UNIT – 3

PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

AND
NBC STANDARDS

G. HAMPI – 41

G. SREE PRIYA – 42

G. INDRANI – 43

OSHIN JOE – 44

CH. JANVI - 45
 PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT: :

• Fire fighting equipment is equipment designed to extinguish fires or

protect the user from fire.
• It may be used by trained fire fighters, untrained users at the scene
of a fire, or built into a building's infrastructure (such as a sprinkler
system).
• Fire fighting equipment includes not only fire hoses and fire
extinguishers but also fire-resistant protective clothing, fire-resistant
gloves, respirators, and communication equipment.

THERE ARE 4 CLASSES OF FIRE :

• CLASS A : Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material such as wood,

paper, cloth, rubber and some plastics.
• CLASS B : Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.
• CLASS C : Energized electrical equipment such as appliances,
switches, panel boxes and power tools.
• CLASS D : Certain combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium,
potassium and sodium.
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT IS GENERALLY COMPRISED OF HUNDREDS OF
DIFFERENT PIECES OF EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY.

•EXTINGUISHERS :
• Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to
extinguish or control small fires often in emergency situations.
• A fire extinguisher consists of a hand held cylindrical pressure vessel
containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
• Two types of fire extinguishers :

1. STORED PRESSURE – In this, the expellant is stored

In same chamber as fire fighting agent.
With dry chemical extinguishers, nitrogen is
Typically used, water and foam extinguishers
Typically use air.

2. CATRIDGE OPERATED EXTINGUISHER – It contains expellant

Gas in a separate catridge that is punctured prior
To discharge, exposing the propellant to the
Extinguishing agent. This type is used in primary
Areas like industries. They allow the operator to
Discharge the extinguisher, recharge it and return to
The fire in a reasonable amount of time. These
Extinguishers use compressed carbon dioxide.
•Fire fighter’s gear – Fire resistant outer suit,
Inner lining suit, inner and outer gloves, woolen
Socks, fire resistant shoes, helmet
(with or without headlight), communication
System, and breathing apparatus.

•Installed fire fighting system –•Main

Water supply network, hydrant, sprinkler
(automatic or manual), emergency fuel
And electric cut off system, portable
Generators, and portable pumps.

•Communication equipment – Walkie-talkie, radio, broadcasts,

landline telephone, sound powered telephone, cell or mobile phone,
and voice pipe.

•Fire detection and alarm systems –

Smoke, frame, spark detectors, local,
Centralized automatic, semi-automatic,
And manual fire alarm systems.

•Other accessories – water and sand bucket, shovel, hammer, fire

axe, cutters, hooks, fire blanket, emergency lifesaving apparatus, and
emergency lights.
 NBC REGULATIONS
Standards for spaces in high rise buildings:
A) fire escape shall not be taken into account while
calculating the number of
Staircases for a building.

B) all fire escapes shall be directly connected to the

ground.

C) entrance to the fire escape shall be separate and

remote from internal staircase.

D) the route to fire escape shall be free of obstructions

E) fire escape shall be constructed of non-combustible

materials.

F) fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than
125 cm wide with 25cm treads and risers not more than
19cm.

G) handrails shall be at a height not less than 100 cm.

H) fire escape staircase in the mercantile, business,

 Spiral Stairs

A) The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building
height 9 m.
B) A spiral stair shall not be less than 150 cm in diameter and shall be designed to
give the adequate headroom.

WIDTH OF STAIRCASES:
The following minimum width shall be provided for staircases:
a) Residential buildings (dwellings) 1.0 m
b) Residential hotel buildings 1.5 m
c) Assembly buildings like auditorium, 2.0 m theatres and cinemas
d) Educational buildings up to 30 m in 1.5 m height
e) Institutional buildings like hospitals 2.0 m
f) All other buildings 1.5 m
WIDTH OF THREAD:
• The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm
for internal staircase of residential buildings.
• This shall be 300 mm for assembly, hotels, educational,
institutional, business and other buildings.
• The treads shall be constructed and maintained in a manner to
prevent slipping.
HEIGHT OF RAISER:
• The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for residential
buildings and150mm for other buildings and the number shall be limited
to 15 per flight.

