THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE

HELIUM-ARGON SYSTEM

A. Purohit and J. R. Moszynski

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, ARGONNE, ILLINOIS

Prepared far the U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38
 DISCLAIMER

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 D i s t r i b u t i o n ' Category:
Gas Cooled Reactor Technology
(UC-77)

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, I l l i n o i s 60439

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. OF THE

HELIUM-ARGON SYSTEM

A. P u r o h i t and J . R. Moszynski*

M a t e r i a l s Science Division

February 1979

- .-

NOTICE

sionrored by Ihc United Stater Government. Neither Ihc

United Statcs nor the United Staler Department of
hcrw. nnr any nf lhrir rmplayeet, nor ony of their
contractors, rubcontractom, or their employees, maker
any warranty, express or implied, or auumcs any legal
Liability or responsibility for Ihc accuracy, complctcncrr
or uvfulncs of any information, apparatus, product or
proccn discloud, or represents that its use would not

*Department of Mechanical E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y of el aware

pmwun* W'TWD O C U M .uU N m ' p ~ p

 THIS PAGE
WAS INTENTIONALLY
LEFT BLANK
 TABLE O F CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT .................................. 1
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

I1. S O U R C E S O F D A T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

111. P R E D I C T I O N METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

iii
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE
HELIUM-ARGON SYSTEM

A . P u r o h i t .and J . R. Moszynski . -

ABSTRACT

A s e m i e m p i r i c a l r e l a t i o n f o r t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f helium-argon

gas m i x t u r e s i s s u g g e s t e d . The a n a l y s e s used i n s u p p o r t of t h e propos'ed

c o n d u c t i v i t y r e l a t i o n s a r e based on low-temperature (T < 800°C) t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y

d a t a f o r helium, a r g o n and helium-argon m i x t u r e s . The r e p o r t i s a c o m p i l a t i o n

o f a v a i l a b l e d a t a and t h e o r i e s , and does n o t c o n t a i n any new e x p e r i m e n t a l r e -

sults. , With t h e approach p r e s e n t e d h e r e , one s h o u l d b e a b l e t o p r e d i c t t h e r m a l

c o n d u c t i v i t i e s of helium-argon m i x t u r e s t o w i t h i n 5% of t h e i r t r u e v a l u e s f o r

t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 1200 K. The recommended e q u a t i o n s a r e " b e s t e s t i m a t e s "

and should b e t r e a t e d as such. A d e f i n i t e need e x i s t s f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l

d a t a t o v e r i f y o r , m o d i f y t h e recommendation.

I. INTRODUCTION

The need f o r t h e r m a l - c o n d u c t i v i t y d a t a -on mixed g a s e s h a s i n c r e a s e d

s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n recent years. T h i s is p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e f o r s e v e r a l i r r a d i a -

t i o n experiments i n EBR-I1 and FTR, where material-performance data at

t e m p e r a t u r e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e liquid-sodium c o o l a n t t e m p e r a t u r e

can b e o b t a i n e d by what i s commonly known as ' g a s gapping' t h e specinleus.

T h i s i n v o l v e s t h e placement of a known t h e r m a l - c o n d u c t i v i t y b a r r i e r between t h e

specimen and t h e liquid-sodium c o o l a n t . The gap s i z e c a n b e chosen t o o b t a i n

a p r e s c r i b e d t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t a l o n g t h e a x i a l l e n g t h of a subassembly i n

the reactor. Helium-argon g a s m i x t u r e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y used b e c a u s e any d e s i r e d

v a l u e of thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y between t h e h i g h v a l u e of helium and t h e low

v a l u e of a r g o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d by a d j u s t i n g t h e r a t i o of t h e two g a s e s . The

a b i l i t y t o v a r y t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c . t i v i t y g i v e s t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r a wide l a t i t u d e

i n s i z i n g t h e p h y s i c a l e x t e n t of t h e gap. However, e x i s t i n g t h e r m a l - c o n d u c t i v i t y

d a t a on helium-argon g a s m i x t u r e s a r e n o t o n l y l i m i t e d t o t e m p e r a t u r e s of 800K,

b u t a r e a l s o c o n t r a d i c t o r y f o r c e r t a i n v a l u e s of c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a t i o and

temperature. I n t h e c o u r s e of d e s i g n i n g a n i n - r e a c t o r experiment f o r t h e

Gas-Cooled P a s t R e a c t o r cladding-development program, t h e need a r o s e f o r ( a ) a

