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Comprehension
Comprehension and interpretation of a set passage of prose – or verse – simply means
understanding and explaining what is written in the passage. Preparation for such an exercise is essentially
the same as for a précis or a paraphrase: it involves reading the passage through in order to determine its
theme or topic, reading it again to determine the attitude of the author to his subject, and reading it yet
again to ensure an understanding of every detail of content and of style. After your first reading you should
write down the theme of the passage in a few words; after your second reading you should make a note of
the author’s approach or attitude to the theme; and during your third reading you should note significant
points of detail. In practising this exercise, you should always consult your dictionary for the meaning of
any unknown or uncertain words or phrases. If the passage contains figures of speech, take note of their
significant and force in the context.
Interpretation
You can then proceed to an interpretation of the passage – that is, now that you understand the
passage, you can go on to explain it in your own words. You are not required to translate the whole
passage, as in a paraphrase, nor to summarise it, as in a précis – though at this point you should be able to
do either. Your task is to explain or expand certain points in the passage.
Vocabulary, Grammar and Metaphor
You may be asked to deal with specific words and phrases: to show their meaning in the context,
or to explain their grammatical function, or to indicate their metaphorical point. These are all exercises that
you have already done individually.
Explanation of Content
There may be broader questions about whole sentences in the passage: you may be asked to
explain exactly what the author means by a certain sentence, or to express the sentence in a simpler form,
or to show the significance of the sentence in the general argument. All these forms of question depend on
a complete understanding of the passage and the ability to express its meaning in your own words.
Critical Comment
With a thorough grasp of the theme, you should also be able to comment on the passage as a
whole: to state whether the author’s comment on the passage as a whole: to state whether the author’s
argument is a valid one, to say whether or not you agree with the opinions expressed, to explain the outlook
or character of the author as revealed in his writing, even to indicate what his attitude would be to a
question not dealt with in the passage.
Logic of Argument
If the passage is one of reasoned argument, it is essential to follow the logic of the argument step
by step. There may be flaws in the argument. You should notice them and be able to explain where the
fallacy lies.
Appreciation of Style
Your study of the passage should have given you an appreciation of its style as well as an
understanding of its meaning. You should be able to discuss the author’s choice of words and use of
language. You should understand the point of any anecdotes or illustrations introduced in the passage and
appreciate their effectiveness in strengthening the general argument. The author may use antithesis,
repetition, irony, humour or hyperbole to emphasise a point. These are all devices with which you already
familiar, but it is important to note just how and why they are employed, and whether and to what extent
they are effective.
Method of Answering Questions
All answers to question on comprehension should be clear and concise, expressed in simple
English that follows the rules of grammar and syntax and idiom. Except in the case of meanings of words
and phrases, all such answers should be written in complete sentences.
Unless otherwise directed, you should base your answers entirely on what is said in passage set,
and in these answers your business is to make clear what the writer actually means; you are not concerned
with the correctness of his facts or opinions. In the cases in which you are asked for your own opinion on
something that the writer says, give it as concisely as possible.
In explaining the meaning of a word or phrase, you should take care that the meaning you give is
expressed in the same grammatical form as the given word or phrase. Thus, if you are defining a noun or a
phrase equivalent to a noun, your definition should be a noun or noun-equivalent; in the case of an
adjective or adjective-equivalent, your definition should also be an adjective or adjective-equivalent; and so
on.
Specimen
A few examples will show how exercises in comprehension should be tackled.
Passage 1
As we survey the whole course of man’s development from the earliest times to the present and
from the most primitive and simple to the most complex way of living, we are strongly impressed by the
fact that wherever men have lived together there has been some group interest in education. As the group
becomes more complex this interest grows, and institutions definitely charged with the task of teaching are
created. Thus the school comes into existence and an educational system evolves.
But so far as we know from the meagre records which have been left, early men had only a very
simple educational system. Most of the child’s learning was picked up as he associated with his parents and
other members of the family, tribe, clan or larger group. He learned to fish and hunt, to prepare his food, to
fight his enemies and to take care of his simple and elementary needs. In short, he learn to survive in the
world in which he found himself.
As the life of the group, became more complex, certain members of the group took it upon
themselves to become thoroughly familiar with the traditions and the customs and devoted most of their
time to the teaching of the young. At first, this teaching was done wherever the teacher and a group of
learners cared to gather. But later specified places for teaching and learning were set up. These were first
schools.
Questions
1) How can we say that even the earliest man had interest in education?
Ans. Man has always been keenly interest in learning things. Since when man lived in caves, he has
been keen to know what is spread around him. This desire to “know” means his interest in
education. The difference is of only simplicity and complexity of life, but the fact remains that
education has been centre of man’s attention and interest. Since life come into being on this
planet.
2) How and when was the first educational institution established?
