FEMINISM

Feminism is a range of social movements, political

movements, and ideologies that aim to define, establish,
and achieve the political, economic, personal, and social
equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position
that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that
women are treated unfairly within those societies. Efforts
to change that include fighting gender stereotypes and
seeking to establish educational and professional
opportunities for women that are equal to those for
men.
Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to
campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote,
to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages, equal
pay and eliminate the gender pay gap, to own property,
to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal
rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave.
Feminists have also worked to ensure access to legal
abortions and social integration and to protect women
and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic
violence. Changes in dress and acceptable physical
activity have often been part of feminist movements.
Waves of Feminism (Explanation of Context,
Agenda & movement of every wave)
There are mainly four waves: first wave feminism,
dealing with property rights and the right to vote; second
wave feminism, focusing on equality and anti-
discrimination, and third wave feminism, which started in
the 1990s as a backlash to the second wave’s perceived
privileging of white, straight women. From Ancient
Greece to the fight for women’s suffrage to women’s
marches and the #MeToo movement, the history of
feminism is as long as it is fascinating.
First Wave Feminism-
First-wave feminism refers to the West’s first sustained
political movement dedicated to achieving political
equality for women: the suffragettes of the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. For 70 years, the first-wavers would
march, lecture, and protest, and face arrest, ridicule, and
violence as they fought tooth and nail for the right to
vote. As Susan B. Anthony’s biographer Ida Husted
Harper would put it, suffrage was the right that, once a
woman had won it, “would secure to her all others.”

The first wave basically begins with the Seneca Falls

convention of 1848. There, almost 200 women met in a
church in upstate New York to discuss “the social, civil,
and religious condition and rights of women.” Attendees
discussed their grievances and passed a list of 12
resolutions calling for specific equal rights — including,
after much debate, the right to vote. At the time, the
nascent women’s movement was firmly integrated with
the abolitionist movement. Women of color like
Sojourner Truth, Maria Stewart, and Frances E.W.
Harper were major forces in the movement, working not
just for women’s suffrage but for universal suffrage. But
despite the immense work of women of color for the
women’s movement, the movement eventually
established itself as a movement specifically for white
women, one that used racial animus as fuel for its work.
In 1870 one white woman demanded “If educated
women are not as fit to decide who shall be the rulers of
this country, as ‘field hands,’ then where’s the use of
culture , or any brain at all?”Black women were barred
from some demonstrations or forced to walk behind
white women in others. Despite its racism, the women’s
movement developed radical goals for its members.
First-wavers fought not only for white women’s suffrage
but also for equal opportunities to education and
employment, and for the right to own property. As the
movement developed, it began to turn to the question of
reproductive rights. In 1916, Margaret Sanger opened
the first birth control clinic in the US, in defiance of a
New York state law that forbade the distribution of
contraception. She would later go on to establish the
clinic that became Planned Parenthood.
In 1920, Congress passed the 19th Amendment
granting women the right to vote. (In theory, it granted
the right to women of all races, but in practice, it
remained difficult for black women to vote, especially in
the South.) The 19th Amendment was the grand
legislative achievement of the first wave. Although
individual groups continued to work — for reproductive
freedom, for equality in education and employment, for
voting rights for black women — the movement as a
whole began to splinter.
Second Wave Feminism-
The second wave of feminism begins with Betty Friedan’s
The Feminine Mystique, which came out in 1963. The
Feminine Mystique rails against “the problem that has no
name”: the systemic sexism that taught women that
their place was in the home and that if they were
unhappy as housewives, it was only because they were
broken and perverse. Friedan thought there was
something wrong with her because she didn’t have an
orgasm waxing the kitchen floor. But she argued, the
fault didn’t truly lie with women, but rather with the
world that refused to allow them to exercise their
creative and intellectual faculties. Women were right to
be unhappy; they were being ripped off. The Feminine
Mystique was not revolutionary in its thinking, as many
of Friedan’s ideas were already being discussed by
academics and feminist intellectuals. It made its way into
the hands of housewives, who gave it to their friends,
who passed it along through a whole chain of well-
educated middle-class white women with beautiful
homes and families. And it gave them permission to be
angry. They would go on to argue that problems that
seemed to be individual and petty — about sex, and
relationships, and access to abortions, and domestic
labor — were in fact systemic and political, and
fundamental to the fight for women’s equality.
