ELECTROMAGNETA AND WAVES THEORY

CODE: 203058

Step 2 - to recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Presented to:

Doria Lizeth Quintero

Tutor

Delivered by:

Jorge Alejandro Santos Parra

Diego Armando Ribero Patiño
Jucelly Argenis Moreno Rueda
Andrés Felipez Suarez
Héctor Alexander Quevedo

Group:
203058_19

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE - UNAD

BASIC SCIENCE SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
September, 2018
BOGOTA D.C.

INTRODUCTION
For the correct study and development of signals by electromagnetic waves, it is necessary
to have a broad knowledge and good use of mathematical terms. Also recognize how to
perform the diagnosis and calculations of the behavior of these propagation waves through
the terms mentioned above, making appropriate use of the respective formulas.
In the present work we will make an introduction in the terms that are used to identify the
propagation of electromagnetic waves, in addition a mathematical study will be carried out
for the recognition and theoretical calculation of these.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACTIVITY
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:

Contributions Jorge Alejandro Santos

1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.
Answer: The tangent of losses or tangent delta is a measure of the state of isolation. It is
also called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid
insulator.
Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is
independent of its volume. The disadvantage of this test is that it only determines the
average condition of the insulation, that is, it does not detect the worst condition point. Its
value can be affected by moisture and dirt on the surface of the insulation that allows a
circulation of current to ground through the surface of the same increasing the losses.
The idea is that any insulator can be assimilated to an ideal capacitor in parallel / series to a
resistor that represents its dielectric losses. The delta angle between the capacitive current
and the total is called loss angle or dissipation factor. The delta tangent test pursues the
determination of this angle and is based on a source of high voltage alternating power and a
Schering bridge to determine the delta tangent and the capacity of the dielectric studied at
the test voltage.

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic waves

propagation?
Answer: Electromagnetic waves, which are a type of transverse waves, propagate through
space. Therefore, they do not require a means to move: they can travel through a vacuum.
Electromagnetic waves move at about 300,000 km / s (speed of light) although, depending
on their speed, they are grouped into frequency ranges composing what is called the
electromagnetic spectrum.
The velocity of propagation of a wave is the magnitude that measures the speed at which
the disturbance of the wave propagates along its displacement. The speed at which the
wave propagates depends on the type of wave as well as the medium through which it
propagates.
The relationship can be expressed mathematically through the quotient: v=λ /T , where v is
the speed of the wave measured in meters per second, λ is the wavelength measured in
meters and T is the period measured in seconds.
3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and
good conductors.
Answer: The propagation of electromagnetic waves by free space is usually called radio
frequency propagation, or simply radio propagation. although free space implies a vacuum.
Frequently propagation through the Earth's atmosphere is called propagation through free
space, and can almost always be considered that way. the main difference is that the earth's
atmosphere introduces losses of the signal that is not found in the void. TEMs (transverse
electromagnetic waves) propagate through any dielectric material, including air. However,
they do not propagate well through leaking conductors, such as seawater, because electrical
changes cause currents to flow into the material that rapidly dissipate the energy of the
waves.
Electromagnetic Polarization:
Electromagnetic polarization is a phenomenon that can occur in electromagnetic waves,
such as light, by which the electric field oscillates only in a given plane, called the
polarization plane. This plane can be defined by two vectors, one of them parallel to the
propagation direction of the wave and another one perpendicular to that same direction
which indicates the direction of the electric field.
The types of polarization are:
 Vertical polarization: when the electric field propagates in a direction perpendicular
to the earth's surface.
 Circular polarization: when the polarization vector rotates 360 ° as the wave travels
a wavelength through space, and the field strength is equal at all polarization angles.
 Elliptical polarization: when the intensity of the field varies with changes in
polarization.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every type
of radiation.
Answer: The knowledge that we have today of the electromagnetic spectrum is quite
finished and its applications are many, every time we talk on the cell phone, we tune to a
radio, watch a television program, or feel the heat of the sun, we are perceiving one or the
other form electromagnetic radiation. Visible light is only a small part of the family of
electromagnetic waves that make up the spectrum. Their applications depend on the type of
electromagnetic wave:
 Microwave waves: One application is that of ovens. Its operation is based on the
fact that very high frequency electromagnetic radiation has a lot of energy, so there
is a very large heat transfer to food in a short time. Communications and radar are
two other applications of microwaves.
  The radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment called short wave. It is a
type of high frequency alternating current characterized by having a wavelength
comprised between 1 and 30 meters (10-300 MHz). The short wave, due to its high
frequency is able to cross all kinds of bodies, both drivers and non-drivers.