Ans. It is man’s nature to learn new things. Since his birth on this planet, man has been keen to
establish education. With the passage of time, life became complex and individual life enlarged
into group-life. Then the need grew to educate people in a body. For that purpose, institutions
were established to teach the groups. That is how, first institution was created.
3) What kind of educational system did the early man have?
Ans. The humble records that we have been able to collect are that early man had only a very simple
educational system. Mostly, the learners picked early informations from their parents, other
members of the family and tribe. They learnt to fish and hunt, to cook, to defend himself and
arrange his basic needs. In other words, man educated himself to survive in the world which he
himself had discovered.
4) Can you trace the development of educational system as the society became more complex?
Ans. Life became very complicated when man divided himself into different groups. Among these
groups certain communities thought it necessary to be familiar with the customs and traditions of
their forefathers. They gave much importance teaching of their young ones. Firstly, teaching was
done where teachers and learners gathered, but later on the process of education was specifically
reserved for certain places. These places are first schools established by human being.
5) Suggest a suitable title for the text.
“Education started since man’s birth.”
Passage 2
Socrates taught that “the man who is master of himself is truly free”. By being master of oneself
he meant first knowing oneself, one’s faults and weaknesses and one’s good points, without making any
pretence and without being vain, and then being able to control oneself. This knowledge of himself was
what helped a man to be courageous, and the courageous man has very important sort of freedom from fear.
Socrates himself, because he was not afraid of the consequences, always felt free to teach what he thought
was right, however unpopular this might make him with the powerful people in Athens.
Now wonderful all his pupils loved Socrates. But he made some dangerous enemies by his strange
ways of teaching and asking questions. Some of the rulers in Athens did not like people to be encouraged to
ask questions for fear they would begin asking questions about what their rulers were doing. So they
accused Socrates of teaching young men wicked things and leading them to throw off their religion. This
was false, for in fact Socrates was a very religious man. At last his enemies had him arrested, and he was
condemned to death.
Questions
1) What kind of man is truly free, according to Socrates?
Ans. The man who knows himself and is able to control himself is truly free.
2) How did Socrates have enemies?
Ans. His strange methods of teaching and asking questions made him some enemies.
3) Why did some rulers dislike people to be encouraged to ask questions?
Ans. The rulers feared that if people were encouraged to ask questions they would begin asking
questions about their (=the rulers’) actions. They therefore disliked it.
4) What was Socrates accused of?
Ans. Socrates was accused of teaching young men evil things and leading them to give up their
religion.
5) How can it be said that the accusation was false?
Ans. Socrates was a very religious man, so it could not be true that he led people to throw off their
religion.
Passage 3
There is an immense and justified pride in what our college have done. At the same time there is
growing uneasiness about their product. The young boys and girls who carry away our degrees are a very
attractive lot – in looks, in bodily fitness, in kindliness, energy; courage and buoyancy. But what of their
intellectual equipment? That too in some ways is admirable. Yet the uneasiness persists. When it becomes
articulate, it takes the form of wishes that these attractive young products of ours had more intellectual
depth and force, more at-homeness in the world of ideas, more of the firm, clear, quiet thoughtfulness that
is so potent and so needed a guard against besetting humbug and quackery. The complaints commonly are
three. First, granting that our graduates know a good deal, their knowledge lies about in fragments and
never gets welded together into the stuff of a tempered and mobile mind. Secondly, our university
graduates have been so busy boring holes for themselves, acquiring special knowledge and skills that in
later life they have astonishingly little in common in the way of ideas, standards or principles. Thirdly, it is
alleged that the past many decades have revealed a singular want of charity about the great ends of living,
attachments to which gives significance and direction to a life. These are the three charges against our
education.
Questions
1) To what an extent is the intellectual development of boys and girls of our college satisfactory?
Ans. Our alumni acquire intellectual development to some extent, but there is a general sense of being
uneasy. They don’t find themselves equipped for practical utilisation of their intellect.
2) Discuss the three great charges against our education as pointed out in the text.
Ans. The three charges which have been enumerated in this passage which are as follows:
(i) First is that our students achieve disorganised knowledge and they are never in a position to
compile parts of knowledge into a compact form which may assist them in their practical life.
(ii) Second blame is that our students master bookish knowledge extensively as well as
intensively but this theoretical knowledge has nothing to do with lofty ideals of life which one
should cherish.
(iii) Third allegation is very convincing and is linked indirectly with second point. It is about the
failure of education system in the sense that it does not clearly indicate great purposes and
goals of life which are very important for directions to a life.
3) Explain the underlined phrases:
i) Their knowledge lies about in fragments: The clause implies that their knowledge is
unsystematic and is not in compact form. They are not given impact of certain knowledge as
whole; as a result they fail to fully comprehend the things they are taught.
ii) Tempered and mobile mind: A mind that is moderate in action and quick and active in
making decisions.
iii) Great ends of life: sublime ideals of life and lofty ambitions
4) Can you suggest any remedy to remove these complaints?
