = 1  2n2 = 2e
• n = 2  2n2 = 8e
• n = 3  2n2 = 18 e
• n = 4  2n2 = 32 e

• Noble gas core

• shows in brackets the
noble gas element that
most nearly precedes the
element being
considered, followed by
the symbol for the
highest filled subshells
in the outermost shells
• e.g. calcium (Z 20) 
[Ar]4s2

• Transition metals
• from scandium (Z = 21) to copper (Z = 29)
• either have incompletely filled d subshells or readily give rise to cations that
have incompletely filled d subshells.
• Two irregularities
• For chromium (Z = 24) is [Ar]4s13d5 and NOT [Ar]4s23d4
• For copper is [Ar]4s13d10 and NOT [Ar]4s23d9.

• Elements Zn (Z = 30) through Kr (Z = 36): the 4s and 4p subshells fill in a
straightforward manner.
• With rubidium (Z = 37), electrons begin to enter the n = 5 energy level.
• Second transition metal series [yttrium (Z = 39) to silver (Z = 47)] has also
irregular electronic configuration.
• (Z = 57) is [Xe]6s25d1 and NOT [Xe]6s24f1
• Lanthanides or rare earth series
• [cerium (Z = 58) to lutetium (Z = 71)]
• have incompletely filled 4f subshells or readily give rise to cations that have incompletely
filled 4f subshells
• e.g. gadolinium (Z = 64) is [Xe]6s24f75d1 and NOT [Xe]6s24f8
• Third transition metal series
• including lanthanum and hafnium (Z = 72) and extending through gold (Z = 79)
• characterized by the filling of the 5d subshell
• With Hg (Z = 80), both the 6s and 5d orbitals are now filled. The 6p subshell is filled next,
which takes us to radon (Z = 86)
• Actinide series
• starts at thorium (Z = 90)
• Most of these elements are not found in nature but have been synthesized.


Quiz #. Electron Configurations
Nonmetals have:
A. small numbers of electrons in the valence shell and form negative

ions.
B. small numbers of electrons in the valence shell and form positive
ions.
C. large numbers of electrons in the valence shell and form negative
ions.
D. large numbers of electrons in the valence shell and do not form
ions.

Quiz #. Electron Configurations
Nonmetals have:
A. small numbers of electrons in the valence shell and form negative

ions.
B. small numbers of electrons in the valence shell and form positive
ions.
C. large numbers of electrons in the valence shell and form
negative ions.
D. large numbers of electrons in the valence shell and do not form
ions.

Quiz #. Electron Configurations Perform exercises on writing

This s p d f notation is for what neutral element?

1s22s22p63s23p3
A. Zn
B. Al
C. Na
D. P


This s p d f notation is for what neutral element?

1s22s22p63s23p3
A. Zn
B. Al
C. Na
D. P


Use the noble-gas-core-abbreviated s p d f notation to write the

electron configuration of Fe2+. Which is the correct response?
A. [Ar]3d6
B. [Ar]4s23d6
C. [Ar]3d5
D. [Ar]4s23d4


Use the noble-gas-core-abbreviated s p d f notation to write the

electron configuration of Fe2+. Which is the correct response?
A. [Ar]3d6
B. [Ar]4s23d6
C. [Ar]3d5
D. [Ar]4s23d4


Using expanded s p d f notation and referring only to the periodic

table inside the front cover of the text, determine the ground-state
electron configuration of Cl.
A. 1s11s22s21p63s22p4
B. 1s22s22d63s23d5
C. 1s2s2p3s3p
D. 1s22s22p63s23p5


Using expanded s p d f notation and referring only to the periodic

table inside the front cover of the text, determine the ground-state
electron configuration of Cl.
A. 1s11s22s21p63s22p4
B. 1s22s22d63s23d5
C. 1s2s2p3s3p
D. 1s22s22p63s23p5


Using the noble-gas-core abbreviated s p d f notation and referring

only to the periodic table inside the front cover of the book, write out
the ground-state electron configuration for Sn.
A. [Xe]5s24d105p2
B. [Kr]5s24d105p2
C. [Kr]5s25d105p2
D. [Kr]5s24d105p1


Using the noble-gas-core abbreviated s p d f notation and referring

only to the periodic table inside the front cover of the book, write out
the ground-state electron configuration for Sn.
A. [Xe]5s24d105p2
B. [Kr]5s24d105p2
C. [Kr]5s25d105p2
D. [Kr]5s24d105p1


Which of the following is a reasonable ground-state electronic

configuration for a known atom?
A. 1s22s22d63s23p64s23d7
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d3
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
D. 1s22s22p63s23p44s23d7


Which of the following is a reasonable ground-state electronic

configuration for a known atom?
A. 1s22s22d63s23p64s23d7
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d3
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
D. 1s22s22p63s23p44s23d7


Which of the following is the s p d f notation for the electrons in the

highest principal shell for In?
A. 5s24d10
B. 5s25d10
C. 5s25p1
D. 5p1


Which of the following is the s p d f notation for the electrons in the

highest principal shell for In?
A. 5s24d10
B. 5s25d10
C. 5s25p1
D. 5p1


Which element has the ground state electronic configuration:

1s22s22p63s23p5?
A. Cl
B. P
C. S
D. Si


Which element has the ground state electronic configuration:

1s22s22p63s23p5?
A. Cl
B. P
C. S
D. Si


How many valence electrons does an element with Z = 11 possess?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1


How many valence electrons does an element with Z = 11 possess?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1


Element Z has the ground state electronic configuration 1s22s22p3.