HAND RAILS:
• Handrails shall be provided at a height of 1 000 mm to be measured
from the base of the middle of the treads to the top of the handrails.
• Balusters/railing shall be provided such that the width of staircase does
not
reduce.
 WET RISER SYSTEM AND
SPRINKLER SYSTEM

K.AARTHI – 47
K. SRI LAKSHMI -48
K.HASINI-49
K.LIKITHA -50
K.SHRESHTA -51
 A wet riser is a system of valves and pipe work which are
kept permanently charged with water. Dry and wet rising
WET RISER SYSTEM mains are intended for use by the Fire Brigade or other
trained personnel and provide a readily available means
of delivering considerable quantities of water to
extinguish or to prevent the spread of fire. A wet riser is
kept permanently charged with water either directly
from a storage tank, via booster

A Wet riser is a supply system intended to

distribute water to multiple levels or
compartments of a building, as a component of
its fire fighting systems.
Wet rising mains are fitted in tall buildings due to
the excessive pressures required to pump water
to high levels.
 WET RISER SUPPLY SYSTEM
They are advantageous to the fire service in two respects.
Firstly they provide a fixed distribution system within the
building that requires no fire service resources or
equipment. Secondly it is designed as part of, and to
maintain, the compartmentation of the building.

Components of wet riser system

Wet rising mains consist of vertical pipes similar to the dry

rising main system with landing valves at each floor except
the ground.

The pipe system is connected to a permanent water supply

normally a tank fed from the town mains. Duplicate
automatic pumps, one duty and one standby supply this
water to the pipe system.
The tanks are fitted with an automatic
warning system to indicate a low water
level.
At protracted incidents the wet rising
main tank may need to be augmented
and this can be achieved using
conventional Fire appliances and
additional water supplies (Hydrant,
Open water etc).

Wet rising mains are designed to supply

1500 litres per minute for 45 minutes as
a minimum.
Due to the height of the building and
the pressures used, water pressure
reduction valves are fitted to the
outlets at each floor.
 SPRINKLER SYSTEM
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.

Types of sprinkler systems

PRE-ACTION
Pre-action fire sprinkler systems are filled with air and water is allowed to pass through when the smoke
alarm or detector goes off. This type of system requires two triggers to start water flow.

It helps greatly that the pre-action fire sprinkler can be set to prevent water from spouting in case of a false
alarm or a mechanical failure. The pre-action system is good for use in places where the sprinklers are only
necessary when there is an actual fire so other items in the building do not get water damage from an
accidental sprinkling. Such buildings include libraries and data centers.

These places contain items of high value like electronics and goods damageable by water such as books
Dry pipe sprinkler system
 DRY PIPE
Dry pipe sprinklers are similar to pre-action
systems as they use pressurized air in the
pipe which exits before water escapes. This
causes a minute delay in water discharge but
is ideal for buildings with low temperatures so
the pipes do not freeze.

These fire sprinkler systems have a fast

opening tool to get rid of the air and speed up
the flow of water.

Warehouses located in the north are a good

example of what buildings should use dry pipe
sprinklers.
 WET
RISER
Wet pipe fire sprinklers constantly
have water in them. This allows
for a quick reaction to a fire and is
the most common type of
sprinkler installed in buildings.
A type of building that uses the
wet pipe system is a high-rise or
office building with a few floors.
This fire sprinkler system is cost
efficient and low maintenance.
 DELUGE SYSTEM
Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers
connected to the water piping system are open, in that the
heat sensing operating element is removed, or specifically
designed as such.

These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire
spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous
application of water over the entire hazard.

These types of fire sprinkler systems also need a smoke or

heat detector like the pre-action system.

A deluge system has open nozzles that can be used when a

hazard is present. When flammable liquids are spread
across a floor, deluge fire sprinklers are good to have.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
● An automatic fire sprinkler system
typically comprises a series of individual
components including; Pipe, Stop Valve,
Alarm Valve, Fire Sprinkler (head), Alarm
Test Valve and Motorised Alarm Bell
(Gong).

● PURPOSE OF EACH COMPONENT

● Stop Valve:The Stop Valve is used to

isolate the water supply, it may also be
called the isolating valve. The stop valve is
used to isolate (stop) the water supply
coming into the fire sprinkler system.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
● Valve Monitor :that is used to monitor the state (open or
closed) of the Stop Valve. The water within an automatic
fire sprinkler system can be divided into two parts;
● Water Supply :This is the water being fed into an
automatic fire sprinkler system from a water supply
● Installation :The water after the stop valve forms part of
the installation.