Ans. The existing system of our education is predominantly academic and theoretical. It is theoretical
as a rule and practical by chance. As Maulana Azad observed, “There is no adjustment between the
system of our education and the needs of our life”. The student is taught lessons from books but not
lessons from life. Our system of education calls for a radical change. We have to devise as early as
possible a comprehensive national scheme of education which seeks to bring about a complete and
harmonious development of all the factors of human personality.
5) Suggest a title for the passage.
Ans. “Defects of Our Education System”
Passage 4
It has been part of Nelson’s prayer that the British fleet might be distinguished by humanity in the
victory which he expected. Setting an example himself, he twice gave orders to cease firing upon the
Redoubtable supposing that she had struck because her great guns were silent; for as she carried no flag,
there was no means of instantly ascertaining the fact. From this ship which he had thus twice spared he
received his death. A ball fired from her mizzen-top which, in the then situation of the two vessels was not
more than fifteen yards from that part of the deck where he was standing, struck the epaulette on his left
shoulder about a quarter after one, just in the heat of action. He fell upon his face on the spot which was
covered with his poor secretary’s blood. Hardy who was a few steps from him turning round, saw three
men raising him up. “They have done for me at last Hardy!” said he, “I hope not!” cried Hardy. “Yes,” he
replied; “my backbone is shot through!” Yet even now, not for a moment losing his presence of mind he
observed as they were carrying him down the ladder, that the tiller-ropes which had been shot away, were
not yet replaced and ordered that new ones should be roped immediately. Then that he might not be seen by
the crew he took out his handkerchief ad covered his face and his stars. Had he but concealed these badges
of honour from the enemy, England, perhaps would not have had cause to receive with sorrow the news of
the battle of Trafalgar. The cockpit was crowded with wounded and dying men; over whose bodies he was
with some difficulty conveyed, and laid upon a pallet in the midshipmen’s berth. It was soon perceived,
upon examination, that the wound was mortal. This, however, was concealed from all, except Captain
Hardy, the chaplain, and the medical attendants. He himself being certain, from the sensation in his back,
and the gush of blood he felt momently within his breast, that no human care could avail him, insisted that
the surgeon should leave him and attend to those to whom he might be useful.
Questions
1) What is meant by ‘supposing that she had struck’?
Ans. This clause means ‘thinking that the men in the ship had surrendered’.
2) How can Nelson be said to have been partly responsible for his own death?
Ans. Nelson ordered his men two times to cease firing on the Redoubtable. From the same ship a ball
was fired at him and brought about is death. He was thus partly responsible for his death.
3) What do you understand by the ‘missen-top’?
Ans. The ‘mizze-top’ is the platform round the lower part of the mast nearest the stern.
4) Why did Nelson insist that the surgeon should leave him and attend to others?
Ans. Nelson was certain that it would be impossible to save his life. He, therefore, insisted that the
surgeon should leave him and attend to others.
5) What qualities in Nelson’s character are revealed by this passage?
Ans. His patriotism, his humanity and his powers of endurance are revealed by this passage.
Passage 5
Drug addiction has become a major social problem and one that particularly threatens young
people in their teens and twenties. Drugs are substances that alter the way the human body works, changing
our moods and affecting our behaviour. Drug addiction is as old as human society itself – but the changes
that the 20th century has brought has made it more universal and threatening than ever before.
When people talk about drug abuse, they do not mean drugs (medicines) which are sold legally in
the market. They are talking about a range of illegal drugs like cannabis, opium and cocaine, which cannot
be openly sold and used. These drugs are very powerful in their effects inducing a propound change in
mood. It is easy though, for users of such drugs to become addicted to them so that the drugs become a
permanent part of their lives and existence today has become enormous both in money and in lives.
The trade in drugs and the misery it causes has long been recognised as problems that can only be
solved by international efforts. One thing is as quite clear – drug addiction is such a complex problem and
the trade in drugs is so difficult to prevent, that it must be talked simultaneously at every level-production,
trafficking dealing, treatment and rehabilitation. No single approach can provide a solution but taking
together, they must give some satisfactory results. Let’s say no to drugs.
Questions
1) How do the drugs affect the functions of the body?
Ans. These drugs suppress appetite, improve mood, and restore the performance of someone overcome
with fatigue to near-normal levels.
2) What is the harm caused by drug?
Ans. Drugs such as a narcotic or hallucinogen that affects the central nervous system, causing changes
in behavior and often addiction. The drug-users cannot do without it.
3) How can we stop the trade in drugs?
The drug is so pervasive nowadays that it has such firm roots that it is Herculean task to get rid of
this malady. Measures should be taken internationally to wipe it out. Worldwide efforts are to be
made to stop the drug traffic at every level. To achieve satisfactory results there should be
reciprocal ‘NO’ to drugs.
