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IS 14622 (1998): Photography - Electronic Flash Equipment -

Automatic Control of Exposure [MED 32: Photographic
Equipment]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS 14622 : 1998
._A _-1a 1-Aa
13u 3/w : lY6Y

Indian Standard
PHOTOGRAPHY - ELECTRONIC FLASH
rn~ Iinn ~lrh~~ AI I-ma IIa-rlh -nk 1-n-1
t~ulrwlti\ 1 - HU I UIVIHI IL c/UN I HUL OF
EXPOSURE

ICS 37.040.10

0 BIS 1998

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

November 1998 Price Group 2

Z.!
“.
1
I, ‘,
Photographic Equipments Sectional Committee, LM 24

.II-rl_.Ill _A__..,___

IUHI IUNHL I-untvvunu

This Indian Standard which is identical with IS0 5763 : 1989 ‘Photography - Electronic flash
equipment-Automatic control of exposure’, issued by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendations of the Photographic
Equipments Sectional Committee and approval of the Light Mechanical Engineering Division Council.

The text of IS0 Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard without
deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention
is drawn especially to the following:

a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current
practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.

In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian Standards
ako exist. The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their place are listed
below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:

lnternationa! /7nnrea
--ST’--
nf
-’
Standard Equivalence

IS0 517 IS 9948 : 1981 Shutter exposure-time Technically

markings, still cameras Equivalent

IS0 1230 IS 14620 : 1998~Photography - Determination Identical

of flash guide numbers

tS0 2827 IS 14621 : 1998 Photography - Electronic do

flash equipment - Determination of light output
and performance

The concerned technical committee has reviewed the provisions of IS0 2240, IS0 2721, IS0 5800,
IS0 6728 and CIE publication No. 38 (TC - 2.3) : 1977 referred in this adoptedstandard and has decided
that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The number of significant
places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

Indian Standard
PHOTOGRAPHY - ELECTRONIC FLASH
EQUIPMENT - AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF
EXPOSURE
1 Scope
This international Standard applies exclusively to the automatic
exposure control built into or coupled with electronic flash
equipment.
It specifies the methods for measuring the characteristics
peculiar to the control such as its accuracy and repeatability. It
aiso iays down the numericai vaiues of the integrai of time of
the object luminance and of the exposure given to an object by
flash equipment with automatic exposure control, as well as
the maximum deviation from these. nominal values. Further-
more, the measuring conditions are stated under which the ad-
justment of the automatic exposure control is to be tested.
^ s. . . .
uetrnmons and measuring methods concerning eiectronic fiash
equipment without automatic control of exposure are specified
in IS0 2927.
It is assumed that yhen testing the automatic exposure con-
trol, the optical axis of the sensor of the control and of the lamp
head of the electronic flash equipment are, when fitted to a
camera, substantially coincident with that of. the taking lens of
the camera.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International
Standard. At the time of publication, the.editions indicated
were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
agreements based on this international Standard are encouraged
to’ investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
editions of the standards listed below. Members of IEC and IS0
mainBin registers of currently valid International Standards.
IS0 517 : 1973, Photogrephy .- Still cameras - Lens aperture
markings.
IS0 1230 : 1973, Photography - Determrnation of flash guide
numbers.
IS0 2240 : 7982, Photography - C&our reversal camera films
- Determination of ISO speed.
IS 14622:1998
-ISo 5763:1989
IS0 2721 : 1982, Photography - Cameras - Automatic con-
trols of exposure.
IS0 2927 : 1999, Photography - Electronic flash equipment -
Determination of light output and performance.
IS0 5900 : 1997, Photography - Colour negative films for still
photography - Determination of IS0 speed.
IS0 6729 : 1903, Photography - Camera lenses - Determi-
nation of colour contnbution index.
CIE Publication No. 39 (TC-2.3.) : 1977, Radiometric and
photometric characteristics of materials and their measure-
ment.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following
definitions apply.
3.4 automatic exposure control: Exposure conqror by a
-rL,..#...L.r+r:r
p,,,“L”WX.LII~_..,.I. II ‘u .&..,in..
.rLrr
lllCiaJ”l “G”IGG.VVI..b..rb.
IIL,II mn.B...*.e..T
+I..3
LImz,.l.m;na,w.s
IIICZCIJUICIJ lyllalKal Ib.2
of the object, integrates the light with respect to time. and ter-
minates the exposure when the integral reaches a:predeter-
mined value.
3.2 automatic distance range: The range of distance be-
tween the object and the flash equipment in which the
automatic exposure control can be used in accordance with the
indications of the manufacturer. This range depends among
others on the guide number of the flash equipment. on the ad-
justment of the automatic exposure control, and on the
luminance coefficient of the object.
3.3 angle of response of sensor for automatic opera-
tion: The angle of response is the half angle from axis of the
reflector of the flash equipment within whichthe response does
not change more than 10 % under the conditions specified in
4.2.2. There are four half angles of response, i.e. on the right,
on the left, at the top, and at the bottom of the axis of the
reflector.
__

