A dietetics student wants to look at the relationship between calcium intake and knowledge about calcium in sports science students. Also, she wants to know if knowledge about calcium can be used to predict calcium intake of the students. Table 1 shows the data she collected.
Research question: How can knowledge about calcium predict calcium intake in sports science students?
In this example, there is a single predictor variable (knowledge about calcium) for one response variable (calcium intake).
1.) Plot the scatter diagram for the given data.
Dietetics Study Data Between Calcium Intake and Knowledge About Calcium 1200 1000 Calcium Intake
800 600 400 200 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Knowledge about calcium in sports science students
2.) Find the equation of the regression line. What is the test statistic to be used? ^y =a+bx Σ xy =497 , 143 Sx √ n−1(b−β 0) t= Σ x =592 Σ y 2=12 ,905 , 468 Se Σ y=15 , 702 Σ x 2=¿ 19, 852 What is the appropriate critical region? t >t a ,n−2 nΣxy−ΣxΣy b= t >t 0.05,18 n Σx 2−( Σx) 2 t >1.734 20 ( 497 , 143 )−(592)(15,702) ¿ What is the actual value of the test statistic? 20 ( 19,852 )−(592) 2 n Σ x 2−(Σ x )2 S y 2=n Σ y 2−¿ ¿ 2 b=13.89 ≈ 13.90 Sx = n(n−1) Σ x 592 ¿ 20 ( 19,852 )−¿ ¿ x́= = =29.6 ¿ 20 ( 12,905,468 )−¿ ¿ n 20 S x 2=122.57 Sx=11.07 Σ x 15,702 ý= = =785.1 n 20 n−1 Se 2 = (sy 2−b2 sx 2 ) a= ý−b x́ n−2 ¿ 785.1−( 13.90 ) ( 29.6 ) 19 a=373.66 ¿ ¿ 18 2 ^y =373.66+ Se 13.90 x =7,104.14 S e =84.29 3.) Find the point estimate of the calcium where the knowledge is 40. s x √ n−1(b−β 0 ) ^y =a+bx t= ¿ 373.66+13.90 x Se ¿ 373.66+13.90( 40) 11.07 ( √ 19 ) ( 13.90−0 ) ¿ 373.66+556 ¿ ^y =929.66 ≈ 930 84.29 4.) Conduct a hypothesis test on β . t=7.96 What is the null hypothesis? H 0 : β=0 What is the statistical decision? t >1.734 What is the alternative hypothesis? H1: β ≠ 0 Narsico, Franchezka C. Monday and Thursday (9 AM – 2:30 PM)
Activity 2 1.) What is the relationship between the student’s GPA and Motivation? Compute r ∧r 2 and interpret the results. n Σ xy−Σ x Σ y r= √¿ ¿ ¿ 14 ( 2915.2 ) −( 959 ) (40) r= √¿ ¿ ¿
r =0.64 ( moderate ¿good relationship )
r 2=0.41≈ 41% 2.) Suppose we wish to test H 0 : ρ=0.70 against H 1 : ρ≠ 0.70 at 0.05 level of significance, refer to the problem below. Student Student GPA Motivation xy x2 y2 Joe 2.0 50 100 2500 4 Lisa 2.0 48 96 2304 4 Mary 2.0 100 200 10,000 4 Sam 2.0 12 24 144 4 Deana 2.3 34 78.2 1,156 5.29 Sarah 2.6 30 78 900 6.76 Jennifer 2.6 78 202.8 6,084 6.76 Gregory 3.0 87 261 7,569 9 Thomas 3.1 84 260.4 7,056 9.61 Cindy 3.2 75 240 5,625 10.24 Martha 3.6 83 298.8 6,889 12.96 Steve 3.8 90 342 8,100 14.44 Jamell 3.8 90 342 8,100 14.44 Tammie 4.0 98 392 9,604 16 40 959 2,915.2 76,031 121.5
What is the null hypothesis?
H 0 : ρ=0.70 What is the alternative hypothesis? H 1 : ρ≠ 0.70 What is the test statistic to be used? z r−z ρ z= σ^ ρ What is the appropriate critical region? z ← z α /2 ∨z > Z α ∕ 2 z ←1.960∨z >1.96 0 What is the actual value of the test statistic? 1+ ρo 1 z r−z ρ 1 1+r 1 σ^ρ = z r= ln 2 ( ) 1−r z ρ = ln 2 ( ) 1− ρ o √ n−3 1 z= σ^ ρ 1 1+0.64 1 1+.70 σ^ρ= 0.76−0.87 z r= ln 2 ( ) 1−0.64 z ρ = ln 2 ( 1−.70 ) √ 14−3 z= 0.30 z r=0.76 What is the statistical decision? z ← z α /2 ∨z > Z α ∕ 2 −0.37←1.960∨0.37>1.960 False or False, Fail to reject H0 What is the statistical conclusion? Therefore, ρ=0.7 0. Activity 3 Suppose you are interested in the use of technology in the classroom. We do an experiment in which we teach each of three sections of a Psychological Statistics class in a different way. One section of six students receives the standard lecture format (blackboard & discussion), a second section of six students receives the same lectures but presented with Microsoft Powerpoint, and for the third section, the lectures are available on the web. Do an analysis of variances for the differences of the means on the performance on a standardized exam. Use 0.05 level of significance. Group Subject Lecture PowerPoint Web 1 65 85 92 2 72 74 80 3 64 64 78 4 85 85 96 5 59 65 85 6 78 81 82 Total 423 454 513 Mean 70.5 75.67 85.5 1.) What is the null hypothesis? H 0 :μ L =μ P=μW 2.) What is the alternative hypothesis? H 1 : At least two of the means are not equal . 3.) What is the test statistic to be used? s 12 f= s 22 4.) What is the appropriate critical region? f >f (a , v , v ) v1 =k−1 v 2=k ( n−1 ) 1 2
f >f (0.05 ,2 ,15) ¿ 3−1 ¿ 3 ( 6−1 )
f >3.63 v1 =2 v 2=15 5.) What is the actual value of the statistic? 2 T ..2 1 2 T ..2 SSE=SST −SSC SST =ΣΣ x ij − SSC= ΣTi − nk n nk ¿ 1877.11−696.78 SSE=1180.33 1932100 1 df 1932100 SS ¿ 109216− S of V ¿ ( 648214 )− MS Computed f 6(3) Column Means 6 2 6( 3) 696.78 348.39 4.43 Error 15 1180.33 78.69 Total 17 1877.11
6.) What is the statistical decision?
f >3.63 4.43> 3.63 True, reject H 0 7.) What is the statistical conclusion? Therefore, atleast two of the means are not equal.
Least Significant Difference
x́ L =70.5 LSD=t ( α , v ) ( sd́ )
2 Absolute Mean x́ P =75.67 ¿ t (0.05 ,15 ) ( 5.12 ) Groups Difference LSD Conclusion x́ W =85.5 ¿ t (1.753) (5.13 ) L,P 5.17 NSD L,W 15 8.98 SD 2 s2 sd́ = √ n P,W 9.83 SD 2 ( 78.69 ) ¿ √ sd́ =5.12 6