 Infrared: they are used when we turn on the television and change channels with
our remote control; In the supermarket, our products are identified by reading the
barcodes; we see and listen to compact discs ... everything, thanks to infrared. These
are just some of the simplest applications, since they are also used in security
systems, ocean studies, medicine, etc.

 X-rays: they are used mainly in the fields of scientific research, industry and
medicine.

 Gamma Rays: are used to sterilize instruments that cannot be sterilized by other
methods, and with considerably lower risks to health, are also used in radiotherapy.
In the image shared here, we can see the radio frequencies that are currently used:

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
Answer: The refraction of a wave consists in the change of direction that it experiences
when it passes from one medium to another. This change of direction occurs as a
consequence of the different speed of propagation that the wave has in both media.

The refraction of a plane wave from a medium 1 to another medium 2 is represented in the
figure below, assuming that the velocity of propagation is lower in the second medium than
in the first. As the wave front AB is affecting the separation surface, the AC points of that
surface become secondary foci and transmit the vibration to the second medium. Because
the velocity in the second medium is smaller, the envelope of the transmitted secondary
waves forms an EC wavefront, in which the point E is closer to the separation surface than
the B. As a consequence, when passing to the Second, the rays deviate towards the normal
direction N.

By similar reasoning it is verified that the deviation of the propagation direction takes place
in the opposite direction when the wave travels from a medium where its velocity of
propagation is less than to one in which it is greater.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
In a vacuum, the light propagates at a speed of C = 3.0 × 108 while in any other medium, it
propagates more slowly. The relationship between "C" and the speed of light in any other
medium is called the refractive index of that material, represented as "n".
The refractive index is governed by Snell's law, by which, this property corresponds to the
division between the sinuses of the angles of incidence (the angle between the ray in the
first medium and the perpendicular in the dividing surface) and of refraction (angle
corresponding to the second medium) n = sin (Ø1) / sin (Ø2).
The determination of the Refraction Index is influenced by the temperature and the
wavelength of the emitted light. Under controlled measurement conditions, it is a constant
property for a medium and allows determining the purity of a substance or quantifying a
given compound in binary mixtures of known constituents.
Refractometers are important instruments in the food industry, since they are used in the
analysis of liquid products and in the control of operations during the processing of various
foods: milk and its derivatives (condensed, evaporated, dairy products ...), fruits, juices ,
jams, honey, sauces (ketchup, mustard, soups ...), manufacture and refining sugar, pastries
and pastries

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?
Answer:
A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant frequency whose
wave fronts (surfaces with constant phase) are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal
to the vector phase velocity. That is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a single
direction throughout the space, like for example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If
the wave propagates in a single direction, its wave fronts are flat and parallel.
By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are approximately flat in a
localized region of space. For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an
antenna produces a field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is, at a distance
far from the source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered as
such.
The non-flat waves can be said to be:
 Circular or spherical waves: It is called spherical wave because its wave fronts are
concentric spheres, whose centers coincide with the position of the source of
disturbance.
Sound waves are spherical waves when they propagate through a homogeneous and
isotropic medium, such as air or water at rest. Light also propagates in the form of
spherical waves in air, water, or through vacuum.

 Mechanical Waves: Mechanical waves need an elastic medium (solid, liquid or gas)
to propagate. The particles of the medium oscillate around a fixed point, so there is
no net transport of matter through the medium. As in the case of a carpet or a whip
whose end is shaken, the carpet does not move, however a wave propagates through
it. Within the mechanical waves we have the elastic waves, the sound waves and the
gravity waves.

 Electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves propagate through space without

the need for a medium, thus being able to propagate in a vacuum. This is because
electromagnetic waves are produced by the oscillations of an electric field in
relation to an associated magnetic field
Magnetic media
A magnetic medium is a device that stores information by means of magnetic waves.
Magnetic media are hard drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes.
Magnetic media should be away from magnetic fields and should not be approached by any
body with magnetic properties (such as magnets and telephones), as they could cause
irretrievable loss of data already stored.
As a measure of protection of magnetic media, backup and backup copies must be made.
Secure data at remote sites, offline and out of reach, until you need them. For this it is
advisable to hire a vault storage service for tapes in remote sites.
Examples
Diskettes, Flexible Discs or Floppy Disks (FD)

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum.
Perform a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the
forum.

