Prepared By: S.

Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

ME 471- BIO-ENGINEERING / BIO-MEDICAL

TOPICS: SPECT NUCLEAR

Prepared By,

S. EHTESHAM AL HANIF (HRIDOY)

STUDENT ID: 0510035
E-MAIL: SEAHHRIDOY@GMAIL.COM
MOBILE: 88-01670839383

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – SPECT NUCLEAR

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
 Relies on injection of a radioactive isotope to measure cerebral blood flow.
 Whereas fMRI images rely on the interaction of multiple factors (different tissue proton densities, relaxation
times, a combination of CBF, CBV, CRMO and CRMGl) PET relies only on only one factor for a given experiment
(e.g., usually CBF – but can be CBV or CRMO)
 PET
 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses a ligand tagged with a positron emitting isotope
 such as 11C or 13N. The compound then binds quickly to a certain area of the body. For example,
 glucose tagged with 11C will bind inside the brain. The isotope will then decay emitting a
 positron which annihilates a free electron usually no farther than 1 mm away

Diagram depicting how a PET scan works

 Two co-linear gamma rays, which result from the annihilation, emerge 180 degrees from one
 another, and can be detected by an array of scintillators that surround the patient
 When the photons are recorded both simultaneously and 180 degrees apart, the sensors can
 infer where the annihilation occurred. PET has an advantage over other types of imaging in that
 it is capable of high resolution. Thus, it can be used, for example, in imaging and studying receptor
proteins in the body.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
• Typically an interruption of function – creating temporary lesions in the healthy brain.
• Great for pinpointing regions involved in specific components of tasks or for mimicking neurological disorders.
• Single vs. rapid-pulse TMS – inherent dangers in rapid-pulse TMS
• Poor spatial resolution – vitamin E tablets and MRI help! (and magnetic dipole modeling as in VEPs)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
 Less spatial resolution than PET – but far less expensive
 Often used for early detection of dementias – evidenced by hypoperfusion in a given area
 10
 SPECT
o Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography is the goal of the experiment described in this paper.
o SPECT uses one or more gamma cameras that can be rotated around a patient to gather 2-D images
from different angles.
o Whereas PET uses a positron emitting tracer, SPECT uses a photon emitting tracer that is detected by
the gamma cameras.
o The radioactive isotope used in the present experiment is 125I.
o After injection of the tracer, the PSPMT’s are used to detect the gamma-rays given off by the isotope.
BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – SPECT NUCLEAR
 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
o A SPECT computer system can then recreate three dimensional images of the radio isotope

Electro-encephalogram (EEG)
• Scalp potentials – EEG used clinically but from this we can get visually evoked potentials (VEPs) and the like.
• Dipole modeling used to locate the source of the VEP
• Requires many trials – poor spatial but great temporal resolution.

Combinations
• fMRI and single cell in monkeys (Logothetis)
• Non-pherous EEG recordings with fMRI in humans
• TMS and PET (Paus, 1999; Desmurget et al. 1999)

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – SPECT NUCLEAR