● Alarm Valve:The Alarm Valve (also known as an 'alarm

check valve') is used to control the flow of water into the
fire sprinkler system. This is accomplished by providing a
one way (check) valve that is closed when the water
pressure on the fire sprinkler side of the valve exceeds
the water supply pressure.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
● Automatic Fire Sprinkler :
● The Fire Sprinkler is also used to control the flow of
water.
● It is essentially a valve that when exposed for a
sufficient time to a temperature at or above the
temperature rating of the heat sensitive element (glass
bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing water to flow
from only the affected sprinkler.
● The operation and subsequent water flow of an
automatic fire sprinkler will lead to a drop in pressure
within the fire sprinkler system after the alarm valve.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
● Alarm Test Valve :The alarm test valve is a small
valve, normally secured in the closed position. The
alarm test valve is fitted between the sprinkler
system side of the alarm valve and the drain. The
purpose of the alarm valve is when opened to
simulate the flow of water from a single automatic
fire sprinkler.

● Motorised Alarm Bell or Gong :The motorised alarm

bell or gong is a mechanical device, operated by the
flow of water oscillating a hammer that strikes a
gong, causing an audible alarm signal.
 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
Automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in the following buildings:

a) All buildings of 24 m. and above in height, except group housing and 45 m. and above in case of apartment
/group housing society building.

b) Hotels below l5 m. in height and above 1000 sq m. built up area at each floor and or if basement is existing.

c) All hotels, mercantile, and institutional buildings of 15 m. and above.

d) Mercantile building having basement more than one floor but below 15 m. (floor area not exceeding 750 sq m.)
e) Underground Shopping Complex.

f) Underground car / scooter parking /enclosed car parking.

g) Basement area 200 sq m. and above.

ii) The number of Fire Extinguisher required shall be reduced by half.

 FIRE HYDRANT,
CLASS OF FIRE& OCCAPANCY

RADHIKA DEVI - 52
GIRIDHAR - 53
ROJA - 54
KEERTHI.V - 55
JANARDHAN REDDY.K - 56
 FIRE HYDRANT,

➢ A FIRE HYDRANT IS A CONNECTION POINT BY

WHICH FIREFIGHTERS CAN TAP INTO A WATER SUPPLY. IT IS A
COMPONENT OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION.

THIS SYSTEM IS CAPABLE OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES OF LARGE

SIZES IN SMALL TIME

FIRE HYDRANT THROW WATER EITH GREAT PREASSURE

THIS SYSTEM IS DESIGNED IN RINGS SO TO RECEIVE WATER AT A

PLACE VIA TWO ROUTS
PARTS IN HYDRANTS

➢ THE UPPER SECTION OF PART IS REFFERED AS

HEAD OR NOZZLE THE UPPER MOST SECTION OF
THE BARREL IS CALLED AS THE BONNET
➢ THE OUTLET NOZZLES ARE WHERE HOUSES
CAN BE CONNECTED AND ARE USUALLY 2 1\2 OR 4
1\2 “ CONNECTIONS
➢ THE SMALLER CONNECTIONS ARE FOR
CONNECTING HOSES DIRECTLY TO THE HYDRANT
AND LARGER CONNECTIONS ARE FOR CONNECTING
A PUMPER SUCTION HOSE TO THE HYDRANT
GUIDELINES FOR FIRE HYDRANTS

➢ PLACE 2’ OFF CURB

➢ FED BY MINIMUM MAIN DIAMETER 6”
➢ AN AUXILARY VALVE SHOULD BE INSTALLED BETWEEN THE
HYDRANT AND GROUND SURFACE
➢ A BREAKAWAY FLANGE SHOULD BE INSTALLED 2” ABOVE THE
GROUND SURFACE
➢ SUFFICIENT SPACE MAINTAINED BETWEEN HYDRANT AND
BUILDING
➢ LOCATED NEAR STREET INTERSECTIONS
➢ BACK FROM STREET TO AVOID VEHICULAR CONTACTS
 WET- BARREL HYDRANTS

➢ FILLED WITH WATER ALL TIME

➢ NOT USED IN LOCATIONS THAT FREEZE
➢ SEPARATE VALVE FOR EACH NOZZLE
➢ NO MAIN VALVE … GEYSER RESULTS
➢ WHEN HYDRANT IS HIT AND DAMAGED

DRY- BARREL HYDRANTS

➢ USED IN LOCATION THAT FREEZE
➢ MAIN VALVE IS LOCATED BELOW THE GROUND
➢ DRAIN VALVE ALLOWS WATER TO DRAIN BARREL WHEN THE MAIN VALVE IS
CLOSED
WARM – CLIMATE HYDRANT
➢ MAIN VALVE IS AT GROUND LEVEL
➢ MAIN VALVE CONTROLS THE FLOW FROM ALL
NOZZLES
➢ HAS NO DRAIN MECHANISM IN UPPER BARREL AND
IS PRESSURIZED IN THE LOWER BARREL

