SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND PATTERN REVIEW OF BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY1

By
Riskha Paulina (25410057)2
Mizan Bustanul Fuady (25410077)3

Abstract

This paper aims to give review about the growth of spatial structure and pattern in Bandung
Municipality throughout the time. It will address several main findings about spatial structure and
pattern conditions in Bandung Municipality from its emergence, during the colonial, its recent
conditions, and possible future conditions. Provided information to address problems in this paper
came from various sources, both offline and online. In order to give comparable view, the term spatial
structure and pattern was taken from arrangement in recent law of spatial plan. From the paper we
may see that Bandung as a city has grown almost four times compare to its first condition in term of
populations and city size. Various role that Bandung has taken, from economic growth, to population
pressures have affected the spatial structure and pattern. The proliferation event and then followed by
spatial structure changing from a single to multiple nuclei have shown that there are effort to
intervene the condition trhough planning process. However, this paper didn’t provide a more insight
relation between various Bandung development plans towards the realities. In addition, the strong
point of this paper is the comparation among planning products that had tried to shape Bandung face.

Keywords: spatial structure, spatial pattern, Bandung, spatial changes

1
Assignment for Subject PL 5102 Spatial Structure and Pattern in Graduate Program for Regional and City
Planning, Institute of Technology Bandung
2
Graduate student of Regional and City Planning, School of Architecture Planning and Policy Development,
Institute of Technology Bandung
3
Graduate student of Regional and City Planning, School of Architecture Planning and Policy Development,
Institute of Technology Bandung