The second wave worked on getting women the right to
hold credit cards under their own names and to apply for
mortgages. It worked to outlaw marital rape, to raise
awareness about domestic violence and build shelters for
women fleeing rape and domestic violence. It worked to
name and legislate against sexual harassment in the
workplace. The second wave cared deeply about the
casual, systemic sexism ingrained into society . It cared
about racism too. As the women’s movement developed,
it was rooted in the anti-capitalist and anti-racist civil
rights movements, but black women increasingly found
themselves alienated from the central platforms of the
mainstream women’s movement. Earning the right to
work outside the home was not a major concern for
black women, many of whom had to work outside the
home anyway. And while black women and white
women both advocated for reproductive freedom, black
women wanted to fight not just for the right to
contraception and abortions but also to stop the forced
sterilization of people of color and people with
disabilities, which was not a priority for the mainstream
women’s movement. In response, some black feminists
decamped from feminism to create womanism.
Even with its limited scope, second-wave feminism at its
height was plenty radical enough to scare people —
hence the myth of the bra burners. Despite the popular
story, there was no mass burning of bras among second-
wave feminists. But women did gather together in 1968
to protest the Miss America pageant and its demeaning,
patriarchal treatment of women. And as part of the
protest, participants ceremoniously threw away objects
that they considered to be symbols of women’s
objectification, including bras and copies of Playboy. That
the Miss America protest has long lingered in the popular
imagination as a bra-burning, and that bra-burning has
become a metonym for postwar American feminism.
The movement won some major legislative and legal
victories. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 theoretically
outlawed the gender pay gap; a series of landmark
Supreme Court cases through the ’60s and ’70s gave
married and unmarried women the right to use birth
control; Title IX gave women the right to educational
equality; and in 1973, Roe v. Wade guaranteed women
reproductive freedom.
Third Wave Feminism-
It is almost impossible to talk with any clarity about the
third wave because few people agree on exactly what
the third wave is, when it started, or if it’s still going on.
But generally, the beginning of the third wave is pegged
to two things: the Anita Hill case in 1991, and the
emergence of the riot grrrl groups in the music scene of
the early 1990s.
In 1991, Anita Hill testified before the Senate Judiciary
Committee that Supreme Court nominee Clarence
Thomas had sexually harassed her at work. Thomas
made his way to the Supreme Court anyway, but Hill’s
testimony sparked an avalanche of sexual harassment
complaints, in much the same way that last fall’s Harvey
Weinstein accusations were followed by a litany of sexual
misconduct accusations against other powerful men.
Congress’s decision to send Thomas to the Supreme
Court despite Hill’s testimony led to a national
conversation about the overrepresentation of men in
national leadership roles. The following year, 1992,
would be dubbed “the Year of the Woman” after 24
women won seats in the House of Representatives and
three more won seats in the Senate. Early third-wave
activism tended to involve fighting against workplace
sexual harassment and working to increase the number
of women in positions of power. Crenshaw and Butler’s
combined influence would become foundational to the
third wave’s embrace of the fight for trans rights as a
fundamental part of intersectional feminism.
Aesthetically, the third wave is deeply influenced by the
rise of the riot grrrls, the girl groups who stomped their
Doc Martens onto the music scene in the 1990s.
“BECAUSE doing/reading/seeing/hearing cool things that
validate and challenge us can help us gain the strength
and sense of community that we need in order to figure
out how bullshit like racism, able-bodieism, ageism,
speciesism, classism, thinism, sexism, anti-semitism and
heterosexism figures in our own lives,” wrote Bikini Kill
lead singer Kathleen Hanna in the Riot Grrrl Manifesto in
1991. “BECAUSE we are angry at a society that tells us
Girl = Dumb, Girl = Bad, Girl = Weak.” The word girl here
points to one of the major differences between second-
and third-wave feminism. Second-wavers fought to be
called women rather than girls: They weren’t children,
they were fully grown adults, and they demanded to be
treated with according dignity. There should be no more
college girls or coeds: only college women, learning
alongside college men. But third-wavers liked being girls.