1. A dissipative medium has the following parameters:

𝜀𝑟=4.5, 𝜇𝑟=1.2 and 𝜎=1.2 𝑆/𝑚
Find the wavelength and the amount of wavelengths that will penetrate a 6MHz signal.

Solution:

For this exercise we can identify the following factors:

Electric conductivity = (σ )
Absolute electric permitivity = (ε) ε =ε r ε 0
Relative electric permitivity = (ε r)
Electric vacuum permitivity = (ε 0=8,8541878176∗10−12 F /m)
Absolute electrical permeability = (μ) μ=μ r μ 0
Relative electrical permeability = ( μr )
Vacuum electric permeability = ( μ0) μ0=4 π∗10−7 N / A 2
v
Wavelength = (λ) λ= P
f
1
Propagation speed = ( v P) v P=
√ με
We confirm data that we have and what should be found:

ε r=4,5
μr =1,2
σ =1,2 S / m
f =6 MHz
ε =?
μ=?
λ=?
v P=?

First we find the Absolute electric permittivity

ε =ε r ε 0
ε =4,5∗(8,8541878176∗10−12 F /m)
ε =3,9843845179∗10−11

Now we proceed in finding Absolute electrical permeability

μ=μ r μ 0
μ=1,2∗( 4 π∗10−7 N / A2 )
μ=1,50796447372∗10−6

We now continue finding Propagation speed, with the following equation:

1
v P=
√ με
1
v P=
√ ( 1,50796447372∗10 −6
)∗( 3,9843845179∗10−11 )
1
v P=
√ 6,008310302676∗10−17
1
v P=
7,75132911356∗10−9

v P=1,2901013302∗10−10

Finally we can identify the Wavelength, with this equation:

vP
λ=
f
 1,2901013302∗10−10
λ=
60∗106

λ=2,15016888∗10−17
Contributions Diego Armando Ribero Patiño
1- Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.
∈=permiticidad electrica
Tan(δ)=σ/(ω∈) ∈=∈_γ ∈_0
∈_0=1/36π*〖10〗^(-9)
σ=Conductividad
ω=2πF Angular frequency
By means of the tangent of, the type of medium can be determined because it is a measure
of the quality of an insulation, the lower is the conduction current compared to the
displacement current, the better is the quality of the electrical insulation, the classification
of the media. Can it be established that the higher the Wholesale angle? Greater is the
component of the conduction current versus the displacement current, that is, more
conductor is the medium.

2- What type of information gives us the propagation speed in the propagation of

electromagnetic waves?

It gives us the speed at which the phase of the wave propagates in space, the phase velocity
of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on electromagnetic waves properties of the
environment where they propagate and not relative displacement Among the observers to
the speed of propagation of a wave, it allows to know the direction, the module and the
direction of this. The propagation speed is the distance that a wave advances in a given
time.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and
good conductors.

Behaves in free space as it is used to predict the direct reception signal when the transmitter
and the receiver have line of sight or look at each other, satellite communication systems
and microwave links are visible in open spaces

The model predicts that the received power is reduced as the separation between the
receiving and transmitting antennas increases, the energy received in the free space is a
function of the given distance.

Perfect dielectric: indicates the limit that does not allow the movement of the charges inside
and because the stored energy is distributed equally, between the electric field and the
magnetic field
good conductors: copper, gold and silver, aluminum allows it to perform more easily,
where the battery of its electrons is in its last orbit.
4 . Using the electromagnetic spectrum, it explains the practical application of each
type of radiation

X-rays: they are used mainly in the fields of scientific research, industry and medicine axis
as it is the taking of x-rays.

Gamma rays: they are used to sterilize instruments that can not be sterilized by other
methods, they are also used in radiotherapy.
The radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment called short wave. It is a type of
high frequency alternating current characterized by having a wavelength comprised
between 1 and 30 meters (10-300 MHz). The short wave, due to its high frequency is able
to cross all kinds of bodies, both drivers and non-drivers.