1
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preface
Langzaam maar zeker zal men ze dan ook naar
de Preanger zien verhuizen – “Slowly but
sure, people will move and settle in Priangan”
(Burgemeester van Bandoeng, in Kunto,
1986). It seems that the prophecy from one of
the earliest city major in Bandung
Municipality turns out to be reality. After two
hundred years after Daendles first mandated
the instructions to develop Bandung, the small
and quiet village changed into one of the large
city in Indonesia.
As a city that developed practically from
scratch by the Dutch, it is interesting to study
how the changing process was happened in
spatial form of Bandung Municipality. At one
point, Bandung bears several positive
nicknames like Parisj Van Java, City of
Bloom, etc, due to the golden age periode of
the city. During those times, Bandung played
various important roles such as the capital of
Priangan Karesidenan, center of military
activities, center of higher education, and
tourism destination for European. Such
achievement basically gained based on several
development plans such as the Gemeente
Bandung Masterplan and Plan Karsten. Based
on those two plans, Bandung was well known
as one of the most beautiful cities in Indonesia
at that time.
However, as times goes by, recently, Bandung
turns to be a city that faced many problems
and pressures. This city is facing congestion,
slum areas issues, flood, urban poverty,
environmental degradation, and so on
(Tanuwidjaja, 2005). Proliferation effort at
once seems to be a solution for Bandung.
However it didn’ work since proliferation of
Bandung had been doubled in size, long before
achieving its goal, especially when it came to
population density. It was due to the fact that
the periphery areas had been already occupied
by the time of the proliferation occured
(Kunto, 1996, p.12).
Dr Ir H Sutami (former Minister of Public
Work) once described Bandung as a beautiful
girl who suffered from chronic disease: that
due to the disease level, it required a special
treatment. We are all hoping, after the surgery
process, Bandung will become Parijs Van Java
as it used to be, or city of flowers. (Pikiran
Rakyat Newspaper, 26 Juli 1976 in Kunto,
1986, P.272 – 273). In this context, the special
treatment should be the development and
implementation plan of Bandung Municipality
itself. This then leads to a question why is that
at some point development plan may address
Bandung as a beautiful place and at some other
points it turns to be a city with problems?
1.2 Objectives
This paper aims to give review about the
growth of spatial structure and pattern in
Bandung Municipality throughout the time and
to understand the factors that likely influence
the changing of the city structure and pattern.
1.3 Methodology
This paper basically uses descriptive approach
to analyse the changing in Bandung
Municipality spatial structure and pattern. The
steps begin with collecting the secondary data,
noticing features in contains, analyzing the
findings based on its relevancy with several
key points to indicate changing in spatial
structure and pattern. In addition, to link those
spatial changing, a general information about
Bandung Municipality also is also included.
The paper follows qualitative analysis
procedure as Miles and Huberman addressed
(1994) that consists of data reduction, data
display, and conclusion drawing.
Several parameters are set to classify
appropriate information that will be analyzed
in this paper. In terms of general information,
it will cover information about Bandung
Municipality area, number of popupation,
government during each period of time, and
planning issues. As for classifying appropriate
information for spatial structure, this paper
will follow definition from Law 26/2007 about
spatial planning in Article 1 that define spatial
structure as hierarchial and functional
arrangement of settlement centers and
infrastructure system that support social
economy activities. As a limitation,
infrastructure that will be addressed here only
the transporation infrastructure. In addition,
the law in the same article will also define
spatial pattern as spatial distribution in plan
area that covers arrangement for utilization
area and preservation area. Based on those
definitions this paper will try to compare the
conditions in Bandung throughout the time.
2
1.4 Study Area
The study area in this paper is Bandung
Municipality, situated in West Java, Indonesia;
Bandung is the capital City of West Java
Province. It is located in 1070 32’ 38.91” E
and 60 55’ 19.94” S, while its altitude is
between 675 m and 1’050 m above the sea
level. There are two differents topography in
Bandung; the most beautiful one is the
Northern area since this hilly area provides
better scenery and also beautiful buildings.
The Southern part of Bandung is lower,
dominated by agriculture areas and swamps.
Surrounded by mountains, the average
temperature is 23.6°C creating a wet and
humid atmosphere. However, a great basin-
shaped of Bandung made it difficult and pricy
to develop Bandung in size.
Figure 1. Study Area
Source : RTRW Bandung 2013
II. BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY
HISTORICAL VIEW AND STAGING
From the book of “Jendela Bandung:
Pengalaman Bersama Kompas” (Suganda,
2008) it was known that many experts noticed
Bandung highland-shaped was strongly
influenced by quaternary active volcanoes
which can be found in the Northern and
Southern part of the city. In northern
Bandung, there was a very big mountain called
Gunung Sunda. The height was 3.000-4.000
m, while the lowest part diameter was 30 km.
It named as Sunda, since the top of the
mountain always covered by snow. This
condition made people call it chudda, meaning
clean, white, and sacred. The word “chudda”
then transformed into Sunda, name of the
mountain, which is also the name of the local
tribe.
Historically, Bandung was established due to
big explosion of Sunda Mountain. The ash
falls covered the area within 200 km square
with 40 meters of ash, the explosion created an
ancient big lake called Situ Hyang. The lake
was 50 km long measured from west to east
(from Padalarang to Cicalengka), and 30 km
from north to south (from Dago Pakar to
Soreang). In addition, the lava also altered the
flow of Citarum River, blocked the earlier
flow and then altered it into different direction
just like it is now. Furthermore, seen from
higher place, this lake looked like two opposite
lakes, for which Sundanese usually call it
ngabandung, it was then considered to be the
reason why this city called Bandung. In the
long run, the water of the lake ran out, and
once the land dried up, Bandung city was
established.
Due to the beauty of city, MAW Brouwer said
that God was smiling when creating Bandung
(in Kunto, 1986). Originally the emergence of
Bandung Municipality begun by the
development of Grote Postweg (Post way) by
Daendels, a main road that connected western
and eastern part of Bandung. The development
began at point where Daendels embed his
stick, which is now known as Kilometer 0
(zero) monument. At this point also, Daendels
mandated Wiranatakusumah II (head of
Bandung Regency at that time) to move the
