Additive Manufacturing technology, applications and Future directions

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been explored and produced for over twenty

years. Instead of removing materials, AM forms make 3D parts legitimately from CAD

models by including materials layer by layer, providing the useful ability to build parts

behind the material and geometric complexities which could not be delivered by using the

processes of subtractive manufacturing. Because of research over the previous few decades,

critical advancement has been made in the improvement and commercialization of unique

and creative AM forms, just as various viable applications in car, aviation, energy,

biomedical, and different other fields. The paper discusses the primary procedures, materials,

or utilization of the latest Additive Manufacturing technology furthermore, presents research

requirements on AM technology for future.

Keywords

Additive Manufacturing (AM), AM materials, AM applications, AM processes,

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the mechanical production also termed as 3D

printing, a computer-controlled procedure that makes three-dimensional items by storing

materials, as a rule in layers. Utilizing 3D object scanners or computer-aided design (CAD),

additive manufacturing takes into consideration the making of articles with exact geometric

shapes. They are constructed layer by layer which is opposite to process of customary

manufacturing that frequently needs machining or different strategies to remove surplus

material. It is a transformative method to deal with industrial production that allows the

formation of stronger, lighter systems and parts [1].

It is still another mechanical advancement that is made acceptable by the progress

from simple to computerized forms. In current decades, design, imaging, interchanges, or

building all have experienced their own advanced digital revolutions. Additive manufacturing

can carry advanced adaptability and effectiveness in manufacturing activities [2]. While AM

is new for many people but, it has really been around for several decades. In the correct

applications, it conveys a perfect trifecta of simplified fabrication, improved performance, or

complex geometries. Thus, chances proliferate for people who effectively grasp AM [3].

2 Additive manufacturing (AM) and process

Making a digital model is the primary phase in the method of additive manufacturing. Most

recognized strategy for creating a computerized model in CAD. It includes a large number of

professional CAD programs that are perfect with additive manufacture. Figuring out can similarly be

utilized to create an innovative model through 3D scanning [4]. It centers around highlight geometry

confinements and backing or break gap prerequisites and vary by technology. The main step in the

additive manufacturing procedure that differs from conventional engineering process is the

prerequisite to change over a CAD model to an STL (stereolithography) record. It utilizes triangles to
depict the outsides of an object. When an STL document has been created the record is brought into

a slicer program. This program considers the STL record and changes over it into G-code. It is

numerical control (NC) programming language [5]. 3D printing machines regularly involve numerous

tiny and unpredictable parts so correct calibration and maintenance are elementary to making

precise prints.

The raw materials used in additive manufacturing frequently have a limited period of time

for usability and require cautious dealing with. While some of the methods provides the ability to

reuse excess manufacture material, repeated reuse can bring about a reduction in material

properties if not replaced routinely. For some AM advancements removal of the print is as

straightforward as separating the printed part from the stage of assemblage [4] [6]. For other

increasingly modern 3D printing techniques the removal of a print is an exceptionally particular

procedure including particular extraction of the print while it is as yet encased in the manufacturing

material or joined to the build plate. Such strategies require entangled removal methodology and

skilled machine administrators alongside controlled situations and safety equipment. Post preparing

methods again differ by printer technology. SLA requires a segment to fix under UV before taking

care of, metal parts often need to be pressure relieved in an oven while FDM parts can be taken care

of immediately. For innovations that use support, this is also indifferent at the post-handling stage.

3 AM types

Vat polymerization utilizes a vat of fluid photopolymer tar, through which the model is developed. A

bright (UV) light is utilized to fix or solidify the pitch, while a stage moves the object being made

down after restoration of next layer. As fluid to frame objects are used in this process, there is no

supporting help from the material during the phase of construction, not at all like powder-based

strategies, where the backing is specified from the unbound material [6] [7]. Material jetting makes

questions in a similar method to a 2D ink fly printer. Material is streamed onto a form stage using

either a ceaseless or Drop on Demand (DOD) method. Material is deposited onto the assemble
surface, where it cements and the model is formed. Material is saved from a spout which moves on

a level plane over the construct phase. Machines change in multifaceted nature and in their

techniques for regulating the deposition of material.

The binder jetting procedure uses 2 materials; a binder and a powder-based material. The binder

works as a glue among powder layers. The binder is in fluid-structure and the fabricate material in

powder structure [9]. The item being printed is taken to its build platform. Powder bed fusion (PBF)

strategies use either an electron or a laser beam to dissolve and combine material powder. Electron

bar melting (EBM), strategies needs a vacuum yet can be applied with metals and composites in the

production of utilitarian parts. Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is equal to SLS, however with the

use of metals and not plastics. Specific Heat Sintering varies from different procedures by method

for using a heated thermal print head to meld powder material.

Sheet lamination forms comprise of laminated object manufacturing (LOM) and ultrasonic additive

manufacturing (UAM). UAM process uses strips or sheets of metal, which are bound together

utilizing ultrasonic welding. The LOM process utilizes a cross hatching strategy during the printing

process to take into account a simple expulsion post construct [8] [10]. Overlapped objects are often

used for tasteful and visual models and are not appropriate for secondary use. Directed Energy

Deposition (DED) covers a possibility of phrasing that includes Laser designed net shaping, direct

metal deposition, 3D laser cladding, directed light creation. It is a progressively impulsive printing

process ordinarily used to fix or add extra material to existing parts.

4 Materials used in additive manufacturing along with the results

4.1Polymers and composites

4.2Metals and alloys

4.3Ceramics and composites

4.4Cement based materials (mortar, concrete, limestone, etc.)

4.5Other materials

4.6Hybrid materials

Technology Materials used Results Disadvantages/ References

(AM) method challenges

5 Application of additive manufactured parts

5.1Application of additive manufacturing in aeronautics

5.2Application of additive manufacturing in automotive

5.3Application of additive manufacturing in architecture

5.4Application of additive manufacturing in construction industry

5.5Application of additive manufacturing in medical and surgical

5.5.1Application of additive manufacturing in medicine

5.5.2Application of additive manufacturing in pre-surgical planning

5.5.3Application of additive manufacturing in medical devices

5.5.4Application of additive manufacturing in orthopedic implants

5.5.5Application of additive manufacturing in dentistry and oral surgery

5.5.6Other applications in medical/surgery

5.6Application of additive manufacturing in biomaterials and tissues and organs

5.6.1Application of additive manufacturing in tissue engineering

5.6.2Other biomedical areas

5.7Application of additive manufacturing in food industry

5.8Application of additive manufacturing in sports

5.9Application of additive manufacturing in art and craft

5.10Application of additive manufacturing in……

5.11Other applications

Technolog Materials Applications Results Disadvantages/ Other Ref.

y (AM) used challenges information

method

6 Technical challenges/ issues with additive manufacturing and how to address them

7 Future application/potential application of AM

8 Conclusion

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