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The design and stress analysis of a 10.000 barrel fixed roof crude oil storage
tank

Conference Paper  in  AIP Conference Proceedings · December 2019

DOI: 10.1063/1.5141661

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The design and stress analysis of a 10.000
barrel fixed roof crude oil storage tank
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2202, 020048 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141661
Published Online: 27 December 2019

M. Masrukhi, Pekik Mahardhika, Ika Erawati, and Bagas Probo Wasono

AIP Conference Proceedings 2202, 020048 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141661 2202, 020048

© 2019 Author(s).
 The Design and Stress Analysis of a 10.000 Barrel
Fixed Roof Crude Oil Storage Tank
M. Masrukhi1,a)*, Pekik Mahardhika1,Ika Erawati1, Bagas Probo Wasono1
1
Piping Engineering Program Study
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS – Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia.

a)*
Corresponding author: rukhi23@yahoo.com

Abstract. Improving facility such as storage tank for crude oil distribution is essential as a means to preserve the running
of the production process. Many industries, especially in the crude oil industry, carbon steel material of tank become the
widely used material. This recent study intended to design the crude oil storage tank using the API 650 standard. Fixed
Cone Roof Tanks with 10,000 barrels of capacity using A36 material was chosen as the storage tanks. Based on the
manual calculation, it was obtained that the thickness of the actual shell plate was 6 mm. The result of the calculation
also determined that the bottom plate and annular bottom had each 9 mm for the thickness and the roof plate had 6 mm of
thickness. While the highest stress distribution, which was still under the allowable stress occurred on the bottom part.
The analysis of storage tanks also determined that the stress due to static stress, circumferential stress, and longitudinal
stress were under the allowable stress of the material.

INTRODUCTION

Crude oil plays an essential role as the industrial products which are used or produced in industries. Therefore,
improving facility such as storage tank for crude oil distribution is essential as a means to preserve the running of
the production process. Many industries, especially in the crude oil industry, carbon steel material of tank become
the widely used material. The oil & gas company provides facilities and production capacity to increase production.
The company produces new well. Therefore the company will make a new tank to save oil whose production. The
tank will keep crude oil from additional new wells. The storage tank that will be designed will have 10.000 barrels
capacity with 15 m of diameter and an altitude of 9,144 m.
To ensure that the tank can be built, the thickness is calculated to determine the thickness needed for the tank.
The thickness that must be calculated includes all parts of the tank, including shell, roof, annular bottom plate and
bottom plate and manhole. After calculating the thickness the next step is to check the stress that occurs in the tank.
Therefore the importance of stress analysis on this tank is to ascertain whether the allowable stress material can
withstand the stress that occurs in the tank or not.

METHODOLOGY

The design of crude oil tank started with the calculation of tank volume, tank plate thickness, wind stability,
earthquake stability, and the stress on the tank. The material used in this tank was A36. The main data and fluid data
were used to design this tank. The following are the main tank data (Table 1) and Fluid data (Table 2).

International Conference on Science and Applied Science (ICSAS) 2019

AIP Conf. Proc. 2202, 020048-1–020048-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141661
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1953-7/$30.00

020048-1
 TABLE 1. Tanks primary data
Data Nominal Unit
Inside diameter 15,000 mm
Height 9,144 mm
Size Plate 6,000 x 1,500 mm
Corrosion Allowance 3 mm
Material A36 -
Sd 160 MPa
St 171 MPa

TABLE 2. Fluids data

Data Nominal Unit

Fluid Crude Oil -
Spesific Gravity 0,856 -

After getting the main tank data, the first step was to check the tank volume that could be received. Next was
calculating the thickness of the shell, bottom, annular bottom, and roof. The thickness of the shell that had to be
calculated was the design thickness and the thickness for hydrostatic testing. To find out the thickness of the design
equation (1) was used, and equation (2) for the thickness of the hydrostatic test.
4.9 D ( H  0.3)
td   CA (1)
Sd
4.9 D ( H  0.3)
tt  (2)
St