capital of Bandung Regency from Karapyak,
he said that once he come back at that place,
the City of Bandung must had been settled.
However, until the mid of 19th century,
Bandung was still a secluded city, known as a
small mountainous village, limited to
European, Chinese, etc, based on Colonial
Governor Decree, GA Baron Van der
Capellen, dated 9 Jan 1821, No. 6/1821
(Kunto, 1996, p.3).
The city structure of Bandung at that time
(1826) was simple. Developed based on
garden city concept, the city was centered at
Alun – alun (city square). A wide open area
surrounded by functional building such as
mosque, big veranda (pendopo), public hall
(Bale Bandung), and prison. The significant
improvement of Bandung was then initiated by
a decree of Governor General of Dutch East to
move the capital of Karasidenan Priangan
from Cinajur to Bandung in 1856, although the
implementation was in 1864. The background
of this decision was the strategic location of
Bandung for bastions, Military Defense
3
Center, and for restoring and transporting
point of agriculture products in Priangan.
Moreover, the eruption on Gunung Gede had
devastated Cianjur at that time. In addition to
that, the Governor General AJ Duymaer Van
Twist was triggered by a letter from Dr.Ir.R
Van Hoevell who wrote about the beauty of
Bandung as important attraction for visitor.
Actually, Bandung is a relatively new city.
Bandung just experienced the modernization
process, spatial structuring, and infrastructure
development in 1915. Due to the function for
the Europeans (Dutch) settlement, Bandung
was carefully designed by many architect from
Europe, one of the most popular was Prof
Wolff Schoemaker, due to the numerous
number of architects, Dr DMG Koch, 1952
said: ”there was no other cities but Bandung,
where architects were allowed to create their
work and bring it into reality” (in Kunto,
1996). Furthermore, the city also functioned
as military defense, service and trading center,
and also prepared as capital candidate of
Dutch East Indies, which was planned on
Masterplan Gameente Bandung 1918-1923.
The staging of Bandung Municipality being
proposed here will be based on several main
Bandung development plans. Its staging being
affected by the conditions of increasing
populations and city size. Initially, Bandung
was only 900 wide, but then rose to 8.908 in
1971 and nearly 17.0000 in 1985.
Subsequently, along with the city progress,
Bandung municipality had some development
stages, which are broadly described as follows:
1) 1918-1923 : Masterplan Gameente
Bandung-proposed area for Dutch East
Indies
2) 1930-1935 : Plan Karsten
3) Masterplan of Bandung Municipality year
1971
4) Masterplan (Rencana Induk) of Bandung
Municipality year 1985-2005 with
supproting document of Bandung
Municipality General Spatial Plan (RUTR)
1992
5) Bandung Municipality Spatial Plan
(RTRW) year 2003-2013
6) The draft of Bandung Municipality Spatial
Plan (RTRW) year 2010-2030
III. BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY
SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND
PATTERN DURING COLONIALISM
(MASTER PLAN GEMEENT
BANDUNG AND PLAN KARSTEN)
At the early of 20th, Bandung experienced a
significant changing. Based on ordinance
dated 21 Feb 1906, Bandung was appointed as
gemeente by the colonial government,
legalized by Governor General JB Van Heutzs,
on 1st April 1906 (Staatsblad van
Nederlandsch-Indie over het Jaar 1906, No.
121). At this time Bandung had 2 sub-districs,
Bandung Kulon Sub-Districts which was
consisted of 8 villages, and Bandung Wetan
Sub-Districts which was consisted of 6
villages. A significant improvement also
indicated by train operation, actually the city
had been connected with Cilacap since Nov
1894 (Suganda, 2008), this condition which
later triggered a massive urbanization to
Bandung. Evidence of urbanization was seen
in the map of Bandung in 1911, it clearly seen
that eventually proliferation was needed, since
railway and settlement development tended to
grow to the southern part of the city
(Tegallega).
In this era, Bandung had one primary center,
known as Alun-alun, this is the most popular
place at the time, since CBD of the the city
also found here. This situation captured by
Kunto (1996) who said “men adn women
flocking, spending time walking around Pasar
Baru, Jalan ABC, Jalan Asia-Afrika (Groote
Postweg), Jalan Otista, alun-alun, Jlaan Braga,
and Jalan Dewi Sartika”. As mentioned earlier,
that Bandung also once prepared to be the
center of Indonesia government, and military
defence. As a military center, Bandung built
Garnizun center in Cimahi in 1885, it was also
supported military custodial in Poncol, 13
years later ammunition factory in Madiun and
gun factory in Surabaya were also moved to
Bandung. Furthermore, as center of
governmental, Bandung also built Gedung sate
as the governmental building center. Surround
it, some department buildings such as
Department of Public Works, Department of
Post and communication, Department Finance,
etc., besides that, an airport also built to
facilitate the city (Suganda, 2008)
4
In 1921, the population increased dramatically,
resulted another proliferation up to railway
border in Ciroyom. However the development
continued, and in 1923, when the
Gameenteraad (city council) enacted
discussion upon Gameente Master Plan, three
local intellectual namely Mas Darnakusuma,
Dr. Sam Ratulangi, and Soeria Amidjaja,
struggled to criticize the Gameente Plan which
was considered to be money consuming only
for developing erupean area in Northern
Bandung, while in other hand ignoring the
needs to improve facilities in Southern
Bandung where indigenous inhabitants lived
(Kunto, 1996, P.31).
Figure 2. Map of Gemeente Bandung
Source: in Kunto, 1986
After the Masterplan of Gemeente Bandung,
colonial government asked a profesional
planner to develop a new plan; The Plan
Karsten. Plan Karsten was a plan designed by
Ir. Thomas Nix and Ir. Thomas Karsten in
1930-1935. They segregated land use and
housing based on ethnics, namely Dutch, other
Europeans, Chinesse, and indigenous people
where the biggest proportion was allocated for
the Dutch and other Europeans, and the
smallest one for indigenous people. They also
proposed to enlarge the city up to 12.758 acre
which inhabited by 750.000 people. The
concept of the development was garden city, a
concept with the eagerness to develop ideal
city, lots of green and open space, and
beautiful buildings for the colonial. However,
in the next years, the city suffered from the
increasing population problems due to
urbanization, and also security problems,
fortunately many most building had been built
before Dutch was defeated by Japan on 8
March 1942 (Suganda, 2008)
Figure 3. Map of Plan Karsten
Source: In Tanuwidjaja, 2005
IV. BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY
SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND
PATTERN DURING 70’s
The information about the exact substance of
Bandung development during 70’s was
actually hard to find. However, some major
points have been highlithed in the analysis part
of Bandung Masterplan in 1985. In 1971 the
city shape of Bandung was similar to the one
