Chap7 - F2-A - 2 - Notes Diff

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
DIFFERENTIATION – F2-A
1. INTRODUCTION
y
y
t X
fig : a fig : b
The line of sight of a person sitting in a car
traveling along a roller coaster track P will
be parallel to the tangent line T
Consider the graph of a function f ( fig : a ) that gives the distance traveled by a
car on a straight road t seconds after starting from rest . At the initial stage , the
curve rises slowly . Reflecting the slow speed of the car ( rate of change of the
position y with respect to time t ). As time passes , the curve rises more
rapidly. Showing that the speed of the car in the latter phase is greater than that
in the earlier phase .The speed of the car is therefore not constant over the
period of time .
What is the speed of the car at any given instant of time t ? This is called the
instantaneous speed of the car which is the speed of the car at that particular
instant of time .
How to measure the changes in f for any value of x ?
Consider the graph of f ( fig : b ) . Think of the curve as a stretch of roller

coaster track . When the car is at the point P on the curve , a passenger sitting in
the car , looking straight ahead , will have a line of sight that is parallel to the line
T (tangent to the curve at P )
Therefore , the rate at which y is increasing or decreasing with respect to x can

be measured by considering the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point
in question .
F2-A - 1 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
1.1 TANGENT LINE
Let QX be any point on the graph of f distinct from P (a point on the graph).
The straight line that passes through the two points , P and QX is called a secant
line
If QX move toward P along the curve , the secant line through P and QX rotates
about the fixed point P. And the point QX approaches a fixed line through P . This
fixed line is the tangent line .
y S1
Q1
S2
S3
Q2 S4
T
Q3
Q4
P
x
Consider the point P(2,1)

Points Q1 , Q2 , …. , Q6 lie on the graph of f(x) = ¼ x2 .
The lines S1 , S2 , …. , S6 are the corresponding secant line through P .
By using the formula to find the slope of a straight line that passes through 2
points
y 2 − y1
m =
x 2 − x1
find the slopes of the secant lines .
point Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
coordinates (5, 6.25) (4 , 4) (3 , 2.25) (2.5 , (2.1 , (2.01 ,

1.5625) 1.1025) 1.010025)
slope m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6
1.75 1.5 1.25 1.125 1.025 1.0025
From the results , we see that the slopes of the secant lines seem to approach
the number 1
CONCLUSION : the slope of the tangent line is 1
F2-A - 2 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
To find a general expression involving the function f(x) that describes the slopes
of the approximating sequence of secant lines , we consider :
y
y = f(x)
Q( x+h , f(x+h) ) S
f(x + h)
point coordinate
P ( x , f(x) ) P( x , f(x) )
f(x)
Q ( x+h , f(x+h)
) x x+h x
Using the equation for the slope of a line :

y
y −y
m= 2 1
x2 − x1 Q
P
x
h
h
h
h
Observe that as the number h approaches zero , the point Q ( x+h , f(x+h))
approaches the point P along the graph of f . So the sequence lines through
points P & Q approaches the tangent line through P .
DEFINITION : The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point P is
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
given by : lim if it exists
h →0 h
F2-A - 3 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
EXAMPLE 1 Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the linear function
f(x) = 3x + 5
SOLUTION
f (x) = 3x + 5
f ( x + h) − f ( x) 3( x + h ) + 5 − 3 x − 5
lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim 3
h→0
=3
therefore the slope of the linear function is 3
EXAMPLE 2 Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y = f(x) = ¼ x2 at
any point ( x , y ) . What is the slope of the tangent line T to the graph of f at the
point (2 , 1), what is the equation of T ?
SOLUTION
1
f (x) = x2
4
1
Slope of the tangent f ( x + h) − f ( x)
(x + h )2 − 1 x 2
line to the graph of f lim = lim 4 4
at any point h→0 h h → 0 h
1 2 2 1 1
x + xh + h 2 − x 2
= lim 4 4 4 4
h→0 h
x h
= lim +
h→0 2 4
x
=
2
x 2
The slope of the tangent line T to the graph of f at the point ( 2 , 1 ) is = =1
2 2
The equation of T , at point ( 2 , 1 ) with slope m = 1
m( x − 2) = y − 1
y − 1 = 1( x − 2)
y = x −1
F2-A - 4 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
1.2 RATE OF CHANGE
Suppose that we are given a function f that describes the relationship between
the two quantities x and y :
y = f (x)
the number f(x+h) – f(x) measures the change in y that corresponds to a change
of h in x .
y
y = f(x)
Q( x+h , f(x+h) ) S
f(x + h)
f(x + h) - f(x)
P( x , f(x) )
f(x)
h
x x+h x
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x + h) − f (x)
The difference quotient : = measures the average
x+h−x h
rate of change of f with respect to x over the interval [ x , x+h ]
As this equation is the same as the equation of the slope , we conclude that the
difference quotient also measure the slope of the secant line that passes
through the two points , P and Q on the graph f .
By taking the limit of the difference quotient as h approaches zero ,
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
lim
h →0 h
we obtain the rate of change of f at the point x often called the instantaneous
rate of change of f at the point x .
F2-A - 5 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
1.3 SUMMARY
AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE of f over the interval [ x , x + h ] or slope of