In which group does it belong?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 15
D. 13


Element Z has the ground state electronic configuration 1s22s22p3.

In which group does it belong?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 15
D. 13


"No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of n, ℓ, mℓ and
ms quantum numbers." This is a statement of:
A. Hund's rule.
B. Bohr's theory.
C. the aufbau principle.
D. the Pauli exclusion principle.


"No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of n, ℓ, mℓ and
ms quantum numbers." This is a statement of:
A. Hund's rule.
B. Bohr's theory.
C. the aufbau principle.
D. the Pauli exclusion principle.


The electronic configuration and filling order of the element whose

atomic number is 26 is:
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s03d8
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d44p2


The electronic configuration and filling order of the element whose

atomic number is 26 is:
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s03d8
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d44p2



these electrons are in p orbitals?
A. 15
B. 12
C. 3
D. 33



these electrons are in p orbitals?
A. 15
B. 12
C. 3
D. 33


Using the noble gas core designation, which of the configurations

below correctly describes the ground state electron configuration of
Cu?
A. [Ne]4s23d9
B. [Ar]4s23d9
C. [Kr]4s13d10
D. [Ar]4s13d10


Using the noble gas core designation, which of the configurations

below correctly describes the ground state electron configuration of
Cu?
A. [Ne]4s23d9
B. [Ar]4s23d9
C. [Kr]4s13d10
D. [Ar]4s13d10


A neutral atom in its ground state contains 30 electrons. This

element is considered a __________ element, and has _______
electrons in orbitals with ℓ = 2.
A. actinide, 10
B. representative, 10
C. lanthanide, 10
D. transition, 10


A neutral atom in its ground state contains 30 electrons. This

element is considered a __________ element, and has _______
electrons in orbitals with ℓ = 2.
A. actinide, 10
B. representative, 10
C. lanthanide, 10
D. transition, 10


The electronic configuration for K is
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s03d1
B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s1
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1


The electronic configuration for K is
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s03d1
B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s1
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1


An aluminum atom has ____ unpaired electron(s).
A. 4
B. 1
C. 7
D. 3


An aluminum atom has ____ unpaired electron(s).
A. 4
B. 1
C. 7
D. 3


The fact that no two electrons in an atom have the same four
quantum numbers is a reflection of
A. Hund's rule.
B. the dual nature of the electron.
C. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
D. the Pauli Exclusion principle


The fact that no two electrons in an atom have the same four
quantum numbers is a reflection of
A. Hund's rule.
B. the dual nature of the electron.
C. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
D. the Pauli Exclusion principle


The unusual electron configuration of Mo indicates the
A. unusual stability of half-filled d-orbitals.

B. unpredictability of the electron filling patterns of the
nonrepresentative elements.
C. unusually large size of Mo atoms.
D. greater than expected electronegativity of Mo.


The unusual electron configuration of Mo indicates the
A. unusual stability of half-filled d-orbitals.

B. unpredictability of the electron filling patterns of the
nonrepresentative elements.
C. unusually large size of Mo atoms.
D. greater than expected electronegativity of Mo.


The electron configuration of 32 using shell/subshell notation is …

16 S
A. 1s22s22p63s23p4.
B. 1s22s22p83s23p2.
C. 1s22s22p63s23p6.
D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2.


The electron configuration of 32 using shell/subshell notation is …

16 S
A. 1s22s22p63s23p4.
B. 1s22s22p83s23p2.
C. 1s22s22p63s23p6.
D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2.


Which of the following configurations does not represent an atom in

an excited state?
A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64p2
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
D. 1s22s22p53s23p63d74s2


Which of the following configurations does not represent an atom in

an excited state?
A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64p2
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
D. 1s22s22p53s23p63d74s2

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-58 Draw an orbital diagram to
represent the electronic configuration of atoms
Orbital Diagram
• pictorial representation of electron spin

• Chemists and physicists often refer to electrons as "spin-up" and "spin-down"
rather than specifying the value for ms.
• Three rules are useful in forming orbital diagrams.
• Aufbau Principle: Each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital.
• Pauli Exclusion Principle: Only two electrons can fit into an single orbital.
• Hund’s rule: Electrons go into different orbitals in the same sub-level before
doubling up inside orbitals.
• Each orbital is represented by a box and each electron by a half arrow.
• Upward half arrow () represents an electron with a positive spin quantum
number (ms = +1/2).
• Downward half arrow () represents an electron with a negative spin quantum
number (ms = -1/2).
• Electrons having opposite spins are said to be paired when they are in
the same orbital. An unpaired electron is not accompanied by a partner
of opposite spin.
Orbital Diagrams

Orbital Diagrams

Quiz #. Orbital Diagram
Give the orbital diagram for the ground-state electron configuration

of O.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Give the orbital diagram for the ground-state electron configuration

of O.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Give the orbital diagram for the electrons beyond the noble gas core
in Hf
A.
B.
C.
D.