They embraced the word; they wanted to make it
empowering, even threatening. In part, the third-wave
embrace of girliness was a response to the anti-feminist
backlash of the 1980s, the one that said the second-
wavers were shrill, hairy, and unfeminine and that no
man would ever want them. And in part, it was born out
of a belief that the rejection of girliness was in itself
misogynistic: girliness, third-wavers argued, was not
inherently less valuable than masculinity or androgyny.
And it was rooted in a growing belief that effective
feminism had to recognize both the dangers and the
pleasures of the patriarchal structures that create the
beauty standard and that it was pointless to punish and
censure individual women for doing things that brought
them pleasure.
Third-wave feminism had an entirely different way of
talking and thinking but it also lacked the strong cultural
momentum. The third wave was a diffuse movement
without a central goal, and as such, there’s no single
piece of legislation or major social change that belongs to
the third wave.
Fourth Wave Feminism-
Feminists have been anticipating the arrival of a fourth
wave since at least 1986, when a letter writer to the
Wilson Quarterly opined that the fourth wave was
already building. Internet trolls actually tried to launch
their own fourth wave in 2014, planning to create a “pro-
sexualization, pro-skinny, anti-fat” feminist movement
that the third wave would revile, ultimately miring the
entire feminist community in bloody civil war.
But over the past few years, as #MeToo and Time’s Up
pick up momentum, the Women’s March floods
Washington with pussy hats every year, and a record
number of women prepare to run for office, it’s
beginning to seem that the long-heralded fourth wave
might actually be here. While a lot of media coverage of
#MeToo describes it as a movement dominated by third-
wave feminism, it actually seems to be centered in a
movement that lacks the characteristic diffusion of the
third wave.
Online is where activists meet and plan their activism,
and it’s where feminist discourse and debate takes place.
Sometimes fourth-wave activism can even take place on
the internet (the “#MeToo” tweets), and sometimes it
takes place on the streets (the Women’s March), but it’s
conceived and propagated online. Currently, the fourth-
wavers are driving the movement behind #MeToo and
Time’s Up.
The trending hashtag #YesAllWomen after the UC Santa
Barbara shooting was a fourth-wave campaign, and so
was the trending hashtag #StandWithWendy when
Wendy Davis filibustered a Texas abortion law. Arguably,
the SlutWalks that began in 2011 — in protest of the
idea that the way to prevent rape is for women to “stop
dressing like sluts” — are fourth-wave campaigns.
Like all of feminism, the fourth wave is not a monolith. It
means different things to different people. But these
tentpole positions that Bustle identified as belonging to
fourth-wave feminism in 2015 do tend to hold true for a
lot of fourth-wavers; namely, that fourth-wave feminism
is queer, sex-positive, trans-inclusive, body-positive, and
digitally driven.
And now the fourth wave has begun to hold our culture’s
most powerful men accountable for their behavior. It has
begun a radical critique of the systems of power that
allow predators to target women with impunity.

Types of Feminism

Liberal Feminism-
Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of feminist
theory, which focuses on women's ability to maintain
their equality through their own actions and choices.
Liberal feminists argue that society holds the false belief
that women are, by nature, less intellectually and
physically capable than men; thus it tends to discriminate
against women in the academy, the forum, and the
marketplace. Liberal feminists believe that "female
subordination is rooted in a set of customary and legal
constraints that blocks women's entrance to and success
in the so-called public world". They strive for sexual
equality via political and legal reform. Liberals hold that
freedom is a fundamental value, and that the just state
ensures freedom for individuals. Liberal feminists share
this view, and insist on freedom for women. There is
disagreement among liberals about what freedom
means, and thus liberal feminism takes more than one
form. This entry discusses two basic kinds of liberal
feminism. Part one discusses what, in the philosophical
literature, is commonly called simply ‘liberal feminism.’