the secant line to the graph of f through the point ( x , f(x) ) and ( x+h , f(x+h)) is
f (x + h ) − f (x )
h
INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE of f at the point x or slope of tangent
line to the graph of f at ( x , f(x) ) is
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
lim
h →0 h
2. DERIVATIVE
2.1 THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
The derivative of a function f with respect to x is the function f ‘ defined by :
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x) = lim
h→0 h
the domain of f ‘ is the set of all x when the limit exists
Thus the derivative of a function f is a function f ‘ that gives the slope of the
tangent line to the graph of f at any point ( x , f(x) ) and thus the rate of change
of
f at x .
2.2 NOTATION :
DX f(x) : “ dee sub x of f of x “

dy
: “ dee y dee x “
dx
y‘ : “ y prime “
f‘ : “ f prime “
f ‘ (x) : “ f prime of x “
F2-A - 6 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
EXAMPLE 1 : Let f (x) = x2
a: compute the derivative f ‘ of f
f ( x + h) − f ( x) ( x + h)2 − x 2
lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
x + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
2
f ' ( x ) = lim
h→0 h
= lim 2 x + h
h→0
= 2x
b: compute f ‘(2) and interpret your result
f ' ( x) = 2 x
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at
f ' ( 2 ) = 2( 2) = 4 the point ( 2 , 4 ) is 4. The function f is changing at
the rate of 4 units per unit change in x
EXAMPLE 2 : Let f(x) = x2 - 4x
(a) compute the derivative f ‘ of f

(b) find the point on the graph of f where the tangent line to the curve is
horizontal
(c) sketch the graph of f and the tangent line to the curve at the point
found in (b)
(d) what is the rate of change of f at this point ?
SOLUTION
(a) f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x
f ( x + h) − f ( x) ( x + h ) 2 − 4( x + h ) − ( x 2 − 4 x )
lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 xh + h − 4 h
2
f ' ( x ) = lim
h→0 h
= lim 2 x + h − 4
h→0
= 2x − 4
F2-A - 7 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
(b) If the tangent line to the curve is horizontal , then the slope is zero.
f ' ( x) = 0 y = (2) 2 − 4(2)

2x − 4 = 0 y = −4
x=2
the point is ( 2 , - 4 )
(c)
14
12
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2
-4
-6 Tangent line
(d) the rate of change of f at this point ( 2 , - 4 ) is zero
EXAMPLE 3 : Let f(x) = 1/x
(a) compute the derivative f ‘ of f

(b) find the slope of the tangent line T to the graph of f when x = 1
(c) find an equation of the tangent line T in (b)
SOLUTION
1
(a) f ( x) =
x
f ( x + h) − f ( x)  1 1 1
lim = lim  − .
h h→0 x + h x h
h→0

 x − (x + h )  1
f ' ( x ) = lim  .
h→0
 ( x + h )x  h
1
= lim −
h→0 (x + h )x
1
=− 2
x
F2-A - 8 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
(b) when x = 1 ,
1
the slope , f ' ( x ) = −
x2
f ' (1) = −1
(c) when x = 1 , y = 1
at point ( 1 , 1 ) , m = -1
y −1
−1 =
x −1
y = −x + 2
2.3 FUNCTIONS THAT ARE NOT DIFFERENTIABLE AT A POINT
Functions that fail to be differentiable are functions that do not possess derivative
at certain values of x .
A continuous function f(x) , fails to be differentiable at a point x = a when :

The graph of f(x) makes an abrupt change of direction at that point
The tangent line is vertical ( since the slope of a vertical line is undefined )
y y
( a , f(a) )
( a , f(a) )
x x
a a
f is not differentiable at x = a
The graph makes an abrupt The slope at x = a is undefined

change of direction at x = a
F2-A - 9 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
2.4 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
In general , the continuity of a function at a point x = a does not necessarily

imply
the differentiability of the function at that point .The converse however is true .
EXAMPLE 4 : Explain why the function fails to be differentiable at each of the

points
x=a,x=b,x=c,x=d,x=e,x=f,x=g
y
At x = a , b , c :
The function is discontinuous
at these points
At x = d , e , f :
The function has a kink at
each of these points
At x = g :
x The tangent line is vertical at
this point
a b c d e f g
F2-A - 10 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
3. RULES IN DIFFERENTIATION
3.1 BASIC RULES
These rules are used to simplify the process of finding the derivative of a function
d
(a) DERIVATIVE (c ) = 0
dx
OF CONSTANT
Where c = constant
d n −1
(b) POWER ( x n ) = nx
dx
RULE
Where n = any real number
(c) DERIVATIVE d
OF A [cf ( x ) ] = c d [f ( x )]
dx dx
CONSTANT
MULTIPLE OF
Where c = constant
A FUNCTION
(d) THE SUM / d d d

DIFFERENCE [f ( x ) ± g ( x )]= [f ( x ) ]± [g ( x ) ]
dx dx dx
RULE
F2-A - 11 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
EXAMPLES
Find the derivative of
Functions Derivative
(a) f ( x ) = 28 f '(x) = 0
(b) f (x) = −2 f '(x) = 0
(c) f (x) = x f ' ( x ) = x 1−1 = x 0 = 1
(d) f (x) = x8 f ' ( x) = 8x 8−1 = 8x 7

