HEAT

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CHECKLIST
Conditions
4.1 Thermal equilibrium Calculation
Application (thermometer)
Definition
4.2 Specific heat capacity Calculation (formula)
Examples and applications
Definition
4.3 Specific latent heat Calculation (formula)
Examples and applications
Formula (triangle)
Boyle's law
4.4 Gas law
Pressure law
Charles’ Law

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4.1 Thermal equilibrium

 When two objects come into contact, heat will be transferred
 Net heat moves from hotter objects to cooler objects
 The temperature of the cold object increases, the
temperature of hot objects is reduced
 When the temperature of the objects is the same, heat
transfer is equal and net heat transfer is zero
 Object has reached thermal equilibrium
Conditions for thermal equilibrium
 Same temperature
 Same rate of heat flow
 Net heat flow zero

Mercury thermometer

Benefits of using mercury:

 High boiling point
 Low melting point
 Good heat conductor
 Expands and contracts uniformly
 Opaque (easily visible)
 Cohesive forces high (non-stick to wall)

How to increase the sensitivity of a mercury thermometer

Reduce the thickness of the glass bulb Reduce the thickness of the glass bulb

Heat transfer between the mercury and environment faster Absorbs heat from the environment with higher rates
Use small diameter capillary tubes Reduce the thickness of the glass tube

Mercury rise higher when the diameter of the tube decrease Heat transfer between the mercury and environment faster

Thermometer calibration
Ice point (0 ° C) Steam point (100 ° C)

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Calculation for non-calibrated thermometer

ϴ = temperature, °C
𝑙𝜃 − 𝑙 0
𝜃= × 100℃ l0 = length when temperature is 0°C, cm
𝑙100 − 𝑙0 l100 = length when temperature 100°C, cm

The length of the mercury column in the thermometer at 0°

C is 2.6cm and 22.6cm at 100 ° C. What is the temperature
when the mercury column is 16.9cm? (A: 71.5 ° C)

4.2 Understanding specific heat capacity (temperature change only)

Heat capacity, C: The quantity of heat energy required to raise the temperature by 1 ° C (not per 1kg)
Specific heat capacity, c: The heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg object by 1 ° C or 1K

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃

Q = energy, J

m = mass, kg

c = the specific heat capacity, Jkg-1°C-1

Δθ = change in temperature, °C
c ↑ ∆θ ↓
c ↑: heat up slower, cool down slower c ↓: heat up faster, cool down faster

Mass and heat content: mass ↑, heat content ↑

Exercise:
1. During heating of water, a few drops of water at temperature 100°C splashed onto the hands of the chef. Compared
with exposure to a glass of water at temperature of 100°C, which would result in more serious injuries? Explain why.

2. 200 g of water at 70°C is heated to boil. If the specific heat capacity of water is 4200Jkg-1°C-1, calculate the energy
required.

3. 400g liquid with temperature of 80°C is poured into a beaker containing the same liquid with mass Mg. M has an
initial temperature of 30°C. Calculate M if the final temperature of the mixture is 50°C?

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Applications of specific heat capacity

1. Water as cooling agent in car engine 2. Kitchenware
 water has high specific heat capacity  Handle: Higher specific heat capacity, heat up slower
 able to absorb more heat without raising its  Base: Lower specific heat capacity, heat up faster
temperature

3. Sea breeze 4. Land breeze

 During the day, land heat up faster than sea water  During the night, land cool down faster than sea water
(cland < csea). (cland < csea).
 Warm air rises, lower pressure on land.  Warm air rises, lower pressure on sea.
 Cooler air flows from sea to land.  Cooler air flows from land to sea.

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4.3 Understanding specific latent heat (change state only)

Specific latent heat, I: The heat energy required to change phase of 1kg object at a constant temperature
(SLH)
a. SLH of fusion: The heat energy required to change 1kg of solid to liquid at a constant temperature
b. SLH of vaporization: The heat energy required to change 1 kg of liquid to gas at constant temperature

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑙

Q = energy, J

m = mass, kg

l = specific latent heat, Jkg-1

Heating Cooling

Temperature increase: Temperature decrease:

Energy absorbed used to increase the average kinetic energy
of molecules.
Temperature constant:
Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction
between molecules. Average kinetic energy of molecules
does not change.
Energy released decreases the average kinetic energy of
molecules.
Temperature constant:
Latent heat released to the surrounding, forces of attraction
between molecules become stronger. Average kinetic energy
of molecules does not change.

Electrical energy
Q = energy, J
𝑄 = 𝑃𝑡 P = power, W
(example: electric heater)
t = time, s

Conservation of energy

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑚𝑙
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4.4 Gas Laws

Boyle’s: The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely

proportional to its volume at constant temperature
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Pressure: The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature (in K) at
constant volume
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Charles’: The volume of a constant mass of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature (in K) at
constant pressure
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Exercise:
1. The volume of air bubbles on the surface of water is 6.3
cm3. Calculate the depth of air bubbles with a volume of
6.0 cm3. (Atmospheric pressure: 10 m of water)

2. Given that the pressure of a tire at 25°C is 100 Pa. What is

the temperature in °C when pressure of the tire is at 140
Pa?

3. A plastic bottle has a volume of 500 cm3 at 27°C. If the

bottle is cooled to a temperature of 15°C, what is the
current volume of the bottle?