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Consumers as Problem Solvers
• Every consumer decision we make is a response to problem.
0302370 Consumer Behavior © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 2
Hyperchoice
How consumer build their decision
32% bought a jar of jam under “limited choice” condition (6 flavors) vs. only 3%
bought a jar of jam under “ extensive choice” ( 24 flavors) © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 4
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 3
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Three Types of Decision‐Making Example: diet decision
• Individual (consumer) possess a repertoire of
strategies that help him to make decision.
Cognitive decision Emotional decision
Same choice situation but different
Involvement
perspectives
• My husband: I want the car I read about in the latest issue of • Involvement is a person’s perceived relevance
Car and Drive magazine. It has a six‐cylinder turbo engine, a
double‐clutch transmission, a 90 stroke bore, and 10:1 of the object based on their inherent needs,
compression ration . values, and interests.
• Me: I want a red one.
– The term object is used in the generic sense to
refer to a product, brand, ad, purchase situation
Why different consumers may approach the same choice
or behavior.
situation from a very different perspective ?
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Involvement Types of Involvement
• Involvement reflects our level of motivation Product Involvement
to process information about a product or
service we believe will help us to solve a
problem, or reach our goal. Message Involvement
Cognitive decision making
Habitual decision making Emotional decision making
Situational Involvement
Lack of interest Obsession
Involvement
Product involvement Minolta Understands Perceived Risk
• Product involvement is a consumer’s level of
interest in a particular product.
• As a rule, product decisions are likely to be Minolta addresses the fear created by a sense
of no risk by offering a guarantee.
highly involving if the consumer believes there
is perceived risk.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 11 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 12
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Five Types of Perceived Risk Five Types of Perceived Risk
Monetary risk
Functional risk
Physical risk
Social risk
Psychological risk
Message Involvement
• Message involvement reflect the level of attention
that consumer gives to a specific “message”.
An Appeal
• High‐involved consumers process more information
to Social comparing to low‐involved ones.
Risk
– Print is a high‐involvement medium .
– TV is a low‐involvement medium.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 15 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 16
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• Use novel stimuli, such as unusual How to boost person’s motivation to
cinematography, sudden silences, or
unexpected movements, in a commercials.
process information?
• Use prominent stimuli, such as loud music • Provide value that consumers
and fast action, to capture attention. appreciate.
How to boost • Include celebrity endorsers.
person’s
motivation to
process
information? • Invent new media platforms
to grab attention.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 17 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 18
How to boost person’s motivation to
Situational Involvement
process information?
• Create a spectacles where message is itself a • Situational involvement take place with a
form of entertainment. store, Website, or a location where people
consume a product or service
http://advertising.chinasmack.com/2011/ariel‐china‐big‐stain‐with‐nintendo‐
wii.html
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 19 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 2‐20
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Three Types of Decision‐Making
• Individual (consumer) possess a repertoire of
strategies that help him to make decision.
COGNITIVE DECISION MAKING
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 21 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 22
Cognitive decision making Cognitive decision making
• According to this perspective: • Individuals tend to be “cognitive misers” : we
– people carefully integrate as much collect just as much data as we need to make
information as possible with what an informed decision.
they already know about a product,
weigh the pluses and minuses of
each alternative, and arrive at a
satisfactory decision.
– Especially relevant to activities like
financial planning or decision that
impact a consumers quality of life.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 23 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 24
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Steps in the cognitive Decision‐Making Process
Hello!
I am Richard
1. Problem recognition
2. Information search
3. Evaluation of alternatives
4. Product choice
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 25
5. Post purchase evaluation
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 26
Example: Consumer Decision Making Step 1: Problem Recognition
• Occurs when consumer sees difference
between current state and ideal state:
– Need recognition: actual state declines
– Opportunity recognition: ideal state moves upward
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 27 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 28
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Problem Recognition: Shifts in actual or ideal
states
Step 2: Information Search
• The process by which we survey the
environment for appropriate data to make a
reasonable decision.
– Prepurchase or ongoing search (hard‐core
shoppers).
– Internal (memory) or external search (Ad, friends,
web, cybermediary..).
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 29 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 30
How much do we search
• We search more when the product is
important.
• All things equal: Who search more: novices or expert ?