Liberal feminism conceives of freedom as personal
autonomy—living a life of one's own choosing—and
political autonomy—being co-author of the conditions
under which one lives. Part two discusses what is
commonly called ‘classical-liberal feminism,’ or
sometimes ‘libertarian feminism.’ Classical-liberal or
libertarian feminism conceives of freedom as freedom
from coercive interference. While liberal feminism is
established in academic philosophy, much of the
classical-liberal or libertarian feminist literature is
oriented towards a more popular audience.
Radical Feminism-

Radical feminism is a philosophy emphasizing the

patriarchal roots of inequality between men and women,
or, more specifically, the social domination of women by
men. Radical feminism views patriarchy as dividing
societal rights, privileges, and power primarily along the
lines of sex, and as a result, oppressing women and
privileging men. Radical feminism opposes existing
political and social organization in general because it is
inherently tied to patriarchy. Thus, radical feminists tend
to be skeptical of political action within the current
system and instead tend to focus on culture change that
undermines patriarchy and associated hierarchical
structures.
Radical feminists tend to be more militant in their
approach than other feminists. A radical feminist aims to
dismantle patriarchy rather than making adjustments to
the system through legal changes. Radical feminists also
resist reducing oppression to an economic or class issue,
as socialist or Marxist feminism sometimes did or does.
Radical feminism opposes patriarchy, not men. To equate
radical feminism to man-hating is to assume that
patriarchy and men are inseparable, philosophically and
politically.
Black Feminism-
Black feminism holds that the experience of Black
women gives rise to a particular understanding of their
position in relation to sexism, class oppression, and
racism. The experience of being a black woman, it
maintains, cannot be grasped in terms of being black or
of being a woman, but must be elucidated via
intersectionality, a term coined by legal scholar Kimberlé
Crenshaw in 1989. Crenshaw argued that each concept—
being black, being female—should be considered
independently while understanding that intersecting
identities compound upon and reinforce one another.
A black feminist lens in the United States was first
employed by black women to make sense of how white
supremacy and patriarchy interacted to inform the
particular experiences of enslaved black women. Black
activists and intellectuals formed organizations such as
the National Association of Coloured Women (NACW)
and the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). Black
feminism rose to prominence in the 1960s, as the civil
rights movement excluded women from leadership
positions, and the mainstream feminist movement
largely focused its agenda on issues that predominately
impacted middle-class white women. From the 1970s to
1980s, black feminists formed groups that addressed the
role of black women in black nationalism, gay liberation,
and second-wave feminism. In the 1990s, the Anita Hill
controversy brought black feminism into the
mainstream. Black feminist theories reached a wider
audience in the 2010s, as a result of social-media
advocacy.
White Feminism-
White feminism is the label given to feminist efforts and
actions that uplift white women but that exclude or
otherwise fail to address issues faced by minority groups,
especially women of color and LGBTQ women. A white
woman might epitomize white feminism when she
matter-of-factly tells a Muslim woman that she’s being
oppressed by her religion, or when she dismisses the
concerns expressed by a black woman. It tends to
describe a brand of feminism largely practiced by white
women that, while supportive of feminist ideals, might
ignore the plight of minority or lesser privileged groups
within the feminist movement.
The first two waves of feminism (the first dealing with
suffrage, the second fighting for increased equality on all
fronts) have been considered examples of white
feminism. They largely excluded women of color and
LGBTQ women.

Choice Feminism-
Feminism, like every other major political movement,
comes in different forms or adaptations of the core
ideology. Of the many factions, choice feminism takes an
individualistic approach, stating the individual choices of
a woman are inherently feminist, because she made
them herself. Intuitively, this broad ideology may seem
positive at best and harmless at worst, but given its
disregard for socioeconomic relations and resulting
behaviors of socialization, it can be deeply problematic.