5. What is the refractive index and what kind of information does it give us about the
behavior of electromagnetic waves?
The refractive index is inversely proportional to the wavelength, it is called the absolute
refractive index, "n" of a transparent medium
The quotient between the speed of light in the vacuum "c" and the speed of light in that
medium "v"
n = c / v where the value of "n" is always dimensionless and greater than unity and is a
constant characteristic of each medium

We can understand that the refraction of a wave consists in the change of speed and / or
direction that it experiences when it passes from one medium to another in which it travels
with different speed. This change of direction occurs as a result of the different speed of
propagation that It has the wave in both media.
Principio del formulario
Final del formulario

6- What is a flat wave and a non-flat wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and non-magnetic medium and where are they used?

A plane wave or also called a mono-dimensional wave, is a constant frequency wave with a
constant level. They are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector velocity
of phase. That is to say, waves that propagate in a single direction along the space and
towards the non-flat wave according to the explanation of the didactic material that are
altering this process, for example the waves in the springs or in the cords.

It is a magnetic medium in a storage medium that uses magnetic patterns to characterize the
information used in a magnetic head to read and write data. The medium used for storage
can be a plastic tape coated with fine particles of a metal.
And what is not a magnetic medium in which there are no flow currents (σ = 0) and the
charge density is equal to zero (ρv = 0), we will depart

examples of magnetic media:

• Floppy Disks, Flexible Disks or Floppy Disks (FD)
• Hard Drives, Hard Drives or Hard Disks (HD)
• Backup Tapes, Tape Backups Unit (TBU)

Problem Nro2.
2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜀𝑟 = 4, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝜎 = 2.3𝑥10−4
𝑆/𝑚 find these parameters for a 300MHz signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.
we calculate the tangent of losses to discriminate the medium
σ 2.3∗10−4 Sm/m
tan(δ )= = = 0.0003886
ωϵ 2 π∗0.3∗108 rad /seg∗4∗1 36 π∗10−9 F /m

It is a loss tangent of less than 0.1, so the environment can be characterized as a dielectric
with low losses, therefore:

10−7 H

γ = jω √ με= j2
8
π∗0.3∗10 rad
seg
¿

√
∗ (4 ¿
m
∗4∗1
36 π
m
∗10−9
F)= j12.47 ¿

rad
β=12.47
m

μ 4 π∗10−7 H /m
n=
√ ε
√
=
4∗1
36 π
−9
∗10 F /m
=188.50 Ω
attenuation constant

σn 2.3∗10−4 Sm/m∗188.50 Ω −3
α= = =21.7∗10 Np/m
2 2

phase velocity

ω 2 π∗0.3∗108 rad / seg

Vp= = =151159229.52 Km/ s
β 12.47

Wavelength

2π 2π
λ= = =0.50386 m
β 12.47

speed factor

v p 151∗10 6 m/ s
fv= = =0.5038
co 3∗108 m/ s

refractive index

1 1
n= = =1.984
f v 0.5038

Contributions Jucelly Argenis Moreno Rueda

1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.
 The tangent of loss or delta are lost with the alternating voltage, that is, we see that
the current that passes through a dielectric is greater than the previous one and is
defined by a parameter that depends on it, therefore the current is out of phase and
this ahead of the supply voltage, so the angle is not exactly 90 degrees but a lower
value, that angle is the delta.
 Example: If we calculate the corresponding losses for a "normal" insulation of a
6,600 V motor when subjected to the phase voltage, we would have the following
results at 20 ºC: C: 100 nF (estimated) Tangent delta: 0.01 (= 1 %, estimated)
Operating voltage against earth: 6.600 / 3 = 3.810 V f: frequency of 50 Hz, the one
used in our power system.

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic

waves propagation?

 According to Maxwell, the electromagnetic waves are transversal because

the electromagnetic disturbance of the electric and magnetic fields are
perpendicular to each other and also with the direction of the propagation of
it. The speed of propagation of a wave is the magnitude that is measured the
speed at which the disturbance of the wave propagates in its displacement,
therefore this depends on the type of wave as the medium in which it
propagates.
 The electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light, that is to say at
300,000 km / s, the speed of this is related to the value of the wavelength
and the period. Mathematically it can be expressed as follows: v = λ / T
o V = Speed of the measured wave of nine per second
o Λ = Length of the wave measured in meters
o T = The period measured in seconds.