" b e s t e s t i m a t e " o f e x i s t i n g low-temperature d a t a and (b) some e x t r a p o l a t i o n

method f o r h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s ( a t l e a s t u n t i l high-temperature d a t a a r e

available). Both of t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s were achieved by t h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r s

and t h e d e t a i l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e r m a l - c o n d u c t i v i t y e s t i m a t e s , were made a v a i l a b l e

t o t h e EBR-I1 s t a f f a t ANL. They f e l t t h a t such i n f o r m a t i o n would b e of w i d e r

i n t e r e s t and s h o u l d b e made a v a i l a b l e i n t h e form of a s e p a r a t e r e p o r t . The

p r i m a r y i n t e n t of t h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t i s t o g i v e r e a c t o r experiments t h e c u r r e n t

" b e s t e s t i m a t e " o f thermal-,conductivity v a l u e s f o r t h e helium-argon system.

Some t h e o r e t i c a l background i s a l s o i n c l u d e d f o r t h o s e who wish t o c o n s i d e r

t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l modeling.

The t r a n s p o r t p r o p e r t i e s of d i l u t e monatomic g a s e s c a n , i n p r i n c i p l e ,

b e c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s of now s t a n d a r d t h e o r y . (By " d i l o t e " w e mean gases

i n which b i n a r y m o l e c u l a r c o l l i s i o n s p l a y a dominant r o l e and m u l t i p l e c o l l i s i o n s

c o n t r i b u t e o n l y n e g l i g i b l e o r v e r y minor c o r r e c t i o n s . ) The r e s e r v a t i o n " i n

p r i n c i p l e " i s n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e t h e knowledge o f i n t e r m o l e c u l a r i n t e r a c t i o n

p o t e n t i a l s i s i n a d e q u a t e t o p e r m i t a d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n of a l l p r o p e r t i e s of

i n t e r e s t f o r even t h e most s i m p l e g a s e s . Even s e m i e m p i r i c a l schemes i n which

t h e i n t e r m o l e c u l a r p o t e n t i a l ' i s deduced from one o r more s e t s of d a t a and t h e n

u s e d t o p r e d i c t o t h e r d a t a a r e n o t wholly s u c c e s s f u l .
 4-6
A r e c e n t l y proposed v a r i a n t o f t h e s e m i e m p i r i c a l approach, based on
..
t h e t h e o r y of c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t a t e s , u s e s e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a t o d e t e r m i n e a

minimal s e t o f s c a l i n g p a r a m e t e r s d e s c r i b i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a p a r t i c u l a r

b i n a r y i n t e r a c t i o n and then makes u s e of u n i v e r s a l f u n c t i o n a l s f o r t h e

intermolecular potentials. T h i s method, d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n I I I B below,

h a s been remarkably s u c c e s s f u l i n c o r r e l a t i n g a wide v a r i e t y of e x p e r i m e n t a l

d a t a on v i s c o s i t y , d i f f u s i o n and second v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r mo~latomic

and polyatomic g a s e s and t h e i r m i x t u r e s . -However, t h e method i s much l e s s

s u c c e s s f u l w i t h t h e r m a l - c o n d u c t i v i t y d a t a , even f o r p u r e monatomic g a s e s .

T h i s h a s l e d t h e a r c h i t e c t of t h e method, J. K e s t i n , t o that the

a v a i l a b l e experimental thermal-conductivity d a t a appear t h e r m o d y n ~ i c a l l y

i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a of h i g h p r e c i s i o n , and t o s u g g e s t

t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l l y p r e d i c t e d t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t i e s may b e more r e l i a b l e t h a n

t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y measured v a l u e s , a t l e a s t w i t h i n c l e a r l y d e f i n e d l i m i t s of

t h e theory. The o p p o s i t e view would h o l d t h a t c a r e f u l l y and c r i t i c a l l y a n a l y z e d

e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a p r o v i d e t h e o n l y r e l i a b l e t e s t of any t h e o r y and t h a t even

w i t h t h e a i d of e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s , l i m i t e d e x t r a p o l a t i o n s of w e l l - c o r r e l a t e d ,

p r e c i s e d a t a o f f e r t h e b e s t chance of a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s .

l'he d e t e r n l i a a t i o n of t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of helium-argon systems a t

1000-1200K seems t o r e q u i r e o n l y a minor e x t r a p o l a t i o n of r e p o r t e d d a t a . A

c a r e f u l examination of t h e d a t a r e v e a l s c e r t a i n p o s s i b l e shortcomings. Hence,

complete r e l i a n c e on e m p i r i c a l e x t r a p o l a t i o n i s u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . Happily,

however, t h e proposed e m p i r i c a l e x t r a p o l a t i o n a g r e e s q u i t e w e l l w i t h t h e pre-

d i c t i v e method of K e s t i n and h i s coworkers and a n a v e r a g i n g scheme i s proposed

which s h p u l d y i e l d r e s u l t s t h a t a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u f a t e ( i . e . , w i t h i n -
+5%)

f o r most e n g i n e e r i n g purposes.
 11. SOURCES OF DATA

Two major compendia of recommended thermal-conductivity d a t a f o r gases

are b u t o n l y one of t h e s e 7 o f f e r s d a t a f o r mixtures. A s f a r as

pure g a s e s a r e concerned, both provide d a t a w e l l beyond 1200K.