in Karsten Plan, but in smaller size
(approximately 8.000 ha). In terms of area,
settlement that located in the southern part of
railway have been integrated and considered as
the city part.
In this era, land use plan (the indicator of
spatial pattern) was arranged into two types,
the first was dedicated for special use and mix
use. The special land use basically defined as
an area for specific purpose, such as military,
education (i.e. ITB), comercial (i.e. Alun –
alun area), and airport. On the other hand,
there’s also the mix land use. The mix use
arrangement tried to define several areas that
can be use for two or more usage. For
example, area near Kosambi determined as a
mix use between commerce and housing.
In terms of spatial structure, Bandung was still
practicing a single-nuclei center which located
in Alun – alun and its surronding area.
However, as an effort to reduce pressure
towards the center, during that time they tried
to develop sub center for business in Kosambi
area. On the other hand, they also placed
several city centers as functional center but
without hierarchy arrangement.
5
Interestingly, the road network had been
developed based on hierarchy, although there
was still unclear separation between primary
and secondary system. At this moment,
Soekarno-Hatta road was the southern border
of the road network. As a description, they
defined an arterial roads that streched from
west to east (that is Soekarno Hatta and Asia
Afrika) with a colector road axis with direction
from north to south (this is the Sukajadi –
Otista road).
Figure 4. Bandung Spatial Structure from
Masterplan in 1971
Source: Rencana Induk Kota Bandung
Figure 5. Bandung Spatial Pattern from
Masterplan in 1971
Source: Rencana Induk Kota Bandung
V. BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY
SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND
PATTERN AFTER FINAL
PROLIFERATION (1985 – 2005)
In year 1985, it was the final time of Bandung
proliferation based on Ministry of Home
Affairs Decree Number 135/313/PUOD,
signed January 22th 1985. The exact proposed
number on that time was actually 17.000 acre,
however up until now the area of Bandung
only 16.729,65 acre. The proliferation gave an
additional space in the eastern side of previous
area up until Cibiru area. The Masterplan of
Bandung Municipality in year 1985 was
designed to be last until 2005. Several issues
that had to be addressed were about
proliferation, congestion, housing,
conservation, and development of new area.
The general concept of development based on
this plan was basically still the same with the
previous one. This plan still use single-nuclei
city center in Alun – alun area. In order to
support the city center, the spatial structure
also arranged another reinforcement of sub
city centers that distributed across city with
functional task. Similar to previous spatial
plan, the structure also didn’t arrange
hierarchy form.
In term of spatial pattern during this time
Bandung still use the combination of special
usage and mix use. The special land use
defined several area as commercial area,
industrial area (Nurtanio industrial area), and
housing. However, several housing areas that
located near important roads considered to be
a mix use location.
The transporation system setup during this
time was still the same in term of division
among arterial, collector, and local roads; and
also the integration between primary (inter
region) and secondary (inner city) system. The
improvement in this plan was the development
of Padalarang – Cileunyi Toll Road. Following
the proliferation, this toll road then became the
south border between Bandung Municipality
and Bandung Regency.
Figure 6. Bandung Spatial Structure from
Masterplan in 1985
Source: Rencana Induk Kota Bandung
6
 Figure 7.Bandung Spatial Pattern from
Masterplan in 1985
Source: Rencana Induk Kota Bandung
VI. BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY
SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND
PATTERN FROM PRESENT
SPATIAL PLAN (2003 – 2013)
In year 2003, Bandung Municipality enacted
the RTRW Bandung 2013 in respond to Law
24/1992 about spatial plan to revise the
previous plan. Several issues that had to be
addressed in this plan was environmental issue
(northern Bandung, land subsidence, river
polution, etc), uncontrolled land use changing
(i.e. emergence of retail strips in unappropriate
location), low development in east Bandung,
and traffic congestion. This plan was designed
to last until 2013.
Figure 8.Bandung Spatial Structure from
RTRW Bandung 2003 – 2013
Source: RTRW Kota Bandung 2003 – 2013
Significant changes planned in term of spatial
structure in Bandung Municipality based on
this plan (Figure 8). This plan addressed the
development of second primary center in
Gedebage, which means that it was expected
that Bandung will have multi-nuclei city
centers. In order to spread out the effect of
development, the spatial structure also defines
sub centers and its development areas.
According to this plan, Bandung was divided
into six development areas (WP); namely
Gedebage, Karees, Tegalega, Ujung Berung,
Cibeunying, and Tegalega. Each WP has their
own secondary centers and support sub centers
for secondary centers. This spatial structure
then can be concluded as praciticing hierarchy
arrangement over city centers.
In term of spatial pattern (Figure 9), basically
still many similarities with previous condition
when concenctration of business areas still in
Alun – alun area, although it was declining
due to the emergence of several shopping
malls and retail strips. Housing areas still
distributed almost in every direction with
general pattern as follows; low density – high
income residence in northern part of Bandung,
mid density – mid income residence between
eastern and southern part of Bandung, and
high density – low income existed in several
slum areas in city centers and along railway
(i.e. Cicadas, Kiaracondong, Braga, etc.).
Another important land use arrangement was
the designation of industrial and warehouse
land use, mainly in southern part of Bandung
along Soekarno Hatta road; due to the
existence of dry port in Gedebage.
Figure 9.Bandung Spatial Pattern from
RTRW Bandung 2003 – 2013
Source: RTRW Kota Bandung 2003 – 2013
Arrangement over transporation system started
with the existance of Padalarang – Cileunyi
Toll Road as a result from previous spatial
plan. And then, followed by a more detail
arrangement of arterial – collector – local
roads network. Furthermore, there was still no
division between primary and secondary roads
system. On the other hand, the arterial roads
shape was strech from west to east (the
7
Soekarno Hatta road and Pasteur – Ujung Figure 10.Bandung Spatial Structure from
Berung – Cibiru access). As for main collector RTRW Bandung 2010 – 2030
roads tried to access the arterial roads from
north to east and also formed an inner circle
road. In the RTRW 2013, there’s also an
existence of inner toll road development
agenda which was complementes by several
fly over construction plan, contains six roads
in total. Up to year 2010, only two fly overs
were built, those are Kiara Condong fly over
and Pasupati.