FLUSH HYDRANTS

➢ USED WHERE AN ABOVE GROUND HYDRANT WOULD BE OBJECTIONABLE

➢ AIRPORT TAXI-WAY , PEDESTRIAN MALLS
➢ COMPLETELY BELOW GROUND
➢ ACCESSIBLE THROUGH COVER
➢ DRY- BARREL DESIGN
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE HYDRATES
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 UNIT - 3
FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS

COOKING GAS DISTRIBUTION IN BUILDINGS

Importance and Necessity of Gas Supply System in Buildings :

❖ For domestic use, gas is used for cooking, water heating, cleaning and air
conditioning.
❖ Can improve the efficiency of the industry and improve the living standards of
the population.
❖ Efficiency in gas equipment and appliances will reduce total fuel consumption
for domestic purposes.
❖ Can be used to generate electricity, as fuel for vehicles and for the use of air
conditioning.
Components of Gas Supply System In Buildings :

Gas supply system is equipped with :

❖ Gas Pressure Meter

❖ Communication System
❖ Warning System
❖ Automatic Control System
❖ Stop valve equipment to disconnect a pipe or even a separate section of the
building during emergency and repair work.
❖ Gas distribution channel and gas service line.
❖ Its role is to deliver gas from the distribution point of the municipality and
stations an from the gas storage facilities to user.
Supply Of Gas :

The supply of domestic gas is to residential, industrial and business premises

such as food, shopping centers etc.

Typical gas supply to residential houses is by individual gas tank with a capacity
of 20kgs. For residential such as apartments and condominiums, the gas supply is by
using the piping connected to the main gas tank at the bottom of the building.

As for the houses in the USA, gas is supplied to households through a network
of piping or tankin the form of CNG. for countries in the West, the use of natural gas
will increase in residential homes and commercial buildings during the cold season
when consumers use gas to heat the space in their homes and buildings using AC that
is based on natural gas.
Distribution Of Gas :

There are three types of gas distribution systems, namely :

❖ One Level System

The system provides users with gas under single pressure. It is for low-density population areas.

❖ Two Level System

The system provides users with gas under combines pressure that is medium and low or high. It is
for medium-sized cities.

❖ Three Level System

The system provides users with gas under three pressures that is high, medium and low. It is to
fulfill the need in big cities.
Gas Pipe Distribution System :

Pipe distribution system will be designed based on two systems, namely :

● Close ring system, and

● Loop system

The system is to ensure that the gas supplies will not be disrupted when a certain section of the
gas pipeline is closed. Pipe connections are buried underground. Underground steel gas pipe
systems and the main gas pipeline are also protected from soil erosion and external flows by
anticorrosive insulation, electrical protection methods.

According to the regulations of the local authorities, wet gas pipeline must be buried under an
average depth of soil freezing. Dry gas pipeline located in the frozen ground area should be
buried at a distance of not less than 0.8m from the top of the pipe to face the earth.
Pipe Fittings Layout for Gas Supply System in Buildings :
 UNIT – III
FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS
• PIPED GAS SUPPLY
 RETICULATED GAS SYSTEM
• ​Reticulated Gas System a mechanism of supplying uninterrupted gas horn a centralized
cylinder storage bank to the end user's point through the pipe line. The Gas is supplied from
a centralized cylinder bank or bulk storage fealty installed within the premises. This will be
differentiated in three form
• VOT - VAPOR OFF TAKE SYSTEM
• LOT - LIQUID OFF TAKE SYSTEM
• BULK STORAGE
• Reticulated Piped Gas System is supply of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) through a network
of pipelines, from a centralized cylinder bank / manifold system or a Bulk Installation
(Bullet) to customer (end user’s) kitchen / Bath room / Heating Appliances.
• This is achieved by reducing the Storage Pressure to appliance pressure by means of
suitable Pressure regulators with the extreme safety. Thanks to the Automatic Change Over
Regulator for ensuring the continues gas supply to the end user even the service cylinder
bank gets Exhausted. Special regulators like under pressure shut off (UPSO) and over
pressure shut off (OPSO) incorporated in the system to ensure safety to the end users.
• Reticulated Pipe Gas System is supply of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) through a network
of pipelines, from a centralized cylinder bank manifold system to customer (end user’s)
kitchen. A proven and latest regulatory system which inculcates a sturdy - 3 Stage Pressure
Regulation System (PRS) to provide multilevel safety.
• PRS - I reduces cylinder pressure from 6 bar to 1 bar*
• PRS - II reduces Pressure from 1 bar to 110 millibar*
• PRS - III reduces pressure from 110millibar to 28 Milli bar*​​