The speed of the wave depends on the frequency of the wave and they are
inversely proportional to the period and frequency.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics

and good conductors.

 The propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space implies in the

vacuum, the earth's atmosphere normally happens, they propagate in any
dilectrical material including air, but it does not spread well through
conductors such as seawater, due to that the electric fields are affected by the
currents of the material dissipating the energy of the waves.
 When the electromagnetic waves are in a vacuum, they can disperse and
reduce the density of the power, which is called attenuation and this occurs
in the free space, which makes the waves move farther and farther away,
making that the number of waves per unit area is smaller.
  The propagation model in the free space is used to know the direct received
signal in the transmitter and the receiver, therefore the received proton
decreases as the separation between the receiver and transmitter increases.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every

type of radiation.
 Its applications depend on the type of electromagnetic wave:
o Radiofrequency: They are usually used by antennas of the
appropriate size, with lengths of inda within the limits of hundreds of
meters, it is used for the transmission of data through modulation.
These can carry information by varying the combination of
amplitude, frequency and phase of the denotr wave of a frequency
band. When the electromagnetic radiation hits a conductor, it is
paired with it and travels along it.
o Microwaves: They are short waves, which is produced with Klistron
tubes and magnetron tubes, and with solid state diodes. Microwaves
are absorbed by molecules that have a dipole moment in liquids. It is
normally used to heat food.
o Rays T: It is a region of the spectrum located between the infrared
and the microwaves, the scientists look for to apply this technology
in the armed forces, since the high frequency waves incapacitate the
electronic equipment.
o Infrared: It is divided into three:
 Far Infrared, from 300GHz to 30 THz, this radiation is
absorbed by the rotating modes in the molecules in the gas
phase, by molecular movements in the liquids and by means
of photons in the solids.
 Medium Infrared, from 30 to 120 THz, is absorbed by
molecular vibrations, when the different atoms are a molecule
vibrate around their equilibrium positions.
 Near infrared from 120 to 400 THz, are similar to those of
visible light,
o Visible Radiation: It is in the range in which the sun and stars emit most
of their radiation, visible light is absorbed and emitted by electrons in the
molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another, The
light that we see with our eyes is a very small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
o Ultraviolet Light: The radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the
violet ends of the visible spectrum. Being this very energetic it can break
chemical bonds, making reactive molecules, which can damage the cells
of the skin.
o X-rays: Used to observe through some objects, in radiography they work
by shooting a quantity of electrons on an object, if the electrons are fired
with enough energy, x-rays are produced.
 o Gamma Rays: These are the most energetic photons and the lowest limit
of their wavelength is not known.

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?

o The refraction of a wave is the change of direction that it experiences when

it passes from one medium to another medium, this change occurs as a
consequence of the different velocity of propagation that the wave has in
both media. Therefore the index of refraction is equal to 1 in the vacuum
(light at its maximum speed 300,000 km / s), and greater than unity in any
other medium.

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is
a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?

 Flat Wave: It is a wave of constant frequency, where its fronts are plane
planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector velocity of phase. They
are waves that propagate in a single direction throughout space, like docks.
 Circular Waves: Originated when the surface is disturbed by an object in the
water, the oscillations propagate in a radial direction centered at the point
where the oscillations originate.
 Spherical Waves: All the points that oscillate in phase are on a spherical
surface, as the distance of the source increases, the amplitude of the waves
diminish.
 Magentic means: These are devices that use magnetic materials to archive
digital information such as hard drives.

Contributions Héctor Alexander Quevedo Villamil

 1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.

From the analysis developed in the previous point for flat waves propagating in any

medium with losses, it is interesting to find the expressions that describe 2 particular

situations of practical interest: waves propagating through good insulating or good

conductors. The tangent of losses, defined in equation 2.21, is a useful way to distinguish

between conductors and dielectrics, since it allows comparing the magnitude of the

conduction current, represented by σ, with the displacement current, introduced by the

factor ω. Thus, the smaller the tangent of losses, the lower the attenuation suffered by a

wave propagating in said medium and, therefore, the lower the power dissipated. That is

why when it is required to design a system in which a wave must be propagated, it will be

very convenient that the tangent of losses is small.

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic

waves propagation?

All waves have a finite propagation velocity, in whose value the elastic restoring forces of

the medium and certain factors of the mass of the medium influence: the linear density in

the strings; the depth of the water under the surface, or the adiabatic coefficient, the

molecular mass and the temperature in the case of the propagation of sound in a gas.