VII. BANDUNG MUNICIPALITY

FUTURE SPATIAL STRUCTURE
AND PATTERN (2010 – 2030)
In year 2007, Government of Indonesia
enacted a brand new law for spatial plan, the
Law 26/2007.it mandates local government to
develop a new spatial plan that refers to the
law. Therefore, in 2009, Bandung
Municipality started to develop Bandung
Municipality RTRW for 2010 – 2030.
Basically the planning issues that drove the
plan were similar to the RTRW 2003 that was
concerning about environmental, housing,
economic growth, congestion and so forth.
However this brand new plan tried to bind all
issues into several main points such as creative
city, compact city, and objective to fulfill the
green space target. The current status is that
the final report of the plan has been established
and the plan is still being consultated to
various development stakeholders in order to
legalize it as a local regulation (Perda).
Source: Draft RTRW Kota Bandung 2010 –
2030
The changing in spatial pattern according to
this plan is about the legitimation over several
retail strips from previous use as housing
towards business use. All of the Alun – alun
area have become business area, Soekarno
Hatta roads strips also designated as business
areas, plus other strips like RE Martadinata,
Cihampelas, Dago, so forth. There were also
additional industry and warehouse area in the
eastern part of Bandung. While housing areas
basically will still the same with the previous
one, its just that the government tried to foster
vertical housing concept.
Figure 11.Bandung Spatial Structure from
RTRW Bandung 2010 – 2030

