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Outline
• Viscosity
– Definition & Terminology
– Temperature Dependence
• Viscosity Modifiers
– Function
– Thickening Efficiency
– Shear-Thinning
– Types/Chemistry
• Pour Point Depressants
• SAE Viscosity Grades
• Appendix
– Viscosity measurement methods
Viscosity
Viscosity
• Metal on metal contact leads to high energy losses and surface wear
• Viscosity should be high enough to form the protective film, but low
enough not to give excessive energy losses within the fluid
Stribeck curve
I II III Boundary
Mixed
Hydrodynamic
Friction
coefficient PCMO: 35-45% frictional losses in I
Additives that can help: Friction
Modifiers
Flow direction
Molecules interact with
each other, resist flow
Yu Tian, Noshir S. Pesika, Hongbo Zeng, Kenny Rosenberg, Boxin Zhao, Patricia McGuiggan,
Kellar Autumn, Jacob N. Israelachvili. PNAS 103 (2006) 19320-19325
8 © 2019 Infineum International Limited. All Rights Reserved. 2017160.
Performance you can rely on.
Viscosity of materials
Viscosity index
300
Kinematic Viscosity, mm 2/s
250
0 0VIVI
200
150 100 VI
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Temperature, celsius
Viscosity Index (VI) defines the viscosity relationship with temperature.
Viscosity modifiers
Viscosity modifiers
• VM’s are used in most engine oils and many transmission fluids
Viscosity modifiers
Oil A
• Thinner base oils (Oil B)
SAE 30 provide good low temperature
properties, but cannot provide
Oil B
SAE 5W protection at high temperatures
• Thicker base oils (Oil A)
Temperature provide protection at high
temperatures, but have
insufficient pumpability at low
temperatures
Mixed
Hydrodynamic
Friction
coefficient Visc at
Room T
Substance (cP)
VM Conc. 40,000
Olive oil 80
4 cSt baseoil 45
Viscosity x speed
Water 1
Log
Load
Thickening efficiency
• Thickening Efficiency or TE
is the amount of viscosity
increase per % polymer
• TE is highly dependent on
Molecular Weight and
chemistry
– Higher MW = Higher TE
– Less Branching = Higher TE
– Better match of VM polarity to
base oil polarity = Higher TE
Quiescent polymer
coil in oil solution
Reversible Non-reversible
Orientation of coil Rupture of coil
under shear forces under shear forces
Newtonian
Shear thickening
25
20 Oil pump
Viscosity, mPa-s
15
Journal Bearing, piston rings,
Pouring valve train
10 Redline
oil
Idle Highway
0
Non-Reversible
102 103 104 105 106 107
Shear-Thinning
Hundred Shear Rate, sec-1 Million
15
Low shear Kinematic Viscosity
Shear Rate
viscosity of
Oil with VM engine oil Ring Zone,
Bearings, Valve Train
Shear Rate
VM
Viscosity, mPa-s
Base Stocks
0
102 103 104 105 106 107
Shear Rate, sec-1
• Common types
– Ethylene-Propylene Co-polymer (OCP)
• Semi-crystalline
• Amorphous
– Hydrogenated Styrene-diene Co-polymer (HSD)
– Polymethacrylate (PMA)
Can be semi-crystalline or
Ethylene-Propylene Co-polymer amorphous depending on
(OCP) structural details
Hydrogenated Styrene-Diene
Co-polymer :
Linear Polymer
Polymethacrylate:
(PMA)
O O O O O O
Loose physical
association due to
R R R polarity differences
Performance comparison
TE vs. SSI
Semi-Crystalline
Hydrogenated
OCP
Styrene-Diene
Hydrogenated Linear Polymers
Styrene-Diene Amorphous
Star Polymers OCP
Thickening Efficiency
PMA
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SSI
50 micron + LOFI
50 micron
ASTM
Temp Shear Performance Instrument Method
• Correct
– SAE 10W-30
• Incorrect
– 10W-30
– SAE 10W/30
– SAE 10W30
– SAE 10w-30
• Labeling
– Must label as the lowest ‘W’ grade
• An oil that meets 5W also meets 10W, 15W, etc.
– Oils with VM must be labeled as Multigrades
• Need to take care with CCS and KV100 labelling as there is overlap
between the SAE grades
Summary
Summary
Kinematic viscosity
• Rotor/stator system
Oil
CCS cross-section
Stator
Rotor
Mini-rotary viscometer
Rotor
Increase Constant
pressure to Capillary speed
increase
shear rate
Gap controls
shear rate
Laminar
fluid
flow
profile
Rotational
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