• PRS - I.
PRS-I is installed in the Gas Bank, wherein the cylinder pressure reduces from 6 bar to 1 bar
Gas Bank includes 2 Cylinder Manifolds
• Active
• Standby
Each manifold with battery of cylinders connected together parallel to a common pipe line.
When the Active Manifold is empty, then supply of gas will automatically commence from the
Standby Manifold using Automatic Change Over Regulator which ensures continues gas
supply. An OPSO (Over Pressure Shut-off) Valve is a safety device which monitors the gas
supply pressure & compares it to its preset level. In case the regulator fails at its preset level,
the OPSO valve will automatically active there by gas supply will be shutoff.
Advanced leak detection system shall be provided at gas bank for extra precautionary
measure.
• PRS - II.

• PRS-II (with UPSO & OPSO) is installed near the building structure at basement or Stilt level,
wherein the pressure is further reduced from 1 bar to 110 milli bar. This low pressure gas
passes through HEADER & RISER pipes and enters to each individual consumer’s flat. It has
safety features such as UPSO (Under Pressure Shut-off) & OPSO (Over Pressure Shut-off)
• UPSO- If the pressure on the outlet falls below set limit due to leakage, then the regulator
shut-off the supply of gas
• OPSO- If the pressure in the outlet of PRS-| increases from the cylinder bank, then the
regulator shut-off the supply of gas
• PRS - III.