This approach to feminism implies that every woman has
the privilege of dictating exactly how she’d like to live her
life. However, this disregards the limitations set by issues
of race, sexual orientation and identity, ability, and class.
Women in less privileged statuses are not able to cherry
pick every aspect of their lives and instead must work
within the confines of their social and economic
locations. For example, a choice feminist may say that a
woman’s decision to be either a stay-at-home mother or
a “career-woman” is feminist either way, because she
chose via free will.
If this form of the feminist movement was more
inclusive, it still misidentifies the most central goal of the
movement itself. The choice rhetoric only serves to
distract from pursuing equality and justifies internalized
misogyny. Just because there is not a singular, unified
vision of what equality is, does not mean it should be
rebranded as the ability to choose between mundane
activities within a given power structure.
Cup Cake Feminism-
In the last couple of decades, we have seen small food
businesses flourish. Be it sauerkraut or pretzels, the
artisan food economy has allowed for aspiring
entrepreneurs to pursue their food passions. Many of
those food businesses are baking related — cupcakes,
pies, cake decorating, muffin-of-the-month club —
whatever sort of baking you’re into, someone has
probably launched a business doing it. When it comes to
cupcakes, what was once reserved for the schoolroom
birthday party can now be found in the trendiest shops
around the world, from London to New York to Paris.
These types of businesses, they are predominantly run by
women. And yet when we look at the food industry as a
whole, women are often absent from the conversation,
particularly when it comes to high-end, gastronomic food
circles. Is this growing field of women-run businesses
cause for celebration — independent, self-made women
who have just as much potential to open businesses as
their male counterparts .

Feminism Vs Gender Equality Idea

There is a thin line that brings out the difference
between the two, mainly from the inferred meaning,
causes, and reasons for the two acts. They are greatly the
opposite of one another based on what they refer to and
what each party associated with each word is lobbying
for.
FEMINISIM- Feminism is defined as a range of ideologies,
political, and social movements sharing a common goal.
The goal is mainly to define, establish, and then achieve
economic, social, personal, and political equality among
different sexes, whether male or female. The common
application of feminism is seeking equal opportunities for
women as it is with men in terms of educational and
professional opportunities. For example, there have been
feminist movements that have been campaigning for the
rights of women to vote, work, get equal salaries with
men, and hold public offices. They have also been
pushing for equal rights in property ownership, earning
fair wages, equal rights within marriages, maternity
leaves, right to receive education, and enter contracts
among others.
GENDER EQUALITY- Gender equality refers to a state
where certain rights, freedoms, and opportunities are
not affected by gender. Also known as sexual equality, it
gives an equal access to resources as well as
opportunities to all genders. It also allows equal access to
decision making, social, political, and economic
participation. The concept of gender equality states that
all human beings, regardless of the gender are free to
make their choices. It also necessitates that they are free
to develop own and personal abilities without being
limited by rigid gender roles, stereotypes, and prejudices.
Main Differences Between Feminism and Gender
Equality-
1. Meaning of Feminism Vs. Gender Equality
Feminism is a set of ideologies, political, and social
movements sharing a common goal of defining,
creating and achieving equality among different
sexes, mostly on the side of women. Gender
equality, on the other hand, refers to a state where
certain rights, freedoms, and opportunities are not
affected by gender.In other words, feminism is the
advocacy that calls for women’s rights to be honored
and be on the same level with men’s while gender
equality calls for equal access to rights and
opportunities by both men and women.
2. Aim
The aim of feminism is to ensure equal rights as well
as opportunities for women, just like it is with men
while gender equality is about getting equal rights
 and opportunities for all genders. Gender equality
also holds the view that both men and women
should receive equal treatment without any gender
discrimination.
3. Form
Feminism is a collection of political and social
movements while gender equality is the main goal of
feminism.
4. Rights of Feminism Vs. Gender Equality
Feminism is concerned with the rights of women
while gender equality is concerned with the rights of
every individual regardless of their gender.