IS 14622: 1998
IS0 5763 : 1989

4 Adjustment of automatic flash-exposure IS0 2721 specifies the mean exposure required by a film with the speed
IS0 100/21° to 0,lO 1x.s. The defining equation for the guide number
control
(see IS0 1230) establishes a relation between the output or the time in-
tegral of the luminous intensity of the artificial light source and the
4.1 Measurement of the adjustment guide number. When inserting the corresponding values in the
equation (21, one obtains the luminance coefficient of a mean object,
in the case of indoor photography being q,, = 0,08 cd.m-2.1x-t. This
4.1.1 Exposure in the focal plane of a camera value has been confirmed by measurements on different indoor
scenes, where the lighting is generallv from the normal to the object.
The calibration adjustment of the exposure control shall pro-
vide, in a camera (with lens transmittance r = OJO), focal-
4.1.3 Distance from flash source to test object
plane exposure of

Using the standard test object, and with the equipment preset

H, = z or HF =
106”
Hc
- lj/lO
. 8.(I)
for film speed JSO 100/21°, the measuring
the front face of source to test object is
distance d, from

where d, = 2 m for d,,, < 8 m

. 2 . (3)
Hc is a constant, in lux seconds (= 10 Ixs); d,,, = 4 m for d,,, > 6 m

S is the IS0 speed (arithmetic);

NOTE - In the d,,,,, range between 6 m and 8 m d,,, may be either
So is the IS0 speed (logarithmic); 2mor4m.

the equipment being used with the standard
NOTE - The exposure determined above is expected to be the same
as that obtained without automatic exposure control using the
manufacturer’s assigned guide number Z and with the flash located at
a distance d = Z/A, (expressed in metres), when the standard test
object is used. A, is thef-number of the camera lens.
test object. Flash equipment of special design that does not include the 2 m
or 4 m distance in its normal automatic distance range may be
tested ata different distance as specified by the manufacturer.
If the test object has a luminance coefficient different from qn,
the distance for test can be calculated from equation

The measured value of the exposure in the focal plane of a

camera (with lens transmittance T = 0,901 shall not differ from
the value HF according to equation (1) by more than the dif-
ference which corresponds to 0,5 E, (1 E,, exposure value, is 4.1.4 Conditions for test
equivalent to a factor of 2 changes in exposure), i.e. it shall lie
between 0,7 HF and I,4 HF (manufacturing tolerance). Test conditions, in addition to those of 4.1.3, shall be was
follows :