5 5 3
5 2 −1 5 2
(e) f (x) = x 2
f '(x) = x = x
2 2
1 1 1
1 2 −1 1 −2
(f) f (x) = x = x 2
f '(x) = x = x
2 2
1 1 4
1 − 1 − −1 1 −
(g) f (x) = = x 3
f '(x) = − x 3 = − x 3
3
x 3 3
(h) f (x) = 5x3 f ' ( x ) = 5 (3 )x 3 − 1 = 15 x 2

1 1 3
3 −  1  − 2 −1 3 −2
f (x) = = 3x 2 f ' ( x ) = 3 − x = − x
(i)  2  2
x
(j) f (x) = 4 x5 + 3x 4 − 8 x 2 + x + 3 f ' ( x ) = 20 x 4 + 12 x 3 − 16 x + 1
(k) t2 5 1 2
g (t ) = + 3 = t 2 + 5t −3 g ' (t ) = t − 15 t − 4
5 t 5 5
r 3 − 4r 2 + 3
f (r ) = = r 2 − 4 r + 3 r −1
(l) r f ' (r ) = 2 r − 4 − 3 r − 2
F2-A - 12 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
3.2 PRODUCT RULE
The derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is given by :
d
[ f (x ).g (x )] = d f ( x ). g ( x ) + f ( x ) d g (x )
dx dx dx
EXAMPLES
(a) Find the derivative of the function ( )(

f (x ) = 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 + 3 )
( ) (
f ' (x ) = 4 x x 3 + 3 + 2 x 2 − 1 3 x 2 )
[
= x 4 x 3 + 12 + 6 x 3 − 3 x ]
= x [10 x 3
− 3 x + 12 ]
(b) Find the derivative of the function f (x ) = x 3 ( x +1 )
f ' (x ) = 3 x 2
( )  1 − 12
x + 1 + x  x 3



2 
5
5
x2
= 3x 2
+ 3x2 +
2
5
7 2
= x + 3x2
2
F2-A - 13 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
3.3 QUOTIENT RULE
The derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions is given by
d d
f ( x ). g ( x ) − f ( x ) g (x)
d  f (x ) dx dx
=
dx  g ( x )  [g ( x ) ] 2
EXAMPLE
x2 + 1
(a) Find the derivative f ‘ of f (x ) = 2
x −1
( 2 x )( x 2 − 1 ) − ( x 2 + 1 )( 2 x )
f ' (x ) =
( x 2 − 1) 2
2 x ( x 2 − 1 − x 2 − 1)
=
( x 2 − 1) 2
− 4x
=
( x 2 − 1) 2
x
(b) Find the derivative f ‘ of h (x ) =
x2 + 1
1 1
1 −2
x ( x 2 + 1) − x 2
(2 x )
f ' (x ) = 2
( x 2 + 1) 2
1 − 3x2
=
2 x ( x 2 + 1) 2
F2-A - 14 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
3.4 CHAIN RULE

n
If the function f is differentiable and h (x) = [ f (x) ] , where n = real number ,
then
d
h ' (x ) = [ f (x )] n = n [ f (x )] n −1. f ' (x )
dx
EXAMPLES
(a) Find the derivative h’ of the function : h ( x ) = x + x + 1 ( 2

)
2
.
(
h ' ( x ) = 2 x 2 + x + 1 (2 x + 1 ) )
(b) Find the derivative H’ of the function : (
H (x ) = x 2 + x + 1 )
100
(
H ' ( x ) = 100 x 2 + x + 1 ) (2 x + 1)
99
( )
1
(c) Differentiate the function : G ( x ) = x2 +1 = x2 +1 2
( ) (2 x )
1
1 2
G ' (x ) =
−
x +1 2
2
x
=
x2 +1
(d) Differentiate the function : f ( x ) = 2 x 3 8 − 3 x 2
( ) ( ) (− 6 x )
1 1
1
f ' (x ) = 6 x 2 8 − 3 x 2
−
2 + 2x 3 8 − 3x 2 2
2
( ) − 6 x (8 − 3 x )
1 1
2 −2
= 6 x 8 − 3x
2 2 2 4
(8 − 3 x ) [(8 − 3 x ) − x ]
1
2 −2
= 6x 2 2 2
=
6x 2 (8 − 4 x ) 2
8 − 3x 2
F2-A - 15 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
4. THE DERIVATIVE OF CERTAIN FUNCTIONS
4.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS - THE DERIVATIVE OF THE

STANDARD FORM AND THE GENERAL FORM
STANDARD FORM
d
(sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d
(tan x ) = sec 2
x
dx
d
(csc x ) = − csc x cot x
dx
d
(sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d
(cot x ) = − csc 2
x
dx
GENERAL FORM
d
(sin f ( x ) ) = cos f ( x ) f ' ( x )
dx
d
(cos f ( x ) ) = − sin f ( x ) f ' ( x )
dx
d
(tan f ( x ) ) = sec 2
f ( x ). f ' ( x )
dx
d
(csc f ( x ) ) = − csc f ( x ) cot f ( x ). f ' ( x )
dx
d
(sec f ( x ) ) = sec f ( x ) tan f ( x ). f ' ( x )
dx
d
(cot f ( x ) ) = − csc 2
f ( x ). f ' ( x )
dx
F2-A - 16 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
EXAMPLES
Differentiate each of the following functions
Functions Derivatives
(a) g ( x ) = sin(2 x + 1) g ' ( x ) = 2 cos(2 x + 1) general form
(b) (
f ( x ) = cos 2 x 2 − 1 ) (
f ' (x ) = −(4 x )sin 2 x 2 − 1 ) general form
(c) (
f ( x ) = sec 5 x 2 − 3 ) ( ) (
f ' ( x ) = 10 x sec 5 x 2 − 3 tan 5 x 2 − 3 ) general
form
(d) ( )
g (x ) = 5 cot 5 x 2 ( )
g ' ( x ) = −50 x csc 2 5 x 2 general form
2 2  8 2  2 
(e) f ( x) = csc  x 2  f ' ( x) = − x csc  x 2  cot  x 2  general form
3 5  15 5  5 
(f) g (x ) = cos 2 x g ' (x ) =