7
I n t h e c a s e of pure helium, t h e TPRC d a t a appear somewhat more r e l i a b l e
8
t h a n t h o s e of V a r g a f t i k . While below 1200K t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s m a l l (between

-3% and +3% w i t h a c r o s s o v e r a t 700K), a t 2000K V a r g a f t i k ' s v a l u e s a r e almost

15% lower than t h e TPRC v a l u e s . The l a t t e r a r e p r e f e r r e d because V a r g a f t i k

r e l i e s l a r g e l y on h i s own measurements, which a r e t h e n c o r r e l a t e d and smoothed

i n some f a s h i o n ; in t h e h i ~ h e r - t a m p o r n t u ~range,
c L l l t i TPRC value^ are based on
3-11
e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a from s e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s , which show a remarkable

d e g r e e of agreement where they o v e r l a p . F i n a l l y , purely a n a l y t i c a l extrapolation

of lower-temperature d a t a , using t h e K e s t i n method, shows e x c e l l e n t agreement

w i t h t h e TPRC recommended v a l u e s .

I n t h e c a s e of pure argon, t h e s i t u a t i o n i s s i m i l a r ; V a r g a f t i k ' s v a l u e s

a r e about 2% h i g h e r t h a n t h e TPRC v a l u e s up t o 1200K. The TPRC recommended

12 13,14 .
v a l u e s a r e based on both Russian and German experimental d a t a a t

t e m p e r a t u r e s above l O O O K and on a l a r g e number of d a t a a t lower temperatures.

C a l c u l a t i o n s using t h e K e s t i n procedure y i e l d d a t a i n good agreement w i t h TPRC

recommendations. V a r g a f t i k ' s recommended d a t a appear t o have been based on

h i s own measurements up t o about 1000K, and on a set of c a l c u l a t e d d a t a n o t

considered by TPRC workers. The high-temperature ( t o 1500K) v a l u e s i n

V a r g a f t i k ' s 1970 s t a n d a r d s p u b l i c a t i o n appear t o have been o b t a i n e d by e x t r a p o l a -

tion.
7
A s r e g a r d s m i x t u r e s , TPRC p r e s e n t s both o r i g i n a l experimental and smoothed

data. Most a r e a t room temperature, w i t h t h e h i g h e s t a t 793K. I n many c a s e s

t h e accuracy of t h e s e d a t a i s u n l i k e l y t o match t h e a u t h o r s ' claims of -

+2%,

s i n c e even t h e pure-component d a t a randomly d i f f e r from TPRC recommendations

by a s much a s -
+2%.
 One i s t h u s drawn a g a i n t o K e s t i n ' s c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t a well-founded

c a l c u l a t i o n procedure may produce d a t a a t l e a s t e q u a l i n a c c u r a c y t o e x t r a p o -

l a t i o n s of a v a i l. a, b l e. e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .

Both procedures w i l l b e o f f e r e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g . I

111. PREDICTION METHODS

A. Simple E m p i r i c a l Formulas

1. Helium
9
B l a i s and Mann s u g g e s t a s i m p l e l i n e a r e q u a t i o n f o r t h e t h e r m a l con-

d u c t i v i t y k:

where k i s i n mW/cm K and T i s i n K. -

10
P e t e r s e n and B o n i l l a prefer -

. .

A r e f i n e m e n t of t h e B l a i s and Mann l i n e a r e q u a t i o n (1) g i v e s

16
F i n a l l y , Keyes h a s proposed:

A s shown i n T a b l e I, a3.1 of t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n s r e p r o d u c e recommended TPRC

v a l u e s a d e q u a t e l y i n t h e r a n g e 500K < T < 1300K. Equation (3) i s recommended

f o r s i m p l i c i t y and a c c u r a c y .
 T a b l e I. Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y of Helium

k , mW/cm K

TPRC C a l c u l a t e d from Eq. C a l c u l a t e d from K e s t i n ' s

A T, K recommended t h e o r y of
valuea (1 (2) (3) (4) corresponding s t a t e s

a
From Ref. 7.

b ~ i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 111.B .