4.12 Standard test object

a) measurements shall be made under conditions oi d&k,
non-reflective surroundings;
The standard test object shall be a non-selective neutral colour,
having a diffusely reflecting plane surface. The light reflected b) the ambient temperature shall be 23 OC + 3 0C and
from the test object is expressed in terms of its luminance in relative humidity of 65 % + 20 %;
candelas per square metre per lux of illuminance. The term is
cl the axis of the reflector shall be within 2O of the optical
named “luminance coefficient q”, the standard value being
axis accurately aligned with the normal to the centre of the
qn = 0.08 cd.m- 2.Ix- l. This corresponds with a reflectance
test object;
of about 25 96 for a uniform diffuser.
d) the test object shall subtend an angle substantially
NOTE - In the case of illuminating the object by means of an artificial larger than the angle of response of the sensor in or at the
light source, the exposure hF in the focal plane of a camera is automatic flash equipment or the field of the taking lens of
the camera used for a test, whichever& lamer;
HF = b4sa, fdr . (2) e! the test object should be a uniform diffuser, or at least
A2 d2 s
its diffusing characteristics shall be sudh that when il-
where luminated from the normal, the luminance when measured
from an angle 60° from the normal shall be not less than
b is a constant, in lux square metres per candela, by means of 50 % of that measured from the normal;
which mainly the radiation attenuation in a representative lens is
considered fb = 0,6!5 Ix.mz.cd-1); f) the spectral reflectance of the test object shall be
uniform within +lO % over the wavelength range from
Q is the luminance coefficient, in candelas per square metre per
38Onmto105Onm;
lux, of the object;
g) the capacitors in the electronic flash unit shall be
A is the f-number;
initially charged for three times the time interval required for
9, is the solid angle = 1 sr: thn
. ..v rnarlv
S”““, linht
.‘=‘I. .cinnd
..y* IUrntn chntrr
L” U..“..

d is the distance, in metres, of the light source from the object; h) immediately prior to measuring the integrated luminous
I is the luminous intensity, in candelas, of the light source. energy, the equipment must be flashed a number of times

2
 IS 14622 : 1998
IS0 5763 : 1989

equal to one-tenth the claimed number of flashes per The corresponding value is
charge, but not fewer than 5 flashes nor more than
25 flashes. Each flash shall be released at “ready
indication”. For line powered equipment, the unit shall be HF.= $j L,dt . . . (6)
operated 25 times;

i) the integrated luminous energy for three successive from which the integral of the test object luminance is
flashesat 1 min intervals shall be measured. The average of
three readings shall be taken.

4.1.5 Measurement of exposure in the focal plane where

The exposure in the focal plane of a camera is measured as L, is the luminance, measured in candelas per square
described in IS0 2721. metre, of the object;

A is thefinumber of camera lens;

The fcillowing conditions shall be observed in setting up a stan-
dard taboratory camera: t is the time, in seconds;
b is a constant, in lux square metres per candela
a) the camera shall be located at the measuring distance (= 0,65 Ix.m*.cd-‘1;
d, and the f-number of the camera lens adjusted for a given
film speed as prescribed by the manufacturer of the flash HF is the exposure, in lux seconds, measured in the focal
equipment; plane (for film spe@ IS0 100/210); [the value of HF can be
catculated fr6m the measurement and from the
b! the ~lt-nera
.,_. . ._.- sha!! rnnfnrm
“.,..._ . .. . ic ?!~a fnllnwinn
.W..“.....~ re-
equation i6ij.
quirements:

1) the format shall be 24 mm x 36 mm;

4.1.7 Measurement of the object exposure
2) operation of the camera shutter shall not prevent the
flash light from reaching anypart of the focal plane; The third method of measuring the light output of the elec-
tronic flash unit is to measure the exposure H, of the test ob-
3) the focal length of the camera lens shall be about
ject. Knowing the luminance coefficient of the test object. y,
50 mm and all apertures (J-numbers) shall be calibrated
the required exposure of the test object can be calculated from
in accordance with IS0 517;
equation (9).
4) camera flare correction factor shall be not greater
than 1,03;

5) colour contribution of the lens shall conform to

IS0 6728. The transmittance at 360 nm shall be less
than 0,lO;
By use of equation (6)
6) !O?FI! \visua! transmi!?ance of ?he !ens sha!! be about
0,90; 2
Ji, = E, & = LHI 19)
7) the lens shall be focused at the tes? object distance; s qh
8) the vignetting factor shall be l,O;