• PRS – III (with UPSO) is mounted just before the gas meter of each individual flat. It further
reduces the pressure from 110 milli bar to 28 milli bar, thus the pipe connecting the gas stove
receives the pressure of 28 milli bar.
• UPSO - The regulator will instantly shut-off the supply to the Gas stove in case of an
interruption of LPG gas flow for some reason while
• cooking or in case the customer has left the gas burner on without attending to it even after
gas supply starts. To get the normal supply again, the customer should close the Gas Stove
burner & wait for 1-2 minutes. Thus the combination of safety devices eliminates the risk of
LPG leaking into the customer’s kitchen and creating a potential hazard.
 WHY RETICULATED GAS SYSTEM?.
• There are about 25 million households using LPG and as many as 13 million are on the waiting
list. The average growth rate in demand has been 12 to 13 percent and is expected to be of
the same order in the years to come.
• However, there are restrictions by way of domestic availability. Lack of infrastructural
facilities and shortage of gas has hampered the growth of the Petroleum Gas Companies.
Today the public sector units are in no position to increase their bottling capacity.
• Today’s situation warrants an alternative system and Reticulated Gas System, being used in
Europe and America, is the best solution to this problem. Reticulated gas system is Tailor
made to suit the project requirements.
• This centralized distribution system supplies gas to each and every user through a network of
absolutely safe system and is the best alternative to the conventional LPG distribution system.
The rigors of getting a refill are totally eliminated and the consumer ‘pays for what the uses.
• PNG systems are restricted to certain to geographical areas and further the availability of
natural gas is questioned everywhere. LPG systems have limited loops; hence more security
and more control on the safety aspects. At every stage, state-of-the-art equipment is used
with Carbon steel pipes, to provide the best and safest LPG Reticulated System. The system is
tested as per strict norms of the Oil Industry at every stage. Because safety is foremost
followed by Convenience.
• ADVANTAGES.
• Reticulation system provides continuous supply of gas at the turn of tap.
• No need to wait for the new cylinder after exhausting the existing cylinder.
• Space saving in the Kitchen.
• Improves the aesthetic sense of the Kitchen.
• More Safety to the kitchen as Under/Over Pressure Shut off Regulator is
incorporated.
• No need of blocking the money as well as the space for the second cylinder.
RETICULATED GAS SYSTEM FOR APARTMENT
COMPLEX
• Reticulated gas system promises an uninterrupted
supply and a host of other benefits for the
households. The system essentially involves a piped
network in an apartment complex that supplies
cooking gas direct to the hotplates in individual
households by drawing the fuel from a pool of
cylinders.
• The supply gets metered just the way it is being
done for water and electricity. Apart from providing
continuous supply of the cooking gas at the turn of
tap, use of reticulated system means saving on
space, time and money.
• Reticulated gas system is not-it was introduced in
the city almost four years ago. It provides
continuous supply of gas at the turn of tap and
eliminates cylinder refill booking.
 RETICULATED GAS SYSTEM
• Reticulated gas system is one of the latest value-additions
being offered by builders. Reticulated gas system
essentially involves a piped network in an apartment
complex that supplies cooking gas direct to the hotplates
in individual flats through a centralized gas bank.
• Rather than individual pipe line, a single line from
centralized gas bank shall be sufficient to supply gas
improving the esthetic look of the building and saving
area or space.
• The reticulated gas system involves a piped network that
supplies cooking gas to individual flats through a
centralized gas bank.
• In centralized gas bank, the cylinders are connected to a
manifold which consists of two arms- active bank &
standby bank- the manifold arm connected to cylinders
from which LPG is supplied is known as the “active
bank” and the other arm connected to the cylinders is
known as the “standby bank.”
• When the LPG gets exhausted in the active
bank, the supply of LPG from the active bank
to the standby bank is either done manually
or automatically.
• While the LPG supply from the standby bank
continues, the gas company replaces the
empty cylinders to ensure that the users
receive uninterrupted supply of gas.
• A gas meter is installed in a suitable position
(inside or at the entry point of the kitchen)
that records the usage of the LPG as it
passes through it.
• Gas meters measure a defined volume,
regardless of the pressurized quantity or
quality of the gas flowing through the meter.
The benefit of this system is its `use and pay’
feature just the way it is being done for
water and electricity consumption.
 ADVANTAGE OF RETICULATED GAS SYSTEM
➢ The success of the piped supply or reticulated gas system largely depends on the role of the
resident’s association and cooperation among the residents. It is the association’s responsibility
to order for the refill cylinders of the bank and collect the amount from the residents.
➢ No cylinder in the kitchen or inside the flat.
➢ No entry to delivery boy inside the house.
➢ No waiting list for new connection or refill.
➢ Increased safety in kitchen as the pressure of LPG in pipeline is much lower than an LPG cylinder
➢ Automatic Change Over to ensure continuous flow.
➢ Not required to visit to gas agencies for booking or refill booking reminders
➢ Not required to stay at home to receive gas
➢ Uninterrupted gas supply and No holiday for Gas supply.
➢ Saving of time and no need to block money for 2nd cylinder
➢ Apart from its use as a cooking fuel conduit, the system could be used for operating geysers,
LPG fire places and air convectors during winter
➢ The supply gets metered, therefore payment as per actual consumption of gas.
➢ Another benefit of this system is its `use and pay’ feature.
 SAFETY/PRECAUTIONS
➢ Fencing of areas to restrict unauthorized entry.
➢ Avoid wiring for lighting inside the Gas Bank
➢ Ensure that Gas Bank has Good Ventilation.
➢ Install 3rd stage emergency valve inside the individual kitchen to cut off the supply in the
kitchen.
➢ Under Pressure Shut off Valves to ensure satisfactory burning characteristics.
➢ Ensure to install Non-Return Valves (NRV) for cylinder to avoid back flow.
➢ Ensure-Bottom Portion of the Room Ventilation with Brass Mesh Only
➢ Don’t allow the mobile inside the gas bank
➢ Restrict unauthorized entry of apartment owners, residents or outsiders inside the Gas Bank
➢ Check inlet and outlet with Soap oil as and when Required
➢ Ground level ventilation in the manifold room / enclosure must be maintained at all times.
➢ Safety signage such as “No Smoking”, “High Flammable-LPG”, “Switch off Mobile” etc
should be placed adjacent to cylinder bank.
-16041AA062
-16041AA063
-16041AA064
-16041AA067
-16041AA068
ADVANCE SERVICES
BOTTLED GAS SUPPLY

M.SHIRISHA-69
M.DEEKSHITHA-70
M.MEHER SHIVANI-72
MOHAMMAD IMTIYAZ-73
MOHAMMAD IRFAN-74
What is Bottled Gas?

Bottled gas is a name is used for chemicals which are in a gaseous

state at standard temperature and pressure (STP) and stored under
pressure in steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, or composite gas
bottles or other vessels.

• Bottled gas is a flammable hydrocarbon gas liquefied through

pressurization and stored in gas bottles or gas cylinders.

• LPG is also called bottled gas, along with propane, butane and mixtures of
these gases.

• Bottled gas comes from natural gas processing and oil refining.
• Bottled gas refers to a gas that can be compressed as a gas or liquefied
under pressure within a gas bottle of other vessel, typically made of steel,
aluminum, stainless steel or composites.