1 1
(cos 2 x )− 2 (− sin 2 x )2
1 2
= (cos 2 x ) 2 1
= − sin 2 x (cos 2 x )
−
2
(g) g ( x ) = cos 2x 1
1
g ' ( x ) = − sin (2 x ) 2  (2 x ) 2
−
1

2
1 2 
= cos (2 x ) 2 1 1
= − (2 x ) sin (2 x ) 2
−
2
(h)
(
h( x) = x + sinx2 ) 10
( )[
h' (x) = 10 x + sin x 2 1 + 2x cos x 2 chain rule
9
]
(i) f ( x ) = x 2 sin x f ' ( x ) = 2 x sin x + x 2 cos x product rule
= x(2 sin x + x cos x )
F2-A - 17 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
4.2 THE DERIVATIVE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
The derivative of the exponential function with base e is equal to the function
itself
STANDARD FORM GENERAL FORM
d d
ex = ex e f (x)
= e f (x)
. f '(x)
dx dx
EXAMPLES : Compute the derivative of each of the following :
f (x ) = e x f ' (x ) = e x (2 x ) = 2 xe x
(a) 2
+1
2
+1 2
+1
general form
(
g (t ) = et + 2 )
3
( ) ( )
3
3 t
g ' (t ) = e + 2 2 et
2 −1
(b) chain rule
2
( )
1
3 t t
= e e +2 2
2
(c) f (x ) = x 2e x f ' (x ) = 2 xe x + x 2 e x product rule

= xe x (2 + x )
(d) y = xe −2 x
(
y ' = 1e − 2 x + x − 2 e − 2 x ) product rule
= e − 2 x (1 − 2 x )
F2-A - 18 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
4.3 THE DERIVATIVE OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
The derivative of natural logarithm is ,
STANDARD FORM GENERAL FORM
d 1 d f '(x)
ln x = ln f ( x ) =
dx x dx f (x)
EXAMPLES : Compute the derivative of each of the following functions
2x
f ' (x ) =
(a) (
f ( x ) = ln x + 12
) (x +12
)
2 2
2te − t − 2t 3 e − t
g ' (t ) =
(b) (
g (t ) = ln t 2 e − t
2
) (t e )
2 −t 2
1
(c) f ( x ) = x ln x
f ' ( x ) = 1 ln x + x . = ln x + 1
x
[(
y = ln x 2 + 1 x 3 + 2)( )]
6
y' =
( ) ( )( 6
)( )
2 x x 3 + 2 + x 2 + 1 6 x 3 + 2 3x 2
5
(d)
(x + 1)(x + 2) 2 3 6
2 x (x + 2 ) [x + 2 + 9 x ( x + 1)]
3 5 3 2
y' =
(x + 1)(x + 2)
2 3 6
2 x[10 x + 9 x + 2]
3
y' =
(x + 1) 2
ln x 1
(e) f (x ) = .x − ln x.1
1 − ln x
x f ' (x ) = x
2
=
x x2
F2-A - 19 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
4.4 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
The task of finding the derivative of a given function can be made easier by first
applying the laws of logarithms to simplify the function. This process is called
logarithmic differentiation.
4.4.1 LOGARITHMIC LAW
• ln MN = ln M + ln N
M
• ln = ln M − ln N
N
• k ln M = ln M k
4.4.2 EXAMPLES
(
Differentiate y = x ( x − 1) x + 1
2
)
3
(
y = x ( x − 1) x 2 + 1 )
3
[ (
ln y = ln x ( x − 1) x 2 + 1)] 3
ln y = ln x + ln ( x − 1) + ln (x + 1)
2 3
ln y = ln x + ln ( x − 1) + 3 ln (x + 1) 2
1 dy 1 dx 1
= + (1) dx + 3 22 x dx
y dx x dx x − 1 dx x + 1 dx ( )
dy 1 1 6x 
= y + + 2
dx x x −1

x +1  ( )
F2-A - 20 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
5. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

5.1 HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES
The derivative f ‘ of a function f is also a function .

Thus , the function f ‘ has a derivative f “ at a point x in the domain of f ‘
The function f “ obtained is called the second derivative of the function f
FIRST SECOND THIRD ……………… nth