2. Arcon

I n t h e c a s e of a r g o n t h e c h o i c e of e q u a t i o n s t h a t a d e q u a t e l y r e p r e s e n t

TPRC recommended d a t a i s more l i m i t e d ;

Equations. (5) and (6) a r e compared.'with TPRC d a t a i n Table 11. Equation (6)

i s reconunended . . .

Table 11. Thermal Conductivity of Argon

Calculated
TPRC from Eq. Calculated from ~ e s t i n ' s
T, K recommended theory of
valuea (5 (6) corresponding s t a t e s

a
From Ref. 7.

. .
3. Mixtures

The following e m p i r i c a l mixing r u l e i s recomhended:

where x denotes t h e molar f r a c t i o n . The quasi-Wassiliewa c o e f f i c i e n t s (2.753

arld 0.3322) have been determined by a l e a s t - s q u a r e s f i t t o t h e a v a i l a b l e

higher-temperature d a t a .

P r e d i c t e d v a l u e s a t l O O O K and 1200K, based on both Eq. 7 and t h e Kestin

p r o ~ e d u r e , ~a-r~e given in Table 111.

Table 111. Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y a of Helium-Argon Mixtures

Molar % He

0 20 40 50 60 . 80 100.

Eq. (7) 0.428 0.696 1.06 1.29 I..% 2 . '3'3 3.63

K e s t i n method 0.436 0.671 1.09 1.33 1..60 2.24 , 3.64

Kestinmethod 0.486 0.750 1.12 1.36 1.66 2.54 '4.15

R. ~ e s t i n ' sMethod, Based on t h e ' T h e o r y of Corresponding S t a t e s

For a f u l l account of t h e t h e o r y t h e r e a d e r should s e e Refs. 2 and 4-6.

K e s t i n ' s method f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e thermal. c o n d u c t i v i t y of a d i l u t e

g a s m i x t u r e r e q u i r e s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e s e p a r a t e pure g a s e s , and of a mixture c o n d u c t i v i t y . The c o n d u c t i v i t i e s

of t h e p u r e gases a r i s e from c o l l i s i o n s between l i k e molecules and, according

t o t h e k i n e t i c t h e o r y o f , g a s e s , may b e expressed as
wh ere kg = 1.38044 x ~/rnoleculeK (Boltzmann's constant)
26
N = 6.0268 x 10 molecules/kmole (Avogadro's number)
M = molecular weight

a = scaling-length parameter (collision diameter)

T* = reduced temperature = T/(E/~~)

E = scaling-energy parameter (depth of intermolecular

potential well)

F(T*) = universal thermal-conductivity correction

..
n2' (T*) /f(T*) = universal vis&osity collision integral

2
(T*) = exp{0.45667
Q~'~(T*)/~ - 0.53955 En T* + 0.18265(En T*)

- 0.036'29(En T*) 3 + 0.00241(En T*)4 (9)

For any pure monatomic gas, Eqs. (8)-(lo), together with the two scaling

parameters a and E, are all that are necessary to.determine the thermal

conductivity at any temperature. The optimal scaling parameters have been

0
determined by Kestin and his coworkers as follows: For helium, a = 2.556 A
0

and €/kg = 11.29; for argon, a = 3.291 A and €/kg = 153.61. These data,

together with the molecular weights of 4.003 and 39.948, respectively, were

used in calculating the last columns of Tables I and 11.

Binary collisions between unlike molecules are accounted for by introducing

a mixture conductivity and mixture scaling parameters. In contrast to the more

t ' s theory the mixture

usual "combination rules" fur this conductivity, in ~ e g in

conductivity is ,givenby an,equationof the same form as (8) with universal

collision functionals given by Eqs. (9) and (10. For the helium-argon system
0
the appropriate scaling parameters are o = 2.904 A and ~ ~ = 55.24.
~ / Fork ~
12
c o l l i s i o n s i n v o l v i n g s p e c i e s 1 and 2,

where T* = T/ ( c k )
12 12 B
. It should b e noted t h a t t h i s c o n d u c t i v i t y i s

independent of t h e molar composition of t h e mixture.