• These gases are all gaseous at STP - which is 0°C (32°F) at 1atm (100 kPa or
1 bar) - when released from the gas bottle.

• LPG is bottled gas. “Bottled gas” is typically a synonym for “LPG” or

“propane” stored in gas bottles or gas cylinders. Whilst there are actually
many types of gas that come in bottles or cylinders, including industrial
and welding gases, it is generally understood to that LPG is bottled gas –
LPG (propane) in gas bottles.
• In some countries, bottled gas can also refer to butane or propane/butane
mixtures of gas.
• Bottled gas is stored flammable
hydrocarbon gas liquefied through
pressurization and contained in gas bottles
or gas cylinders.

• Bottled gas is synonymous with LPG, along

with propane, butane and mixtures of
these gases.

• Bottled gas comes from natural gas

processing and oil refining.

• Bottled gas is stored in LPG bottles,

cylinders or larger vessels and is primarily
used as heating, hot water, cooking and
auto fuel.
How Long Does Bottled Gas Last - Does
Bottled Gas Go Off
• Bottled gas lasts indefinitely so bottled gas
never goes off. Bottled gas – LPG – just never
goes bad. Storing LPG for 10 to 30 years or
more would not be an unreasonable
expectation, with the limiting factor being the
container.
• Bottled gas - LPG (propane) - does not
degrade through any natural process.
• The only limitation on using bottled gas is the
durability of the container – gas bottles,
cylinders or tanks. Gas is Used in Gas Bottles
• The gas used in home gas cylinders or gas
bottles is almost always LPG. So, you get
either propane, butane or a mixture of the
two.
Where Does Bottled Gas Come From?
• Bottled gas is a fossil fuel that does not occur in isolation. Bottled gas is
found naturally in combination with other hydrocarbons.

• It is produced during natural gas processing and oil refining.

• It is isolated, liquefied through pressurisation and stored in pressure

vessels.

How is Bottled Gas Made?

• Bottled gas is made during natural gas processing and oil refining. It is
separated from the unprocessed natural gas using refrigeration.
• Bottled gas is extracted from heated crude oil using a distillation tower.
• It is then pressurisation and stored as a liquid in LPG cylinders and tanks.
How Bottled Gas is Transported ?
• Bottled gas exists as either a gas (vapour) or as a liquid, when it is under a
modest amount of pressure in LPG bottles, cylinders, tanks and larger LPG
storage vessels.
• Given that gaseous LPG has a volume 270x that of liquid bottled gas, it is
almost always transported in its more compact liquid state.
• Bottled gas can be transported in a number of ways, including by ship, rail,
tanker trucks, intermodal tanks, cylinder trucks, pipelines and local gas
reticulation systems.
• Most homeowners receive their bottled gas either by 45kg LPG cylinders or
tanker delivery into a large in situ tank.
• For BBQs, homeowners typically take their empty gas bottle to a retailer to
be refilled or for a swap refill.

What is Bottled Gas Used For?

• Bottled gas is utilised in numerous applications.
• Bottled gas is used as a fuel for many
residential, commercial and agricultural
heat applications, including cooking.
• It is also employed as a propellant,
refrigerant, vehicle fuel and
petrochemical feedstock.
• The bottled gas uses most people can name are around the home, in their
cars or for their business.
• It is used in leisure time activities including caravans, boats, recreational
vehicles, hot air balloons and camping.

• Business and industry use bottled gas for a multitude of processes

including steam boilers, kilns, ovens and forklifts.

• Crop and produce drying, heating greenhouses, hot water for dairies,
irrigation pumps and heating animal enclosures are just some of the
agricultural applications for bottled gas.

• Transport is also a big user of bottled gas, with either propane alone or
mixed with butane, to power various vehicle types.

• There are also many, many more bottled gas applications, including power
generation and the hospitality industry.
How Does Bottled Gas Work?

• Bottled gas is stored under pressure, as a

liquid, in a gas bottle. It turns back into gas
vapour when you release some of the
pressure in the LPG bottle by turning on your
appliance.

• The gas vapour is at the top of the LPG bottle

whilst the liquid LPG is at the bottom .