According to this plan, Bandung will still have

two primary centers which are in Alun – alun
and Gedebage. However due to the slow
progress of Gedebage primary center
development, this plan is calling for faster
progress. While for the rest Bandung spatial
structure according to this plan will have
several changes; firstly is about the division of
development area, in this plan it is stated that Source: Draft RTRW Kota Bandung 2010 –
Bandung will be divided into eight WP. Thus, 2030
it will also imply to the addition of two sub
centers. The issue about sub centers in this In terms of transporation system, there are two
plan is also about accelerating the urban fundamental changing. The first is about the
design implementation at all WP and its sub division over primary and secondary roads
centers. system. This division basically divides roads
that can be considered as inner city access and
inter region access. Thus, the Soekarno Hatta
road will be downscaled and connected to the
secondary access; this condition may apply the

8
plan to change the land use along the road to
become business area. The toll road itself is
the primary system. Secondly, in this
transportation plan, Bandung will try to
develop monorail system. In addition, it is
complemented by the new arrangement of
terminals.
VIII. SYNTHESIZ AND CONCLUSIONS
Throughout the paper, we may see that the
development and spatial changing over
structure and pattern in Bandung was affected
by the population growth and their activities
(working, settling, and so forth). From the
table below, we may see that Bandung have
grown almost 4 times compare to its original
size in terms of population number and area.
Thus, the growth fosters large scale of built
environment construction. Therefore,
eventhough the city size grew, but the ratio
between open space and built areas declined.

Table 1. The Growth of Bandung Municipality

YEAR City Area Built Area Percentage Planned Actual Population

(Ha) (Ha) (%) Population (estimation)

1906 1.922 240 12,48 N/A +45.000

1911 2.150 300 13,95 N/A > 90.000
1916 2.150 380 17,67 N/A < 100.000
1921 2.853 850 29,79 N/A > 110.000
1926 2.853 1.050 36,80 N/A > 130.000
1931 2.853 1.300 45,56 750.000 > 150.000
1950 8.098 1.900 23,34 750.000 N/A
1954 8.098 2.500 30,87 750.000 986.880
1961 8.098 4.667 57,63 750.000 1.028.245
1971 8.098 6.500 80,26 750.000 N/A
1977 8.098 7.000 86,44 750.000 N/A
1978 8.098 7.808 96,42 750.000 N/A
1985 – 2005 16.729,65 N/A N/A N/A 2.000.000
2003 – 2010 16.729,65 15.615,37 93,4 N/A 2.500.000
2010 – 2030 16.729,65 N/A N/A 4.000.000 N/A
Source : Kunto, 1986. RTRW Bandung 2013. RTRW Bandung 2010 – 2030

Table 2. Comparsion Table of Spatial Structure and Pattern in Bandung Municipality

ELEMENT BEFORE 1985 (Final Proliferation) POST 1985 (Final Proliferation)

OF Masterplan Plan Masterplan Masterplan RTRW RTRW
ANALYSIS Gemeente Karsten 1971 1985 – 2005 2003 – 2013 2010 –
Bandung 2030
GENERAL INFORMATION
Government Colonial Colonial Pemerintah Pemerintah Pemerintah Pemerintah
Government Government Kotamadya Kotamadya Kota Kota
Tk. II Tk. II Bandung Bandung
Bandung Bandung
Issues Bandung as Proliferation Proliferation, Developmen Balance Creative
Capital for & population t of new between city,
Dutch Indies development density, area, brown and compact
of garden inadequate congestion, green space, city,
city infrastructure housing, service city, fulfillment
. conservation congestion, of green
areas housing space’s
target