F i n a l l y , t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of a b i n a r y mixture of s p e c i f i e d

composition i s (Refs. 1 and 2)

where
x and x a r e t h e mole f r a c t i o n s of each component and A
* and B
* are
1 2 12 12
a d d i t i o n a l u n i v e r s a l f u n c t i o n a l s of t h e reduced temperature, given by

2
A* = exp[0.10967 - 0.09555 Rn T* + 0.08965 (Rn T*)

- 0.02629 (Rn T * ) ~+ 0.00241 (an T * ) ~ ]

and

2
B* = exp[0.15529 - 0.042985 P,nT* - 0.000213 (Rn T*)

The c a l c u l a t i o n procedure has been checked a g a i n s t t h e TPRC smoothed d a t a f o r

helium-argon m i x t u r e s a t 343.2 and 793.2K. The agreement is w i t h i n 2% and

4%, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The corresponding-states procedure i s n o t d 3 f f i c u l t t o

perform, even w i t h a hand c a l c u l a t o r . Thus, f o r temperatures l e s s than about

800K, K e s t i n ' s method is recommended. For h i g h e r temperatures, however, t h e

e r r o r due t o ~ e s t i n ' smethod may i n c r e a s e beyond 4% and t h e r e f o r e an e m p i r i c a l

c o r r e l a t i o n is suggested a s d e s c r i b e d below.

Since t h e mixture d a t a e x t r a p o l a t e d t o pure components show p r o g r e s s i v e l y worse

agreement w i t h o t h e r pure-component measurements a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e i n -

c r e a s i n g discrepancy between t h e m i x t u r e d a t a and t h e K e s t i n p r e d i c t i o n may w e l l be

due t o experimental e r r o r s r a t h e r than f a u l t y theory. Until t h i s matter i s resolved

I
 !

by more p r e c i s e measurements, i t i s recommended t h a t f o r mixtures w i t h s m a l l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of e . i t h e r component t h e K e s t i n p r e d i c t i o n method be used, w h i l e

f o r o t h e r m i x t u r e s t h e modified procedure o u t l i n e d i n s e c t i o n C be employed.

C,. . Numerical Data F i t t i n g

For helium-argon gas m i x t u r e s i n which t h e argon mole f r a c t i o n (x)

v a r i e s from 0.2 t o 0.8, t h e following e x p r e s s i o n is recommended:

where k = c o n d u c t i v i t y of t h e m i x t u r e ,
m
$= c o n d u c t i v i t y c a l c u l a t e d by K e s t i n ' s method as
recommended a h n l r ~ ,

and

where

'. X = mole f r a c t i o n ,argon

n+l
Q, = [ l - exp(-2X )] n = 1,2

T = temp. i n .degrees Kelvin.

 The e x p r e s s i o n shown i n Eq. (23) was a r r i v e d a t by a t r i a l - a n d - e r r o r procedure

which attelnpted t o minimize t h e mean s q u a r e e r r o r between Eq. (23) and t h e raw

-
d a t a g i v e n i n Ref. 7.

The o v e r a l l a c c u r a c y of t h e e x p r e s s f o n g i v e n i n Eq. (22) i s e s t i m a t e d

t o b e b e t t e r t h a n -+4%. i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of 800-1200K. The a c c u r a c y

7
of k - (Eql 7 3 ) alone i s e s t i m a t e d t o b e +5%. The raw TPRC d a t a a v a i l a b l e up
E
t o a b o u t 793K f o r helium-argon m i x t u r e s , a s w e l l as t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s of

k based on Eq. ( 2 3 ) , a r e shown i n F i g . 1.

E
An a c c u r a c y of -
+5% can b e a c h i e v e d by u s i n g e i t h e r t h e method recommended

by K e s t i n [Eq. (12) 1 o r Eq. (23) ( o r F i g . 1 ) . However, i t a p p e a r s t h a t f o r t h e

high-temperature regime (T > 800K). Eq. (23) o v e r p r e d i c t s t h e t h e r m a l con-

s d u c t i v i t y v a l u e , w h i l e Eq. (12) u n d e r p r e d i c t s i t . T h e r e f o r e , Eq. (22),

which g i v e s a n a v e r a g e of t h e two v a l u e s , i s recommended when g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y

is desired.

It s h o u l d a g a i n b e noted t h a t t h e above recommendation i s based on

e m p i r i c a l a n a l y s i s and on t h e t h e o r e t i c a l model of K e s t i n , and i s t h e r e f o r e

\

only a "best estimate." Actual experimental d a t a a r e required t o v e r i f y t h e

a c c u r a c y of t h e recommended procedure.
 , 4.00
EXPERIMENTAL DATA POINTS
- LEAST-SQUARES
DATA POINTS
FIT THROUGH
1

MOLE FRACTION OF ARGON

Fig. 1. Thermal Conductivity of Helium-Argon Systems

Selected Temperatures. Neg. No. MSD-64184.
 REFERENCES

1. S. Chapman and T. G. Cowling, The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases,

J

b
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3. J. H. F e r z i g e r and H. G. Kaper, Mathematical Theory of T r a n s p o r t P r o c e s s e s

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I

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 D i s t r i b u t i o n f o r ANL-79-3

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