After finding the design thickness and thickness for hydrostatic testing on each course, then the largest thickness
wastaken. Next step was determining the thickness of the bottom shell. The thickness of the bottom shell was set
according to the standard of 6 mm + CA. After that, the annular bottom which referred to product stress and the
hydrostatic test were calculated. To find out the product stress, the calculation was shown as in equation (3), and the
hydrostatic stress was shown as in equation (4).
td  CA
Ps   Sd (3)
tcorroded
t
Hs  t  S t (4)
t nom
The formulas above were used to determine the annular bottom. Product design stress (Sd) was required to
calculate product stress (Ps), and hydrostatic test stress (St) was required to calculate hydrostatic test (Hs). The
highest result (from-whether product stress or hydrostatic test based on table of annular bottom plate thickness) was
taken. The result was adjusted to determine the annular bottom. Then the result of the annular bottom plate thickness
was added by corrosion allowance to corrosion prevention.

The next step was deterrmining the thickness of roof of the tank. The standard stated that the thickness of roof is
5 mm + corrosion allowance (CA). Allowable stress was also considered to ensure the stress was under the
allowable stress. The calculation of the allowable stress was shown as in equation (5).
y
 allowable (5)
sf 1.sf 2
The formula above was used to calculate the allowable stress (σallowable), where σy is yield strength of material,
sf1 is safety factor 1, and sf2 is safety factor 2. The stress that occurred on the tank could be divided into two:

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circumferential stress and longitudinal stress. The stresses happened due to internal pressure of fluid in the tank. To
calculate the circumferential stress, the formula as in equation (6) was used, while to calculate the longitudinal stress
the formula as in equation (7) was used.
P.D
c  (6)
2t
P.D
l  (7)
4t
In designing tank, the stability of the wind and earthquake needed to be considered.This was to ensure the safety
of the tank.
0,6 M w  M pi  M DL / 1,5  M DLR (8)
M w  Fp ( M pi )  ( M DL  M F) / 2  M DLR (9)
M DL
M ws  F p ( M pi )   M DLR (10)
1,5

The formula above was used to calculate wind stability, where Mw is overturning moment about the shell-to
bottom joint from horizontal plus vertical wind pressure, Mpi is the moment about the shell-to bottom joint from the
design of internal pressure, Mdl is the moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from the nominal mass of the shell
and roof structure supported by the shell that is not attached to the roof plate, Mdlr is the moment about the shell-to-
bottom joint from nominal weight of the roof plate plus any attached structural, Fp is the pressure combination
factor, and Mf is the moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from liquid weight.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The thickness of the shell, annular bottom plate, bottom plate, and roof were used to design a new crude oil tank.
TABLE 3. Thickness Calculation
Course Td Tt Unit
1 6.48 3.8 mm
2 5.87 3.15 mm
3 5.45 2.49 mm
4 4.67 1.84 mm
5 4.08 1.18 mm
6 3.48 0.53 mm

Table 3 above showed the result from course 1 to course 6. The result of the design thickness (Tt) was higher
than the hydrostatic thickness (Tt). Therefore the result of design thickness was chosen to determine the minimum
thickness of shell. The result of course 1 was suitable with the standard of API 650. While the result of course 2 to
course 6 were under 6 mm. So, course 2 to course 6 needed to be adjusted to 6 mm. Table 4 below showed the actual
thickness required on course 1 to course 6.
TABLE 4.Actual Thickness
Course Tactual Unit
1 6.48 mm
2 6 mm
3 6 mm
4 6 mm
5 6 mm
6 6 mm

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 Product and hydrostatic stress were needed to determine the thickness of the annular bottom plate. The following
table (table 5) is the result of hydrostatic stress and product stress calculation.
TABLE 5. Hydrostatic and Product Stres
Data Nominal Unit
Product Stress 160 MPa
Hydrostatic Stress 171 MPa