Intersectional Feminism
Feminism in Muslim World-
A combination of Islam and feminism has been
advocated as "a feminist discourse and practice
articulated within an Islamic paradigm" by Margot
Badran in 2002. Islamic feminists ground their arguments
in Islam and its teachings, seek the full equality of
women and men in the personal and public sphere, and
can include non-Muslims in the discourse and debate.
Islamic feminism is defined by Islamic scholars as being
more radical than secular feminism and as being
anchored within the discourse of Islam with the Quran as
its central text. As a "school of thought", it is said to refer
to Moroccan sociologist "Fatema Mernissi and scholars
such as Amina Wadud and Leila Ahmed".
Certain Western secular feminists, as well as Muslim
radical feminists, take the position that it is not possible
to reconcile feminism and Islam because they are
inherently incompatible: feminism, they say, seeks the
liberation of women and full gender equality; Islam, they
argue, is not compatible with the principles of equality
embodied in individual autonomy, freedom, and
women’s rights. Such feminists assert that the holy book
of Islam, the Qur’an, and the traditions (hadith) of the
Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) grant privileges to men over
women and further entrench patriarchy and its
androcentric practices into the fabric of society on
theological grounds. Mernissi declared that Islam
“professes models of hierarchical relationships and
sexual inequality and puts a sacred stamp onto female
subservience.” Iranian sociologist and women’s studies
specialist Haideh Moghissi also questions the possibility
of the reconciliation between feminism and Islam. She
asks:“How can a religion which is based on gender
hierarchy be adopted as the framework for struggle for
gender democracy and women’s equality with men? And
if Islam and feminism are compatible, which one has to
operate within the framework of the other?” Bengali
feminist Taslima Nasreen, criticized Islam directly,
stating: “If any religion keeps women in slavery, if any
religion keeps people in ignorance, then I cannot accept
that religion. Religion is a big factor in putting women
into their house-cages. Even though many women have
an education, they are not allowed to work; they have to
be submissive to their husbands because their religion
says so. For that reason, I do not accept Islam; so, I
criticized it.”
Nevertheless, secular feminism and Islamic feminism in
the Muslim world converge in a number of aspects and,
thus, should not be viewed as contradictory. Both brands
of feminism seek legal reforms and societal changes that
guarantee more rights for women.
Feminism in African Countries-
African feminism is a type of feminism innovated by
African women that specifically addresses the conditions
and needs of continental African women. African
feminism includes many strains of its own, including
Motherism, Femalism, Snail-sense Feminism,
Womanism/women palavering, Nego-feminism, and
African Womanism. Because Africa is not a monolith,
these feminisms are not all reflective of the experiences
African women have. Some of the feminisms are more
specific to certain groups of African women. African
feminism is sometimes aligned with, in dialogue, or in
conflict with Black Feminism or African womanism as
well as other feminisms and feminist movements,
including nationally based ones, such as feminism in
Sweden, feminism in India, feminism in Mexico, feminism
in Japan, feminism in Germany, feminism in South Africa,
and so on. There are many varieties of African Feminism.
Such as-
 Womanism.
 Stiwanism.
 Nego-Feminism.
  Motherism.
 Femalism.
 Snail Sense Feminism.
 Misovirism Feminism.
 Cultural Feminism.
Although noteworthy feminist movements have
sprouted across the African continent, the feminist
movement in Nigeria serves as a prime example of
African feminism. Following the 1982 national
conference, the inauguration of the organization Women
in Nigeria (WIN) presented feminism in its present form -
consistent, organized, with clear objectives and ideology.
[29] In spite of rough beginnings, many scholars pay
tribute to WIN for acting as training grounds for the
emergence of organized feminist struggles in Nigeria.
Feminism in 3rd World Countries-
Role of Feminism in Establishing Gender
Equality & Controversies
Feminism in Literature, Sports, Movie
industries, Workplace ( wage gap, affirmative
action, recruitment policies etc ), Politics etc
Feminism in Literature-
Feminist literature is fiction, nonfiction, drama or poetry
which supports the feminist goals of defining,
establishing and defending equal civil, political, economic
and social rights for women. It often identifies women's
roles as unequal to those of men – particularly as regards
status, privilege and power – and generally portrays the
consequences to women, men, families, communities
and societies as undesirable.