– Younger, better educated people who enjoy the
shopping / fact finding process tend to conduct Moderately knowledgeable
more information searches.
– Women are more inclined to search than man.
– Individual who place greater value on style and
the image they process.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 31 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 32
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The Relationship between Amount of Information
Search and Product Knowledge Step 3: Evaluate Alternatives
Evoked set : Consideration set
Inept set consists of brands that the
consumer excludes from purchase
consideration because they are
unacceptable(or they are seen as
inferior)
Overlooked brands that have not
Inert set: consists of brands the been clearly positioned
consumer is indifferent toward because
they are perceived as not having any
particular advantages.
How we put products into categories ? How we put products into categories ?
• We typically represent a product in a cognitive
• We cognitively represent information we have about structure at one of three levels
products in knowledge structures
• Knowledge structure : refers to a set of beliefs and
the way we organize these believes in our minds. The The
subordinate The basic level superordinate
• These structures matter to marketers because they level level
need to ensure that customer correctly group their
product.
‐ often includes ‐ Items tend to ‐ More abstract.
individual have a lot in
brands common with
/categories. each other.
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Levels of Abstraction in Dessert Categories Strategic implication of product categorization
1. Product position: the success of positioning
strategy hinges on the marketer’s ability to
convince the consumer to consider its
product within a given category.
– E.g., Orange juice it’s not just for breakfast
anymore
– Pepsi A.M. coffee substitute
Strategic implication of product categorization
2. Identify competitors
2. Create an exemplars
2. Locate products in a store
Source: Solomon 2016 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 40
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Evaluative criteria
• Evaluative criteria are the dimensions we use
to judge the merits of competing options (e.g.
functional attributes, experiential).
• Determinant attributes are the features we
actually use to differentiate among choices.
Marketers need to educate consumer about which
criteria they should use as determinant attributes.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 41 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 42
Consumer decision rules Consumer decision rules
• Are procedures used by consumers to facilitate brands Compensatory decision rules Noncompensatory decision rules
and other consumption related choices. • Each relevant attribute weighted • Do not allow consumers to
• Summated score for each brand balance positive evaluations of a
• This rules reduce the burden of making a complex brand on one attribute against a
decisions by providing guideline that make the process The consumer will select the negative evaluation on some
brand that scores highest among other attribute.
less taxing.
the alternatives.
• 3 types:
• Two types of consumer decision rules: o Conjunctive
– Compensatory decision rules o Lexicographic
o Disjunctive
– Non‐compensatory decision rules (mainly apply with
habitual and emotional decisions)
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 43 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 44
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• Conjunctive rule (brand):
– Product attributes are identified
– a minimally acceptable cutoff point is established for each attribute
– brands that fall below the cutoff point on any one attribute are eliminated
from further consideration.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 45 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem Source: Solomon 2016 46
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 47 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 48
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Habitual decision making
• Habitual decision making describes the
choices we make with little or no conscious
HABITUAL DECISION MAKING effort.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 49 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 50
Habitual decision making Habitual decision making decision making
Creativity, nonconformity innovation
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 51 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 52
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Heuristics: mental shortcuts or “mental
Framing
rules‐of‐thumb”
• Framing (mental acconting): the way we pose a
Covariation: infers hidden dimensions of products from
problem and whether it’s phrased in terms of gains attributes we observe
and losses influences our decisions.
– e.g: Free ticket vs. paid small fortune for the ticket.
Country of Origin
• Sunk‐cost fallacy: We are reluctant to waste
something we have paid for
Familiar Brand Names
• Loss aversion: We emphasize losses more than gains
• Prospect theory: risk differs when we face gains
versus losses Higher Prices
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 53
Emotion and consumption
• With affective decision making, consumers make a
decision because the choice feels right rather than
AFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING because they have made a detailed, systematic
evaluation of the alternatives
• Affect is the emotional response to products.
• Appraisal theory: emotions are elicited and
differentiated on the basis of a person's subjective
evaluation of the personal significance of a
situation, object, or event.
– Our interpretation of a situation causes a emotional
response that is based on that interpretations
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 55 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 56
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Positive and negative affect
• A passionate commitment to a
brand is called a lovemark.
• Negative emotions like disgust
work to influence consumers to
avoid some things.
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 57 © Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 58
© Dr. Narjes Haj Salem 59
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