9
 ELEMENT BEFORE 1985 (Final Proliferation) POST 1985 (Final Proliferation)
OF Masterplan Plan Masterplan Masterplan RTRW RTRW
ANALYSIS Gemeente Karsten 1971 1985 – 2005 2003 – 2013 2010 –
Bandung 2030
SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Urban N/A N/A 15 districts 15 districTs 6 8
Division development development
areas (WP), areas, 33
26 districts. districts.
Urban Center Alun – alun Alun – alun Alun – alun Alun – alun Alun – alun Alun – alun
area as CBD as primary as primary as primary & Gedebage & Gedebage
(primary center center center and (prepared) as (finished) as
center) (CBD), Kosambi as primary primary
Gedung Sate sub center center with center with
area as support from support from
governmenta secondary secondary
l area center in centers in
each WP. each WP
Transporatio Road Road and Road and Highway Highway, Fly Monorail,
n Networks network Rail network Rail network development over, mix division
, mix between between
between primary & primary &
primary & secondary secondary
secondary system system
system
SPATIAL PATTERN
Conservation Green belt Green belt Green belt North North North
Area around around concept still Bandung for Bandung for Bandung for
Bandung, Bandung, being water water water
gardens, extentive acknowledge, catchment catchment catchment
river basin. gardens green open area. area, but in area with
development, space among Issue of realization restriction,
river basin. city centers. Cikapundun still a lot of rehabilitatio
g River basin violence n of open
& flood risk space and
in south river basin
Residential Colonial’s Colonial’s Low density Low density Low density Emergence
Area residence in residence in in north side. in north side in north side of vertical
north side. north side. High density + violence in + violence in housing, low
Local Local emerge in conservation conservation. density
residence residence east (that . High High density change to
outside outside time), near density in in city center commerce,
Bandung Bandung Cikapundung city center, : slum improvemen
(south) (south) basin, and east side improvement t on high
west side housing , extentive density
emerged housing in housing,
east side housing
complex on
east side
Economic & Concentrate Concentrated Concentrated Dominant in Dominant in Dominant in
Business d in city in city in city center. city center, city center, city center,
Area center. center. Variation : emergece of several sub sub centers,
Variation : Variation : commerce, Kosambi as center construction

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ELEMENT BEFORE 1985 (Final Proliferation) POST 1985 (Final Proliferation)
OF Masterplan Plan Masterplan Masterplan RTRW RTRW
ANALYSIS Gemeente Karsten 1971 1985 – 2005 2003 – 2013 2010 –
Bandung 2030
commerce, commerce, service, sub center. (Kosambi, of secondary
service, service, tourism, Variation : Ciroyom, city center,
tourism, tourism, strategic commerce, etc.), retail retail strips
strategic strategic industry service, strips being
industry industry tourism, emerge. permitted.
industries Variation : Variation:
commerce, commerce,
service, service,
tourism, tourism,
industries, industries,
creative creative
industry industry.
Source: Analysis, 2010

Through time, gap of the real spatial structure
and pattern plan is getting complex in
Bandung Municipality. The issues are still
about city plan in general and its urban design.
In addition, the role of Bandung Municipality
shaped the inner spatial structure and pattern.
As we can see that before proliferation
periode, the issues were about governmental,
military, business, tourism, and garden. But
after the proliferation era, the city’s function
grew and consisted of governmental, military,
education, busniess, tourism, and industry
function.
Bandung Municipality growth in form of its
activities, regardless the spatial form and
quality of the city will continue to attract
people to come to Bandung. Thus, it will
generate more pressures for Bandung.
Therefore, in delivering better environment it
won’t be sufficient if we’re only taking into
concern of general spatial structure and
pattern. But it is also required better spatial
arrangement at a more detail level. The fact
that Bandung Municipality is surrounded by
several hinterlands in Cimahi Municiaplity,
Bandung Regency, and West Bandung
Regency can be seen as an opportunity to
foster partnernship between local government
and stakeholders in providing better services
and resources to create liveable spatial
structure and pattern.
REFERENCES
Kunto, Haryoto . 1984 . Wajah Bandung
Tempo Doeloe . Bandung : PT Granesia
Kunto, Haryoto . 1986 . Semerbak Bunga di
Bandung Raya . Bandung : PT Granesia
Kunto, Haryoto . 1996 . Balai Agung di Kota
Bandung . Bandung : PT Granesia
Pemerintah Kotamadya Tingkat II Bandung .
Rencana Induk Kota Bandung 1985 –
2005
Pemerintah Kota Bandung . 2004 . Rencana
Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Bandung
2013 .
Pemerintah Kota Bandung . 2009 . Rencana
Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Bandung
2010 – 2030 (Draft Akhir) .
Suganda, Her . 2008 . Jendela Bandung:
Pengalaman Bersama Kompas . Jakarta
: PT Kompas Media Nusantara
Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan . 2005 . The City of
Bandung and Review of Bandung
Spatial Planning Strategies in 2005 .
Bandung : Green Impact Indonesia

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