Feminism in Sports-
Female athletes and leaders are undeniably more visible
and increasingly successful in sport – putting in incredible
performances both on and off the field. But these
achievements still occur in a male defined sport sector –
where female stars have to tackle marginalisation and
sexualisation of their sporting performance and
leadership skills. Research also suggests that coverage of
women’s sports has actually become more sexist over
the past years – making it clear that in the current age,
everyday sexism characterises the culture of sport. Elite
sportswomen who gain public visibility and acceptance
tend to embody a femininity that appeals to white, male
heterosexual audiences (and TV producers). This means
that women and girls can be subjects of unparalleled
achievements in sport, but at the same time, they will be
looked at as sex objects – and often applauded for their
commitment to heterosexual domestic mothering roles.
Take Jessica Ennis-Hill, undoubtedly one of the world-
leading heptathletes of all time, yet reports and pictures
claiming her “golden girl” status are based more on her
looks, model poses and domestic relationships than her
athletic achievements. In surfing, women have increased
recognition by the World Surf League via media coverage
of women’s events and increased prize money.
Professional female surfers highlight that the industry is
sexist and sponsors ignore surf talent in favour of model
looks. Alana Blanchard, for example, remains the highest-
paid female surfer via sponsorship and endorsements.
She is a darling of social media and tops polls for being
the “most popular athlete”, or “best photo” among male
and female surfers. But she did not make it into the
world top 30 in 2016. Female athletes, including the
boxer Nicola Adams, have highlighted the fight for
sporting equality. Adams has called for boxing to have
more female ambassadors – like herself. Casey Stoney, a
footballer who plays for Liverpool in the English FA Super
League has also spoken about the difficulty of being
female and being a sports star.
Feminism in Movie Industries-
The act of feminism was a huge event in history, that has
changed the lives of women. In the beginning, women
were finally given the opportunity to work, but they were
limited when it came to what positions they were given.
Many seemed to believe that women could not succeed
as well as a man, so the women had to compete for the
career that they wanted. A womans purpose of life
before the second wave feminism was being married
around the age of 20, becoming a house wive, doing the
chores, raising the children and also taking care of her
husband. Women were never reaching out, starting their
own businesses, creating films, not even working at all in
general. Women were not able to express themselves or
show their true colors, they were extremely restricted.
Its almost as if women were treated like servants or
maids for their families. The women in the film industry
have to put up a big fight against men to get the position
they work so hard for. In many cases, men tend to
recieve jobs over the women in Hollywood. Research
shows that majority of directors, producers, writers and
even actors are men over women. Men even recieve a
higher salary. Here are some example of woman
empowerment-
 Angelina Jolie is the highest paid actress, being paid
a high of $33 million.
Kathryn Bigelow
 Director, Screewriter, Producer
 Only female director to win an
Kathleen Kennedy
 Producer
 Produced over 60 films
 Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., The Jurrasic Park
Trilogy, The Sixth Sense, Star Wars: Episode VII
Polly Platt
  American film producer, production designer and
screen writer
 Women who had big roles in the film industry after
the second wave feminism
 awarded Women in Film Crystal Award
 A few of her famous films were, Pretty Baby, Bottle
Rocket, Say Anything...,
 She was the first female member of the Art Directors
Feminism in Workplace-
Despite advances for women in the workplace, several
factors continue to negatively impact women’s sense of
well-being at work. These factors include sex
discrimination, gender role constraints, a male
dominated workplace, and rigidity in work/family
arrangements.
Wage gap-
The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average
difference between the remuneration for men and
women who are working. Women are generally
considered to be paid less than men. There are two
distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted
versus adjusted pay gap. The gender pay gap can be a
problem from a public policy perspective even when the
reason for the gap is entirely voluntary, because it
reduces economic output and means that women are
more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments,
especially in old age.