9) the flash unit axis should be substantially coincident The value of Ho can be measured with an integrating iight-
with the lens axis; meter and the focal-plane exposure calculated from
equation (9).
101 the value of the constant h of the test camera shall
be equal to 0.65 Ix,m*.cd - 1

4.1.8 Repeatability of automatic exposure control

4.1.6 Measurement of the time integral of object
luminance The repeatability of the exposure, measured by any of the three
methods, for successive flashes of the same flash unit shall be
Another method of evaluating the luminous output of the elec- within I!I 0,25 E,.
tronic flash unit is to measure the luminance of the test obiect
- -,---
during the flash. This measurement is made with an integrating Test method
luminance meter. The instantaneous values of test object
luminance L, for corresponding instantaneous values of focal- To determine repeatability of the light output 10 flashes are
plane illuminance I!?,, are given by the equation evaluated, the flash being fired under conditions as in 4.1.2,
4.1.3 and 4.1.4 at not less then 30 s after ready light indication.
The light may be evaluated by any of the three methods
E, = $ (5)
described above, the method given in 4.1.7 is, however,
recognized as being the most simple.

3
IS 14622 : 1998
IS0 5763 : 1989

4.2 Influence& exterior measuring conditions on 5 Recycle time

the adjustment of the automatic exposure control
The electronic flash equipment is prepared and the recycle time
Exterior measuring conditions are the distance between object measured as described in IS0 2827.
and flash equipment, the luminance coefficient of the object,
the spatial distribution of surfaces with differing spectral reflec- For flash equipment which switches off the flash tube, three
tance factors in the object plane. recycle times are indicated: one with the automatic exposure
control switched off and two with the automatic exposure con-
trol switched on. For the evaluation of the recycle times, when
4.2.1 Variation of exposure within automatic distance the automatic exposure control is switched on, the equipment
range is set at the distance d, and at that distance before the object
which is indicated as the minimum distance by the manufac-
Variation of the measured value as in 4.1, at a distance within turer.
the claimed automatic distance range for the indicated
f-number shall not vary more than + 0,5 E, from the measured NOTE - As the period between the release of the flash and the follow-
value determined in 4.1.1. ing indication of readiness for flash release may be very short, an
automatic release of the flashes and a photoelectric time measurement
is recommended.

4.2.2 Measurement-of the angle of response

The flash equipment is set up facing the standard test object. In 6 Number of flashes per battery or per charge
front of this non-selective neutral diffusely reflecting standard
The equipment shall be in the condition and the number of
test object, a similar object with a luminance coefficient greater
flashes shall be measured as specified in IS0 2827.
by factor 2 and a straight edge line, is slid from the edge toward
the centre of the first object, until the automatically controlled
On equipment capable of changing the energy per flash by ex-
flash exposure on the total object has decreased by 10 % com-
pared to the exposure on the first object. posure control systems, the operating conditions of the equip-
ment must be fully specified and the number of flashes, besides
The angle between the axis of the reflector of the flash equip- those specified in IS0 2827, given for
ment and the edge of the second object is called the angle of a) automatic mode at specified distance d, and at a
response. luminance coefficient of q = 0.08 cd.m-2.1x- 1 and a
specified exposure range (f-number and film speed setting);
NOTE -- If the angles of response are determined by means of the ex-
._ ._
posure in the focal plane or the integral of time of the _..__,one
luminance _.._ b) automatic mode at closest working distance and at a
must avoid the fact that the second, lighter object enters the field of subject of a luminance coefficient of q = 0,08 cd.m -2. lx 1
view of the measuring instrument. The distance from flash equipment and a specified exposure range. The distance shall be in-
to test object should be d, according to equation (3). dicated,
___.___“___ .- ..-^.__._ ..~ ~_._____ ~~ .-..-_ ._

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BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau o/ Indiun Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the count@.

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without the prior permis’sion in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade dcsignntions.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’
This Indian Standard has been developed frotnDoc: No. LM 24 (0184).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

-_

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