In all cases the speed is constant and, as always, it will be:

But let's see what the wave travels in a time

The period will be the time that elapses between two consecutive moments in which a point

of the medium returns to possess the same properties. It will be the same

being the frequency of the oscillatory movement of the point.

For its part, the space traveled by the wave at that time will be the distance between two

consecutive points that meet the same property. At that distance it is called wavelength, .

Thus

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics

and good conductors.

Wave propagation refers to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in Free Space.

although Free Space Really Involves in a vacuum, often the propagation through the

terrestrial atmosphere is called propagation through Free Space and can always be

considered as such. The main difference is that the Earth's atmosphere introduces signal

losses that are not in a vacuum.

  Electromagnetic waves propagate through any dielectric material including Air But they

do not propagate well through leaking conductors such as seawater since electric fields

cause currents to flow into the material from dissipating scammers. waves
 4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every

type of radiation.

We will distinguish two basic types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation associated with

photons that are particles without mass or electrical charge and corpuscular radiation due to

well charged particle currents (electrons, protons, alpha particles (He nuclei)) or neutrals

(neutrons) )

Electromagnetic radiations are interpreted as waves within the framework of Classical

Physics and its theoretical basis was perfectly established by Maxwell's equations. The first

to postulate the corpuscular nature of light was Max Planck since it was necessary to

explain the spectrum (which lengths wavelengths are emitted and in what proportion) of the

electromagnetic radiation emitted by the hole of a furnace at a certain temperature. The

hypothesis of Planck was used shortly after by Einstein to explain the laws of the

photoelectric effect that is the emission of electrons by metallic sheets when illuminating

them with light

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the

electromagnetic waves behavior?

The angle of incidence is called the angle that forms the incident wave and the normal and

the angle of refraction is formed by the wave propagated in the middle and the normal,

thus, the refractive index is not more than the relationship between the speed of propagation

of light in empty space and the speed of propagation of light in certain material

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is

a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?

A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant frequency whose

wavefronts are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector phase velocity.

That is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a single direction throughout the

space, like for example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If the wave propagates in a

single direction, its wave fronts are flat and parallel.

Contributions Andres Felipez Suarez

1.The tangent of loss or tangent delta is a measure of the state of an insulation. it is also
called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid
insulator.
Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is
independent of its volume. The only disadvantage is that it can only determine the
condition of the surface of the insulation, that is, it does not detect the worst condition, its
value can be affected by moisture and dirt on the surface of the insulation that allows a
circulation of current to through the surface. of the same increase the losses.
A clear example are the ADSL networks managed by telephony operators that because of
the humidity and the environment where they are, their current circulation is affected and
generates a swr (signal to noise) in the network but not the exact point where This network
is affected.

2. They are those waves that do not need a material medium to spread. They include,
among others, visible light and radio waves, television and telephony. All propagate in
vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300 0000 km / s) but not infinite. Electromagnetic
waves are propagated by an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.
The speed of propagation of a wave depends on the medium in which it propagates in all
homogeneous and isotropic media the speed of the wave is constant in all directions.
depends on the speed of propagation is defined at what distance you can reach, there will
carry the data you are transferring.

3. The separation between dielectrics or insulators, and conductors is not very well defined,
and some means, the earth for example, are considered conductors up to certain
frequencies, and dielectrics with losses for higher frequencies. in good conductors, such as
metals, the ratio σ / (ωε) is much higher than the unit in the whole spectrum of radio
frequencies. Such is the case of copper that up to relatively high frequencies, 30,000 MHz,
the value of this ratio is 3.5 • 109. Also, in good drivers, both ε and ω are almost
independent of frequency. In good dielectrics or insulators, the ratio σ / (ωε) is much less
than unity. Furthermore, for most dielectrics, both ε and ω are functions of frequency,
although the relation σ / (ωε) is practically constant within a certain frequency range of
interest. Most of the materials used either allow the conduction currents to pass easily or
prevent their circulation, ie they behave as conductors or as dielectrics or insulators, with
some exceptions.