March 31 is Equal Pay Day, which symbolizes the day on
which working women earn as much as men earned over
the previous year. That is, a woman starting work on
January 1 last year would have finally earned on March
31 what a man earned during just that year. The day
shows that there is still progress needed to close the pay
gap between men and women. In 2018, a woman
working full time earns 81.6 cents for every dollar a man
working full time earns on average. Additionally,
women's median annual earnings are $9,766 less than
men's, according to the most recent available data from
the US Census Bureau. According to data from the US
Census Bureau, the average gender pay gap in the United
States in 2018 was around 18.9%, meaning that a woman
working a full-time, year-round job earns 81.1% as much
as her male counterpart earns. The pay gap varies,
however, by state.
Affirmative Action-
Affirmative action is most common in employment,
government contracts, education, and business. In the
employment field, the federal, state, or local government
might implement affirmative action measures, either
when the government acts as an employer or when the
government contracts with, or provides grants to, private
business. Private employers may also adopt their own
affirmative action programs. There are some example of
affirmative action-
 Affirmative Action for Federal Contractors.
 Affirmative Action in Other Government Settings.
 Affirmative Action by Private Emplyoers.
Recruitment Policies-

Feminism in Politics-
Though feminism or feminist approach to politics is
chiefly a product of the second half of the twentieth
century its origin can be traced as far back as the ancient
civilizations of China, Greece and India. In all these
countries, from the history we come to know, women
had special position and honour and they were found to
participate in various affairs of the society. Though
feminism or feminist approach to politics is chiefly a
product of the second half of the twentieth century its
origin can be traced as far back as the ancient
civilizations of China, Greece and India. In all these
countries, from the history we come to know, women
had special position and honour and they were found to
participate in various affairs of the society. In 20th century
there are a lot of female political leaders. Some of their
names are mentioning below –
 Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Prime
Minister, 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000. Sri
Lanka Freedom Party.
 Indira Gandhi, India Prime Minister, 1966-77, 1980-
1984. Indian National Congress.
 Golda Meir, Israel Prime Minister, 1969-1974. Labor
Party.
 Isabel Martinez de Peron, Argentina President, 1974-
1976. Justicialist.
 Elisabeth Domitien, Central African RepublicPrime
Minister, 1975-1976. Movement for the Social
Evolution of Black Africa.
 Margaret Thatcher, Great BritainPrime Minister,
1979-1990. Conservative.
  Maria da Lourdes Pintasilgo, Portugal Prime
Minister, 1979-1980. Socialist Party.
 Dame Eugenia Charles, DominicaPrime Minister,
1980-1995. Freedom Party.
 Vigdís Finnbogadóttír, Iceland President, 1980-96.
Longest-serving female head of state in the 20th
century.
 Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norway Prime Minister,
1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1996. Labour Party.
 Soong Ching-Ling, Peoples' Republic of China
Honorary President, 1981. Communist Party.
 Maria Liberia-Peters, Netherlands Antilles Prime
Minister, 1984-1986, 1988-1993. National People's
Party.
 Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan Prime Minister, 1988-1990,
1993-1996. Pakistan Peoples Party.
 Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German Democratic
RepublicPresident, 1990. Christian Democratic
Union.
 Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma (Myanmar )
Her party, the National League for Democracy, won 80%
of the seats in a democratic election in 1990, but the
military government refused to recognize the results. She
was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.
 Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh Prime Minister, 1991-1996.
Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
 Edith Cresson, France Prime Minister, 1991-1992.
Socialist Party.
 Kim Campbell, Canada Prime Minister, 1993.
Progressive Conservative.
 Sheikh Hasina Wajed, Bangladesh Prime Minister,
1996-2001, 2009-. Awami League.
 Ruth Dreifuss, SwitzerlandPresident, 1999-2000.
Social Democratic Party.
 Helen Clark, New Zealand Prime Minister, 1999-
2008. Labour Party.
 Tarja Kaarina Halonen, Finland
President, 2000-. Social Democratic Party.