DERIVATIVE DERIVATIVE DERIVATIVE DERIVATIVE
f ‘ (x) f “ (x) f ‘’’ (x) ……………… f (n)(x)
D1 f(x) D2 f(x) D3 f(x) ……………… Dn f(x)
y‘ y“ y ‘’’ ……………… yn
dy d2y d3y ……………… dny
dx dx 2 dx 3 dx n
D1y D2y D3y ……………… Dn y
REMARK : y = f = f(x)
5.2 EXAMPLES
2
(a) Find the third derivative of the function y = x 3
2 1
2 −1 2 −
the first derivative : y' = x 3 = x 3
3 3
1 4
2  1  − 3 −1 2 −3
the second derivative : y''=  −  x =− x
3 3 9
4 7
2  4  − −1 8 −3
the third derivative : y'''= −  −  x 3 = x
9 3 27
F2-A - 21 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
(b) Find the derivatives of all orders of the polynomial function

f ( x) = x5 −3x4 + 4x3 − 2x2 + x −8
the function : f ( x) = x5 −3x4 + 4x3 − 2x2 + x −8
the first derivative : f ' ( x) = 5x 4 − 12x 3 + 12x 2 − 4x + 1
the second derivative : f ' ' (x) = 20x 3 − 36x 2 + 24x − 4
the third derivative : f 3 (x) = 60x 2 − 72x + 24
the fourth derivative : f 4 (x) = 120x − 72
the fifth derivative : f 5 ( x) = 120
the sixth derivative : f 6 ( x) = 0
Find the second derivative of the function y = (2 x 2 + 3 )

3
(c) 2
( ) (4 x )
3
3 −1
the first derivative : y' = 2x2 + 3 2
( applying the chain rule ) 2

( )
1
= 6x 2 x2 + 3 2
1 
( ) ( )
1 1
y ' ' = 6 2 x 2 + 3 2 + 6 x  2 x 2 + 3 2 (4 x )
−
the second derivative :
( applying the product 2 
rule )
( ) ( )
1 1
−
= 6 2x2 + 3 2 + 12 x 2 2 x 2 + 3 2
F2-A - 22 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
6. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
6.1 DIFFERENTIATING IMPLICITLY
Some functions are expressed in the form y = f(x) , where the dependant
variable y is expressed explicitly in terms of the independent variable x .
But there are functions that express y implicitly as a function of x . When

restrictions are placed on x and y , to compute dy/dx , we use a method called
implicit differentiation .
FINDING dy/dx BY IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Suppose that we are given an equation in x and y and wish to compute dy/dx
Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x . Make sure that the
derivative of any item involving y includes the factor dy/dx
6.2 EXAMPLES
dy dx
given the equation y = x
2
(a) Find and
dx dy
y2 = x
dy dx
2y =1
dx dx
dy 1
=
dx 2 y
y2 = x
dy dx
2y =1
dy dy
dx
= 2y
dy
F2-A - 23 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
dy
given the equation y − y − y + 2x − x = 8
4 3 3
(b) Find
dx
y 4 − y 3 − y + 2 x3 − x = 8
dy dy dy dx dx
4 y3 − 3 y 2 − 1 + 6x2 − 1 = 0
dx dx dx dx dx
dy 3
dx
( )
4 y − 3 y 2 − 1 = 1 − 6x2
dy 1 − 6x2
=
dx 4 y3 − 3 y 2 − 1
dy
(c) Consider the equation x 2 + y 2 = 4 . Find by implicit
dx
differentiation
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dx dx
dy
2 y = −2x
dx
dy x
=−
dx y
dy
(d) Find given that x and y are related by the equation
dx
x2 y3 + 6x2 = 2 y 2 + y + 4
x2 y3 + 6 x2 = 2 y 2 + y + 4
 dx 3 dy  dx dy dy
 2x y + x 2 3 y 2  + 12 x = 4y +1 + 0
 dx dx  dx dx dx
dy
dx
( )
3 x 2 y 2 − 4 y − 1 = −2 xy 3 − 12 x
dy
=
(
− 2 xy 3 + 6 x )
dx 3 x 2 y 2 − 4 y − 1
F2-A - 24 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
7. RELATED RATES
In a related rates problem the idea is to compute the rate of change of one
quantity in terms of the rate of change of another quantity ( which may be more
easily measured ) . The procedure is to find an equation that relates the two
quantities and then use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides with respect to
time .
1. Read the problem carefully .
2. Draw a diagram if possible .
3. Introduce notation . Assign symbols to all quantities that are

functions of time .
4. Express the given information and the required rate in terms of

derivatives
5. Write an equation that relates the various quantities of the problem .

If necessary , use the geometry of the situation to eliminate one of
the variables by substitution .
6. Use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides of the equation with
respect to t .
7. Substitute the given information into the resulting equation and

solve for the unknown rate .
WARNING !!!!
The substitution of the given numerical information should be done only AFTER
the differentiation .
F2-A - 25 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
EXAMPLE 1
The radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 4 cm/sec. How fast is the area of
the circle increasing when the radius is 20 cm?
SOLUTION :
Area of the circle : A

Radius of the circle : r = 20 cm r
dA
Rate of change of the area of the circle :
dt
dr
Rate of change of the radius :
= 4cm / sec
dt
Relation giving the area of a circle : A = πr 2
Differentiate :
dA  dr 
= π  2r 
dt  dt 
dA dr
= 2π r
dt dt
dA
= 2π ( 20 )( 4 )
dt
dA
= 502 . 65 cm 2 / sec
dt
F2-A - 26 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
EXAMPLE 2
The area of a rectangle is increasing at a rate of 5 cm2 / sec while the length is
increasing at a rate of 10 m / sec . If the length is 20 m and the width is 16 m ,
how fast is the width changing ?
SOLUTION : L
Area of a rectangle : A
Length : L = 20 m W
Width : W = 16 m
dA
Rate of change of the area :
= 5 m 2
/ sec
dt
dL
Rate of change of the length :
= 10 m / sec
dt
Relation giving the area of a rectangle : A = L ×W