• Almost all of the uses for bottled gas involve

the use of the gas vapour, not the liquefied
gas.
7 Important Bottled Gas Facts
1. Bottled gas is LPG. LPG is the acronym for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
2. Bottled gas is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is liquefied through
pressurisation and commonly used as fuel.
3. Bottled gas comes from natural gas processing and petroleum refining and
is also referred to as Natural Gas Liquids – NGL.
4. Bottled gas is LPG but not all bottled gas is propane. Propane, along with a
number of gases, falls under the “LPG” label. The other gases
include butane (n-butane) and isobutane (i-butane), as well as mixtures of
the three LPG gases.
5. Bottled gas can be compressed into liquid at relatively low pressure.
6. Bottled gas is frequently used for fuel in heating, cooking, hot water and
vehicles.
7. Bottled gas is generally stored, as a liquid, in steel vessels ranging from
small BBQ gas bottles to larger LPG cylinders and storage tanks.
KITCHEN STOVE & BURNERS

75 – Mythili 78 - Nischay
76 – Gayatri 79 - Praveen
77- Keerthana 80 - Preethi
 KITCHEN STOVE
• A kitchen stove, often called simply a stove or
a cooker, is a kitchen appliance designed for the
purpose of cooking food.
• Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct
heat for the cooking process and may also
contain an oven, used for baking.
• In the industrialized world, as stoves replaced open fires
and braziers as a source of more efficient and reliable heating,
models were developed that could also be used for cooking, and
these came to be known as kitchen stoves.
• When homes began to be heated with central heating systems,
there was less need for an appliance that served as both heat
source and cooker and stand-alone cookers replaced them.
• Cooker and stove are often used interchangeably.
 EVOLUTION
OF STOVE
• The fuel-burning stove
is the most basic design
of kitchen stove.
• Early clay stoves that A major improvement in fuel
enclosed the fire technology came with the
completely, These advent of gas.
stoves were fired by The first gas stoves were
wood The 18th-century developed as early as the 1820s,
or charcoal through a Japanese merchant's but these remained isolated
hole in the front. kitchen, Kamado experiments.
(Hezzui) made of Gas stoves only became
copper widespread on the European
Continent and in the United
States in the early 20th century.
 • As a heat storage stove, it worked on
the principle that a heavy frame
made from cast iron components can
absorb heat from a relatively low-
intensity but continuously-burning
source, and the accumulated heat
can then be used when needed for
cooking.
• Microwave ovens were developed in
the 1940s, and use microwave
radiation to directly heat
the water held inside food.
An electric stove or electric range is
a stove with an integrated electrical
heating device to cook and bake.
Electric stoves became popular as
replacements for solid-fuel (wood or
coal) stoves which required more
labor to operate and maintain. Some
modern stoves come in a unit with
built-in extractor hoods.
HOW GAS AND ELECTRIC
STOVES GET HOT
• Gas stoves contain one of two types of
ignition systems: a pilot light or an
electronic ignition system. A pilot light is a
constantly burning blue flame near the
burner. Because it’s always on, a pilot light
uses a lot more gas than an electronic
ignition system. An electronic ignition
system creates a spark (you'll hear this as
a clicking noise) only when you turn the
burner on.
• When you use an electric stove, electricity
runs to a wire inside the coils on the cook
top. Smooth top stoves have an internal
5 ADVANTAGES TO GAS STOVES
TYPES
• Electric Coil Cooktop
1 Ease of cleaning • Electric Smooth Top
2 Heat temperature control • Induction Cooktop
3 Long-term costs
4 Convenience during power outages • Gas Cooktop
5 Heating speed • Downdraft Cooktop
• Modular Cooktop
• Gas Cooktops
• Gas cooktops operate on
natural gas or propane. ...
DISADVANTAGES • Electric Cooktops
• Induction Cooktops
Much loss of heat: no efficient energy consumption.
Cleaning is difficult due to pan supports and burners.
• Cooktops with Overhead
Hood
You cook with an open flame and therefore cooking
with gas is not the safest way.
• Downdraft Cooktops
• Coil Type Cooktops
• Smooth top Cooktops
KITCHEN BURNERS
• An apparatus in which electricity
or a fuel is used to furnish heat,
as for cooking or warmth.
• A device that produces heat for
specialized, especially industrial,
purposes.
WHAT IS A BURNER
OR STINGER?
A burner or stinger is a stinging or
shocking sensation felt in the back of
the neck or shoulder. It is caused when
a nerve in the neck or shoulder is
pinched by either the bones, muscles,
or other neck tissues.
HOW DOES A
BURNER WORK?
The oxygen-gas mixture then
flows into the burner. The burner is
simply a hollow metal disk with
holes punctured through its
perimeter. ... By turning the knob
to a higher heat setting, you
increase the flow of gas and air,
and the flame gets larger.
Gas burners can work with either
natural gas or propane.