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Motivation
• Motivation is the driving force (inner reasons)
that impels people to act.
Understanding consumer
– Actual state: the condition in which the person
motivation happens to be at the given time
– Desired state: the condition the individual would
Dr. Narjes Haj Salem, Assistant Professor like to be
Email: nhajsalem@sharjah.ac.ae
Actual state: hungry
Spring 2019‐2020 Desired state: eating dount
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 3
Motivation process
Drive Theory
Gap
between
Tension Drive Behavior Goal/ need
actual state
What Drives Human Behavior? and desired
fulfillment
state
Degree of arousal created by the tension
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Needs Example
• We may categorize needs as:
– Physiological needs are innate (biogenic,
primary) and fulfilling them sustains biological
existence (maintain life). i.e.: shelter, food, air
– Psychological needs (psychogenic) are needs “The ‘Story of Joy’ encapsulates
that we learn in response to our culture or the sentiment shared
social environment. i.e.: the need for self‐ throughout BMW that we are
esteem, prestige, affection, power, learning, more than a car company. We
and achievement, autonomy, uniqueness are creators of joy,”
Jack Pitney, VP Marketing, BMW of North
America.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 5 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 7
Needs Can a product satisfy only one need?
• We may categorize needs, also, as : • A same product may satisfy different needs
– Utilitarian need: focus on the objective,
tangible attribute of the product (practicality) – The purchase of a house satisfies:
/ functional benefit. • The need for shelter (physiological)
• E.g.: A drink: number of calories, vitamins/ Pair of • But the type of the house (design) and its location are
jeans: durability, price.
likely to reflect psychological needs:
– Hedonic need: oriented to the “experience”, – One may seek a place where large groups of people can be
entertained (social needs).
the pleasurable aspect of consumption, – One wants to live in an exclusive community to impress friends (ego
subjective; Involve emotional response needs, achievement)
(pleasure).
• E.g.: Pleasure we feel when we eat a good pizza – A pair of blue jeans may be bought because for the
regardless number of calories; the appearance of luxurious image (self‐esteem need) it portrays and
clothing rather their ability to keep out the cold
because it covers us (safety need).
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Need arousal
Goals
• Most of an individual’s need are dormant much of the time.
• Needs can be internally or externally activated: • Marketers are interested in
– Biological arousal (involuntary) getting consumers to move
• E.g.: Stomach rumbling: need for food; decrease in body from generic goals to product‐
temperature: need for warm clothes
– Emotional arousal specific goals.
• E.g.: A young man who dreams of being a famous author may
enroll in a writing workshop
– Cognitive arousal – e.g. Heinz spends a considerable
• Random thoughts can lead to cognitive awareness of a need to amount on advertising to make
act. consumers ask for Heinz by
• E.g.: A commercial ad of cell phones may trigger an instant name and not just for ketchup.
desire to call your family.
– Environmental arousal
• Cues in the environment (e.g. smell of food); coupon
Goals Selecting Goals
• Goal is a particular outcome that a person would like
to achieve; it is a concert objective with specific plan
• The goals that individuals select depend on :
of action. e.g. lose weight before the summer; save personal experiences and knowledge,
money to buy new car, study every day for an physical capacity, cultural norms and values,
upcoming exam
the goal’s accessibility (The goal object has to
1. Generic goals : the general categories of goals that be both socially acceptable and physically
consumers see as a way to fulfill their needs. e.g., “I
want to get a graduate degree” accessible.)
2. Product‐specific goal: the specifically branded
products or services that consumers select as their
goals. e.g., “I want to get an MBA in Marketing from
University of Sharjah ”
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Needs and Goals Defense Mechanisms
• Needs and goals are interdependent
– neither exists without the other. However, people are often not as aware of
their needs as they are of their goals. (e.g., joining chats groups online without
beaning aware of our social need)
• Needs are never fully or permanently satisfied
– As individuals attain their goals, they develop new ones. If they do not attain
their goals, they continue to strive for old goals or they develop substitute
goals.
• New needs emerge as old ones are satisfied (hierarchy)
• Success and failure influence goals
– Failure lower goals (substitute goals)
– E.g a man who cannot afford a BMW may convince himself that a new, sporty
and less expensive Japanese car has an image he prefers.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 15
Frustration and defense mechanisms Which Defense Mechanism is used?
• Frustration is the feeling that results from
failure to achieve a goal.
• Defense mechanisms are cognitive and
behavioral ways to handle frustration
(especially for one that cannot cope with the
failure).
– daydream, withdrawal, projection, regression,
etc.
Frustration daydream
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Which Defense Mechanism is used?
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Frustration Regression
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Need can conflict Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Become everything that your are capable of becoming
Approach-avoidance conflict
The need to be recognized as a person of worth
• Occurs when the consumer wants both to engage in the behavior
and to avoid it (e.g. eating organic vs. saving money) The need to feel like a member of a
family or community
Approach-approach conflict The need to be secure and protected
Basic survival
• An inner struggle about which offering to acquire when each can
satisfy an important but different need (e.g. going to career-night
function or to movie with friends)
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
• An inner struggle about which offering to acquire when neither can
satisfy an important and different need (jump off a plane or jump
off a bridge)
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Both Physiological and An Appeal to self‐fulfillment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Social Needs
• Lower‐level needs generally must be satisfied
before higher‐level needs become activated
• Psychological needs are dominant when they
are chronically unsatisfied
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An Appeal to One’s An Appeal to
Need for Safety Physiological Need: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
To wake up
• Maslow’s hierarchy offers a useful, comprehensive framework
for marketers trying to develop appropriate advertising
appeals for their products.
• The hierarchy enables marketers to focus their advertising
appeals on a need level that is likely to be shared by a large
segment of the prospective audience.
• The hierarchy facilitates product positioning.
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Specific Needs and Buying Behavior NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT
McClelland's Trio of Needs: Power, affiliation & achievement
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT NEED FOR AFFILIATION
• Value personal accomplishment
• Their behavior is strongly
• People with high achievement prefer
situations in which they can take influenced by the desire for
personal responsibility for finding friendship, acceptance and
solution belonging
• Place a premium on products that
signify success (luxury brands, • Focus on products that are used in
technology products) groups / approved by friends
NEED FOR POWER NEED FOR UNIQUENESS
• Control one’s environment & • Assert one’s individual identity
others • Enjoy products that focus on their
• Focus on products that allow them unique character (perfumes,
to have mastery over surroundings clothing)
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4‐25
Power needs Affiliation needs
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Implications of motivation theories to
marketers Practice
1. Marketers need to determine the needs and goals of the target
market.
• Find advertisement that illustrate the needs
‐ Identification of consumer needs should be the corner stone of all marketing
strategy.
for power, affiliation, achievement or
2. Knowledge of consumer needs can be used to segment the uniqueness and discuss their effectiveness.
market.
‐ Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be used to segment markets.
‐ The market for the same product (e.g., cars) can be segmented into different groups
based on the underlying needs of various consumers for that product category.
3. Promotional strategies have to be tailored towards highlighting
how a product can satisfy consumer needs.
4. Marketers need to enhance consumer’s motivation to process
communication
‐ Make the information as personally relevant as possible and appealing to
consumer’s needs and goals.
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Practice
• Create an advertising slogan for a pair of jeans, which
stresses two levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
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