Give the orbital diagram for the electrons beyond the noble gas core
in Hf
A.
B.
C.
D.

Which principle(s) or rule(s), if any, does this configuration violate?

Pauli exclusion principle
A. rules for acceptable quantum numbers and atomic orbitals

B. Hund's rule
C. the Aufbau principle
D. the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule

Which principle(s) or rule(s), if any, does this configuration violate?

Pauli exclusion principle
A. rules for acceptable quantum numbers and atomic orbitals

B. Hund's rule
C. the Aufbau principle
D. the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule

STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-57 Determine the magnetic property
of the atom based on its electronic configuration
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
• Spinning electron is an electric charge in motion. It induces a

magnetic field.
• Species with unpaired electrons are paramagnetic and those with
all electrons paired are diamagnetic.

Diamagnetic species (atom or ion) Paramagnetic species (atom or ion)
• weakly repelled by a magnetic • has unpaired electrons (in d-orbitals),

field and the individual magnetic effects
• In a diamagnetic atom or ion, all do not cancel out
electrons are paired and the • The unpaired electrons possess a
individual magnetic effects magnetic moment that causes the
cancel out. atom or ion to be attracted to an
• Paramagnetic character increases external magnetic field.
with the number of unpaired • The more unpaired electrons present,
electrons. the stronger is this attraction.
• Substances which are weakly • Substances which are weakly
repelled by external magnetic attracted by external magnetic field.
field. • e.g. O2, Cu2+, Fe3+, Cr3+
• e.g. N2, Zn,

• Ferromagnetic :
• show permanent magnetism even in the absence of magnetic field as when
placed in magnetic field, their unpaired electrons (or magnetic domains) get
permanently oriented in one direction
• with unpaired electrons oriented in same direction thus, strongly attracted
by the magnetic fields and can be permanently magnetized
• e.g., Fe, Ni, Co, Gd, etc.
• Ferrimagnetic
• Unequal no. of parallel and antiparallel arrangement of magnetic moments
thus, have small net magnetic moment
• Antiferromagnetic
• Equal number of domains in opposite direction thus, no net magnetic
moment.

Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128111802000165
Quiz #. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
An atom or ion with all electrons paired will exhibit:
A. ferromagnetism.
B. electromagnetism.
C. paramagnetism.
D. diamagnetism.

An atom or ion with all electrons paired will exhibit:
A. ferromagnetism.
B. electromagnetism.
C. paramagnetism.
D. diamagnetism.

An atom of chromium has ___ unpaired electrons and is ___.
A. 3, diamagnetic
B. 5, diamagnetic
C. 5, paramagnetic
D. 6, paramagnetic

An atom of chromium has ___ unpaired electrons and is ___.
A. 3, diamagnetic
B. 5, diamagnetic
C. 5, paramagnetic
D. 6, paramagnetic

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S tudy Notes in

Electronic Structure of Atoms

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 2

• 1. Quantum mechanical description of the atom

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 3

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 4

Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model

• The atomic model presented has considered

• Rutherford’s Atomic Model

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 5

Bohr Model and Energy Levels

• developed by Niels Bohr, a young Danish physicist

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 6

Bohr Model and Quantum of Energy

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 7

Quantum Mechanical (QM) Model

• The modern description of the electrons in atoms

Quantum Mechanical (QM) Model

• (3) The probability of finding an electron within

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 9

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 10

Schrodinger’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom

• Schrödinger's wave equation incorporates both the wavelike and

Electron-density distribution in the

The density of the dots represents the

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 11

• a series of mathematical functions obtained from solving the

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 12

• a set of wave functions and corresponding energies yielded by

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 13

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. ψ2 is the uncertainty associated with the location of an electron.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 14

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. ψ2 is the uncertainty associated with the location of an electron.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 15

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. An electron loses energy.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 16

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. An electron loses energy.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 17

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. it is not possible to know either the momentum or position of an

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 18

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. it is not possible to know either the momentum or position of an

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 19

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. It gave a fixed value or quantized the energy levels of electrons.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 20

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. It gave a fixed value or quantized the energy levels of

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 21

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. Rutherford, as a result of his emission spectroscopy experiments.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 22

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. Rutherford, as a result of his emission spectroscopy experiments.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 23

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of

A. metals have a low number of electrons in their outer shell.

STEM STUDY NOTES IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Electronic Structure of Atoms 24

Quiz #. Quantum Mechanical Model of