Differentiate :
dA dL dW
=W + L
dt dt dt
dW dA dL
L = −W
dt dt dt
dW 1 dA W dL
= −
dt L dt L dt
dW 1 16
= (5 ) − (10 )
dt 20 20
dW 31
= − m / sec = − 7 . 75 m / sec
dt 4
F2-A - 27 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
8. EXERCISES
SLOPE OF A TANGENT LINE , RATE OF CHANGE
1. Let f be the function defined by f(x) = x2
(a) Verify by direct substitution that the points Q1(3,9) , Q2(2,4) , Q3(1.5,2.25) ,
Q4(1.1,1.21) and Q5(1.01,1.0201) lie on the graph of f .
(b) (i) Compute the slopes of the secant lines S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 and S5 through
P (1,1) and each of the points Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4 and Q5 respectively .
(ii) Use these values to guess the slope of the tangent line T to the graph of
f at the point P (1,1)
(c) Let P( x,x2 ) be a point that lies on the graph of f and let Q be a neighboring
point on the graph with x-coordinate x+h
(i) Find the y-coordinate of the point Q by evaluating f(x+h)

(ii) Show that the slope of the secant line through P and Q is 2x + h
(iii) Find the slope of the tangent line T at P by evaluating lim (2 x + h )
h→ 0
(iv)Use this result to find the slope of the tangent line at the point P(1,1)
How does this compare with the result obtained in b (ii) ?
2. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the given function at any
point .
(a) f ( x) = 13 (b) f ( x) = 8 − 4 x
1 2
(c) f ( x) = − x (d) f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 5 x
2
3. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of each function at the given
point and determine an equation of the tangent line
(a) f ( x) = 2 x + 7 at ( 2 , 11 ) (b) f ( x) = 3 x − x 2 at ( -2 , -10 )
4. Find the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at the given

value of x .
(a) f ( x) = 2 x at x = 2
(b) f ( x) = 3x − 4 at x = 1
1
(c) f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x at x = 2
2
F2-A - 28 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
5. Use the definition of the derivative to find the derivative of each of the
following functions
(a) f(x) = - 4x
(b) f(x) = 2 – 3x
(c) f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 7
1
(d) f(x) = -
x
(e) f(x) = 3 / ( x – 5 )
6. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of each function at the given
point and determine an equation of the tangent line at that point .
(a) f(x) = - 2x at ( 1 , -2 )
(b) f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 7 at ( 2 , 11 )

1
(c) f(x) = - at ( 3 , - 1/3 )
x
7. Let f(x) = 2x2 + 1
(a) Find the derivative f ‘ of f
(b) sketch the graph of f and the tangent line to the curve at the point
(1,3)
(c) write an equation of this tangent line
8. Let f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1
(a) find the derivative f ‘ of f
(b) find the point on the graph of f where the tangent line to the curve is
horizontal
(c) sketch the graph of f and the tangent line to the curve at the point
found in (b)
(d) what is the rate of change of f at this point ?
F2-A - 29 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
BASIC RULES
9. Find the derivative of the function f by using the rules of differentiation
(a) f ( x) = −3 (b) g (r ) = r 5
4
(c) f (r ) = 2πr (d) h(r ) = πr 3
3
4
5 5
(e) f ( x) = 7 x −12 (f) k ( m) = m
4
2
(g) f (u ) = (h) r ( s) = 5s 2 − 3s + 7
u
3 4
(i) f ( x) = − x 3 + 2 x 2 − 6 (j) d ( w) = + +5
w3 w
(k) f (c ) = −
1 −3
3
c − c6( )
(l) f ( x) = 0.002 x 3 − 0.05 x 2 + 0.1x − 20
x 3 + 2x 2 + x −1
(m) h( x ) = 6 x − x5 4 3
(n) g ( x) =
3
PRODUCT RULES AND QUOTIENT RULES
10. Find the derivative of each of the given functions
(a) f ( x) = (3x + 1) x 2 − 2 ( )
(b) (
f ( w) = w 3 − w 2 + w − 1 w 2 + 2 )( )
(c)
1
(
f ( x) = x 5 + x 2 + 1 x 2 − x − 1 + 28
5
)( )
(d) f ( x) = (5 x 2 + 1) 2 x − 1 ( )
(e) (
f ( x) = (x + 1) x 2 + 2 x 3 − 3 )( )
(f) (  1 
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x + 1  2 + 2  )
 x 
u x
(g) f (u ) = (h) f ( x) =
u +12
x +1
2
F2-A - 30 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
x3 − 2 x2 + 2
(i) f ( x) = 2 (j) f ( x) = 2
x +1 x + x +1
(k)
 1
f ( x ) = x 3 1 −  (l) f ( x) =
(
(x + 1) x 2 + 1 )
 x x−2
CHAIN RULE
11. Find the derivative of the given function
(a) (
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 )
5
(b) (
f ( x) = 4 x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 1 )
10
2
f ( x) = h(t ) = (t + 1)(2t + 4)
3
(c)
(
x2 −1
4
) (d)
( )
3
(e) f ( x) = 3x − 2 (f) f (t ) = 3t − 2t + 1
2 2
1
(g) h( x ) = x 2 x 2 − 4 (h) f ( x) =
2x 2 − 1
1
(i) y= (j) (
f (t ) = 5t 3 + 2t 2 − t + 4 )
−3
(4 x )
3
4
+x 2
f (t ) = (2t − 1) + (2t + 1)
4 4
(k)
(l) (
g (u ) = 1 + u 2 ) (1 − 2u )
5 2 8
(2t − 1)
2
(m) (
f ( x) = x 2 3x 2 + 1 )
5
(n) g (t ) =
(3t + 2)4
f (u ) =
(u 2
+ u −1 ) 3
(
f (t ) = t −1 − t −2 )
3
(o) (p)
u3 −1
2x + 1 t +1
(q) f ( x) = (r) g (t ) =
x2 −1 t2 −1
3
3
 u +1   t  2
(s) g (u ) =  2  (t) s(t ) =  
 u + 1  2t + 1 
F2-A - 31 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
12. Find the derivative of the function f .
(a) f ( x) = cos 3x (b) f ( x) = 2 cos πx