4.
RADIO FREQUENCY: they are used for the propagation of radiocommunications with
ranges from 3 Hz up to 300 MHz.
MICROWAVE: These frequencies cover part of the UHF range and the entire range of
SHF and EHF. These waves are used in numerous systems, such as multiple data
transmission devices, radars and microwave ovens ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
INFRARED: The infrared waves are in the range of 0.7 to 100 micrometers. Infrared
radiation is usually associated with heat. They are produced by bodies that generate heat,
although sometimes they can be generated by some light-emitting diodes and some lasers.
ULTRAVIOLET: Ultraviolet light covers the range of 4 to 400 nm. The Sun is an
important source of rays in this frequency, which cause skin cancer at prolonged exposures.
This type of wave is not used in telecommunications, its applications are mainly in the field
of medicine.
X-RAY: The term X-ray designates an electromagnetic radiation, invisible, able to pass
through opaque bodies and to impress photographic films. The wavelength is between 10 to
0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 to 30 000 PHz (from 50 to
5000 times the frequency of visible light).
RAYS RANGE: Gamma radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation usually produced
by radioactive elements or subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-
electron pair. This type of radiation of such magnitude is also produced in astrophysical
phenomena of great violence. Due to the high energies they possess, gamma rays constitute
a type of ionizing radiation capable of penetrating matter more deeply than alpha or beta
radiation. Given their high energy can cause serious damage to the nucleus of cells, so they
are used to sterilize medical equipment and food.

5. The refraction of a wave consists of the change of direction that it experiences when it
passes from one medium to another. This change of direction occurs as a consequence of
the different speed of propagation that the wave has in both media.
By similar reasoning it is verified that the deviation of the propagation direction takes place
in the opposite direction when the wave travels from a medium where its velocity of
propagation is less than to one in which it is greater.

To formally describe the refraction of light waves (non-mechanical) we define the

refractive index of a medium, n, indicating the number of times that the speed of light is
greater in the vacuum than in that medium. That is, the refractive index is equal to 1 in the
vacuum (where the light has its maximum speed, 300000 km / s) and greater than the unit
in any other medium.
6. a flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant frequency
whose wave fronts surfaces with constant phase are parallel planes of constant amplitude
normal to the vector phase velocity. That is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a
single direction throughout the space, like for example the waves in the springs or in the
cords. If the wave propagates in a single direction, its wave fronts are flat and parallel.
They are used For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an antenna produces
a field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is, at a distance far from the
source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered as such.
A non-planar wave travels in two or more directions; the plane wave travels in only one
direction.
• A magnetic medium is a device that stores information by means of magnetic waves.
Magnetic media are hard drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes. Magnetic media
should be away from magnetic fields and should not be approached by any body with
magnetic properties (such as magnets and telephones), as they could cause irretrievable loss
of data already stored.
• Non-magnetic media are those that do not use a magnetic medium to store information,
otherwise they use different media such as optical media, or electronic media.

REFERENCES

 USAC. Edgar Chaj. (August 8, 2012). Dieléctricos y Aislantes, Tangente De

Pérdidas, Conductores Para Altas Y Bajas Frecuencias. Recovered from
https://es.slideshare.net/Byronf46/tarea-1-lt-200818857

 Luis Diaz. (November 2012), Propagación de ondas electromagnéticas. Recovered

from http://propagaciondeondascuc.blogspot.com/2012/11/propagacion-de-ondas-
electromagneticas.html

 Juda Gomez. (2011), Las Ondas. Recovered from

https://lasondas.webnode.es/ondas-planas/

traducción del epígrafe “QUANTITIES AND UNITS”, inserto en el documento

GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING ELECTRIC,
MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETICS FIELDS (UP TO 300 GHZ) Health Physics,
April 1998, Vol.74. recuperado de: http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/ing-
electrica/documentos/ONDAS_EM_CONCEPTOS_BASICOS.pdf

 J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley: New York, 1998).

 FIELD AND WAVE ELECTROMAGNETICS, by David K. Cheng, Addison-
Wesley
Recuperado de:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_plana
Propagación Básica de las Ondas Electromagnéticas. Recuperado de:
http://www.cartagena99.com/recursos/fisica/apuntes/ondas_electromagneticas.pdf
Byron Quelex. 2012. Dieléctricos Y Aislantes, Tangente De Perdidas, Conductores Para
Altas Y Bajas Frecuencias. Recuperado de: https://es.slideshare.net/Byronf46/tarea-1-lt-
200818857