Based on Table 5, hydrostatic stress on the tank was 171 MPa and product stress was 160 MPa. Both the stress
were below 190 MPa on the first shell course (API Standard 650), therefore the minimum thickness required was 6
(six) mm.
TABLE 6. Pressure Calculation
ρ (kg/m3) g (m/ss) H (m) P (N/m2) P (kg/mm2)
856 9,81 1,524 12784,53 0,0013
856 9,81 3,048 2556,06 0,0026
856 9,81 4,572 38353,59 0,0039
856 9,81 6,096 51138,12 0,0052
856 9,81 7,62 63922,66 0,0065
856 9,81 9,144 76707,19 0,0078

Table 6 shows the result of pressure in the tank. The pressure was used to calculate the longitudinal and
circumferential stress. The result of the calculation of longitudinal and circumferential stress was in Table 7 and
Table 8.
TABLE 7. Longitudinal Stress Calculation
σl
P (kg/mm2) D (mm)
(kg/mm2)
0,0013 15000 0,609375
0,0026 15000 1,21875
0,0039 15000 1,828125
0,0052 15000 2,4375
0,0065 15000 3,046875
0,0078 15000 3,65625
TABLE 8.Circumferensial Stress Calculation
σc
P (kg/mm2) D (mm)
(kg/mm2)
0,0013 15000 1,21875
0,0026 15000 2,4375
0,0039 15000 3,65625
0,0052 15000 4,875
0,0065 15000 6,09375
0,0078 15000 7,3125

The table above showed, the highest result of whether longitudinal stress or circumferential stress which was
taken. The highest result of longitudinal stress was 3,65 kg/mm2 and the highest result of circumferential stress was
7,3125 kg/mm2. Those values were then were compared to allowable stress values. The result of the calculation of
allowable stress was in Table 9.
TABLE 9.Allowable Stress
σc (kg/mm2) σa
sf1 Sf2
(kg/mm2)
25,5 1 2 12,75

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 The value of allowable stress in Table 9 above was the value of circumferential and longitudinal stress. Besides
calculating the thickness and stress, in designing a new tank for crude oil storage tank, the wind and earthquake
stability had to be considered. This consideration was to ensure the safety of the tank. How to calculate and the
result of wind and earthquake stability are shown below.

TABLE 10.Wind and Earthquake Stability

Data Nominal Unit
Mw 61.789,34 N.m
Mpi 100.681,4 N.m
MDL 1.992.592,5 N.m
MDLR 90.675 N.m
Fp 0,4 -
Mf 7941 N.m
Mws 8779,33 N.m

0,6 M w  M pi  M DL / 1,5  M DLR (11)

137.755,604  1.419.069,667

M w  Fp ( M pi )  ( M DL  M F) / 2  M DLR (12)
102 .061  2.992 .859,25

M DL
M ws  F p ( M pi )   M DLR (13)
1,5
161 .772,36  1.419.070

Based on the calculation above, the value of wind and earthquake stability was 9.051,89 Nm. while the value of
allowable wind stability was 1.419.070 Nm. It means the value of wind and earthquake stability was safe because it
was below the value of allowable wind stability. After completing the calculation of the thickness stress and the
earthquake stability, the design of storage tank using 3D drawing could be made. The 3D drawing result can be seen
as in Figure 1. While to know the dimension of new tank, 2D dimensional drawing was used. The 2D drawing
showed the height and the diameter of storage tank as pictured in Figure 2.
.

FIGURE 1. 3D Drawing Tank

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 FIGURE 2. 2D Dimensional Drawing Tank

CONCLUSION

Overall calculation such as the thickness of shell, the thickness of the annular bottom plate, the thickness of
bottom plate, and the thickness of roof were conducted to build the new tank for storing crude oil of new wells. The
calculations were also based on the standard of API 650. Therefore, when the thickness had already been increased,
the stress that occurred on the tank was measured. Based on the calculation, the minimum thickness required for
building a new tank was 6,48 mm and 6 mm for the shell, 9 mm for the bottom plate, 9 mm for the annular bottom
plate and 6 mm for the roof of the tank. In designing the tank, the stability of the wind and earthquake were also
needed to be considered to make sure the safety of tank. From all the result of the calculation, the stress of the tank
was under the allowable stress that was 12,75 kg/mm2. As the result, the tank was proven to be able to use.

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