(c) f ( x) = tan 2 x 2 (d) f ( x) = x 2 cos 2 x
(e) f ( x) = sin x 2 − 1 (f) f ( x) = csc x 2 + 1 ( )
sin 2 x
(g) f ( x) = (h) f ( x) = tan 2 x
1 + cos 3x
f ( x) = (1 + cot 2 x )
5
(i) f ( x) = x + sec 2 x (j)
(k) f ( x) = sin (tan x )
DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
(a) f ( x) = e 3 x (b) g (t ) = e −t
2
(c) h( x ) = e − x (d) f ( x) = 2e x − x 2
(e) f (u ) = u 2 e −u (f) (
f ( x) = 3 e x + e − x )
ew + 1
(g) f ( w) = w (h) f ( x) = 2e 3 x −1
e
1
−
x −1
(i) f ( x) = 3e x
(j) f ( x) = e
(k) (
f ( x) = 4 − e −3 x )3
(l) f ( x) = e x
(m) f ( x) = ( x − 1)e 3 x + 2 (n) (

f (s) = s 2 + 1 e − s ) 2
xe − x
(x + e )
3
(o) f ( x) = (p) g ( x) = e −x 2x 2
1+ x2
F2-A - 32 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
(a) f ( x) = 5 ln x (b) f ( x) = ln(x + 1)
(c) (
h(t ) = ln 4 − t 2 ) (d) f ( x) = ln x
 1 
(e) f ( x) = ln 2 
x 
(f) ( )
f ( x) = ln 4 x 2 − 6 x + 3
 2x 
(g) f ( x) = ln  (h) f ( x) = x 2 ln x
 x + 1
f (u ) = ln(u − 2)
3
(i) (j) f ( x) = ln x
f ( x) = (ln x )
3
(k) (l) f ( x) = e x ln x
(m) f (t ) = e 2t ln(t + 1) (n) (
f ( x) = ln x 3 + 1 )
ln x
(o) f ( x) = (p) f ( x) = ln(ln x )
x
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
15. Use log differentiation to find the derivative of each of the given functions
(a) y = 3x (b) y = x ln x
(c) y = 3x + 5 (2 x − 3)
4
(d) y= (3x 2
)
+2 x+2
y = (x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)
2 3 4
(e)
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
16. Find the first and the second derivatives of each function
(a) f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 1
(b) h(t ) = t 4 − 2t 3 + 6t 2 − 3t + 10
7
(c) (
f ( x) = x + 2 2
)10
(d) f ( x) = x 2
F2-A - 33 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
s −1 u2 −1
(e) f ( s) = (f) F (u ) = 2
s +1 u +1
(g) h( s ) = 3 s 2 + 4 (h) f ( x) = x 2 2 x 2 − 4
17. If f ( x) = 3x5 − 6x4 + 2x2 −8x +12 , compute f ’’’(x)

18. If g (s ) = 3s − 2 compute g ‘’’(s)
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
dy
19. Find the derivative :
dx
(i) by solving each of the given implicit equations for y explicitly in
terms of x
(ii) by differentiating each of the given equations implicitly
Show that in each case the results are equivalent.

(a) xy = 1 (b) x2 y − x2 + y −1= 0
(c) x 3 − x 2 − xy = 4 (d) x2 y3 + y3 = x2 −1
dy
20. Find by implicit differentiation.
dx
(a) x 2 − 2 y 2 = 16 (b) x 3 − 2x 2 + y 3 + y − 4 = 0
(c) x 2 + 5 xy + y 2 = 10 (d) y2 = x2 x2 +1 +1
1 1 x+ y
(e) + 2 =1 (f) = 3x
x 2
y x− y
(g) (x + y )3 + x 3 + y 3 = 0
21. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the function f defined
by the given equation at the indicated point.
(a) 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 at (0,2)
(b) x 2 y 3 − y 2 + xy − 1 = 0 at (1,1)
F2-A - 34 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT
d2y
22. Find the second derivative of each of the functions defined
dx 2
implicitly by the given equation
1 1
(a) xy = 1 (b) y − xy = 8
2
(c) x + y =1
3 3
RELATED RATES
23. Use the implicit differentiation to solve the following related rates
problems.
(a) The area of a circle is decreasing at a rate of 2 cm2 / min . How fast is the
radius of the circle changing when the area is 100 cm2 ?
(b) At a certain instant the length of a rectangle is 16 m and the width is 12 m.

The width is increasing at 3 m / sec . How fast is the length changing if the
area of the rectangle is remaining constant ?
(c) The volume of a right circular cylinder is 60 cm3 and is increasing at 2 cm3
/ min at a time when the radius is 5 cm and is increasing at 1 cm / min .
How fast is the height of the cylinder changing at that time ?
(d) How fast is the volume of a rectangular box changing when the length is 6
cm , the width is 5 cm and the depth is 4 cm , if the length and depth are
both increasing at a rate of 1 cm / sec and the width is decreasing at a
rate of 2 cm / sec ?
(e) A point moves on the curve y = x2 . How fast is y changing when x = -2

and x is decreasing at a rate 3 ?
(f) A point is moving to the right along the first-quadrant portion of the curve
x2y3 = 72 . when the point has coordinates ( 3 , 2 ) its horizontal velocity is
2 units / sec . What is its vertical velocity ?
(g) The top of a ladder 5 m long rests against a vertical wall . If the base of
the ladder is being pulled away from the base of the wall at a rate of 1/3 m
/ sec , how fast is the top of the ladder slipping down the wall when it is 3
m above the base of the wall ?
(h) Ink is dropped on to blotting paper forming a circular stain which increases
in area at the rate of 5 cm2 / sec . Find the rate of change of the radius
when the area is 30 cm2.
F2-A - 35 -
MATHEMATICS UNIT

Chap7 - F2-A - 2 - Notes Diff

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

How to measure the changes in f for any value of x ?

Consider the graph of f ( fig : b ) . Think of the curve as a stretch of roller

Therefore , the rate at which y is increasing or decreasing with respect to x can

1.1 TANGENT LINE

Consider the point P(2,1)

coordinates (5, 6.25) (4 , 4) (3 , 2.25) (2.5 , (2.1 , (2.01 ,

1.75 1.5 1.25 1.125 1.025 1.0025

CONCLUSION : the slope of the tangent line is 1

Using the equation for the slope of a line :

therefore the slope of the linear function is 3

1.2 RATE OF CHANGE

By taking the limit of the difference quotient as h approaches zero ,

AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE of f over the interval [ x , x + h ] or slope of

The derivative of a function f with respect to x is the function f ‘ defined by :

 DX f(x) : “ dee sub x of f of x “

EXAMPLE 1 : Let f (x) = x2

a: compute the derivative f ‘ of f

b: compute f ‘(2) and interpret your result

EXAMPLE 2 : Let f(x) = x2 - 4x

(a) compute the derivative f ‘ of f

f ' ( x) = 0 y = (2) 2 − 4(2)

(d) the rate of change of f at this point ( 2 , - 4 ) is zero

EXAMPLE 3 : Let f(x) = 1/x

(a) compute the derivative f ‘ of f

2.3 FUNCTIONS THAT ARE NOT DIFFERENTIABLE AT A POINT

A continuous function f(x) , fails to be differentiable at a point x = a when :

The graph makes an abrupt The slope at x = a is undefined

2.4 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

In general , the continuity of a function at a point x = a does not necessarily

EXAMPLE 4 : Explain why the function fails to be differentiable at each of the

3.1 BASIC RULES

(d) THE SUM / d d d

Find the derivative of

(b) f (x) = −2 f '(x) = 0

(c) f (x) = x f ' ( x ) = x 1−1 = x 0 = 1

(d) f (x) = x8 f ' ( x) = 8x 8−1 = 8x 7

(h) f (x) = 5x3 f ' ( x ) = 5 (3 )x 3 − 1 = 15 x 2

(j) f (x) = 4 x5 + 3x 4 − 8 x 2 + x + 3 f ' ( x ) = 20 x 4 + 12 x 3 − 16 x + 1

3.2 PRODUCT RULE

The derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is given by :

(a) Find the derivative of the function ( )(

(b) Find the derivative of the function f (x ) = x 3 ( x +1 )

3.3 QUOTIENT RULE

The derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions is given by

3.4 CHAIN RULE

(a) Find the derivative h’ of the function : h ( x ) = x + x + 1 ( 2

(d) Differentiate the function : f ( x ) = 2 x 3 8 − 3 x 2

4. THE DERIVATIVE OF CERTAIN FUNCTIONS

4.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS - THE DERIVATIVE OF THE

Differentiate each of the following functions

(a) g ( x ) = sin(2 x + 1) g ' ( x ) = 2 cos(2 x + 1) general form

(f) g (x ) = cos 2 x g ' (x ) =

4.2 THE DERIVATIVE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

STANDARD FORM GENERAL FORM

EXAMPLES : Compute the derivative of each of the following :

(c) f (x ) = x 2e x f ' (x ) = 2 xe x + x 2 e x product rule

4.3 THE DERIVATIVE OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

The derivative of natural logarithm is ,

STANDARD FORM GENERAL FORM

EXAMPLES : Compute the derivative of each of the following functions

4.4 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

DX f(x) : “ dee sub x of f of x “