4) Why and how people get addicted to drugs?
Ans. Drug addiction has become global phenomenon. The tensions and anxieties have increased so
much that every one searches ways to escape from hard realities of life. Hence, some people use
drugs to get rid of depression. They claim that they use these drugs to relax but they are unaware
of the fact that drug addiction in itself is a perpetual source of frustration and depression.
5) Suggest a suitable title for the passage:
Ans. Drug Addiction and its Evil Affects
Passage 1
For the majority of people in Pakistan, a large family is an asset or at least posses no problems.
This is purely because of their socio-economic requirements. For them, there is absolutely no reason to
heed the family planning slogans however nicely designed. For them, every additional mouth brings two
extra hands. For them, there ought to be some strong and effective economic reasons to accept family
planning. The rise in life expectancy or fall in infant morality may be a sufficient condition for the adoption
of family planning but certainly these are not the necessary conditions for people to get motivated to adopt
family planning. There ought to be necessary and sufficient reasons for the majority of our population to
participate actively in any national endeavour, including population control. Sadly the very motivation,
factor, required for the promotion of family planning, just does not exist in the majority of our people. This
necessary motivation can be induced mainly through their economic uplift to a significant level. Asking
this majority group to accept the initial inconveniences of family for a better future is going to cut no ice
for they have lost all faith in such slogans.
Questions
1) What is the national endeavour referred to in the passage?
2) Why is a large family an asset to most people in Pakistan?
3) “…………just does not exist in the majority of our people” What is the point referred to here?
4) Why should people accept family planning?
5) What are the “initial conveniences”, referred to in the passage?
6) What are the causes of population growth in this country according to the passage?
Passage 2
Coins were first issued in east and west in the eighth century B. C. and since then their use has
spread over the whole civilised world. Unlike many objects in everyday use, they have always been highly
prized by their owners, and were therefore frequently hoarded. As is still the custom in the east, it was
usual to bury treasury for safety, with the result that the contents of such ancient and medieval savings
banks are frequently turned up by the spade today. Coins are themselves the most imperishable antiquities.
The result is that they still exist in vast numbers of forgotten generations out of all proportion to other
remains of the culture with which they were contemporary. The study of coins may therefore be expected
to yield a considerable amount of information about the past, although we must be careful not to exaggerate
their importance. Coins give us some idea of the wealth and importance of ancient states and cities. A study
of the find-spots of coins gives an idea of their circulation in ancient times and it is sometimes possible to
make deductions about the extent of the dominions of a particular state from this; chronological analysis of
finds, by reasoning from known dates to pieces of which the dates are hitherto unknown, has often given
valuable results. The arguments from find-shot has to be used with care, as commercial reasons frequently
explain the finding of coins far from their original mints. Thus, the frequent finds of Roman gold of the
early empire in Pakistan do not show that the Romans ruled there, but corroborate Pliny’s reference to the
tremendous drain on Rome to pay for Roman luxuries.
Questions
1) How old are coins in the east?
2) Why were coins hoarded in the past?
3) Why did the people of the east bury treasure?
4) “………turned up by the spade today”, what does this mean?
5) What information would the study of coins yield to us?
6) What clues would these ancient coins give us about our past?
7) What do the Roman gold coins tell us about the social and economic aspects of Pakistani life?
Passage 3
Biofeedback is a process that allows people with stress-related illnesses such as high blood
pressure to monitor and improve their health by learning to relax. In biofeedback, devices that monitor skin
temperatures are attached to a patient’s arm, leg, or forehead. Then the person tries to relax. as he or she
relaxes completely, the temperature of the area under the devices rises because more blood reaches the
area. When a machine that is attached to the devices detects the rise in temperature a buzzer sounds, or the
reading on a dial changes. As long as the patient is relaxed, the buzzer or dial gives encouragement.
The next part of the biofeedback process is learning how to relax without the monitoring devices.
The patience recalls how he or she felt when the buzzer or dial changes. As long as it indicates relaxation
and then tries to imitate that feeling without having to check the biofeedback machine. After succeeding in
doing so, the patient tries to maintain the relaxed feeling throughout the day. Stress may cause as much as
75 percent of all illness; therefore, biofeedback promises to be an outstanding medical tool. (187 words)
Questions:
a. What is a biofeedback? Describe it in your own way.
b. Can learning to relax improve health? Explain your viewpoint.
c. Why is Biofeedback considered to be an instrument with great potential for the treatment of stress
related illnesses?
Passage 4
Mrs. Tomkins left the south sitting-room of the halfway Hotel in Salisbury and went to find Mr.
Goff, the manager. She complained about a large dog which was frequently to be found sitting in the best
arm chair in the sitting room.
Goff promised to do what he could. He and his wife were simple people and had only lately
bought the hotel. It was making a profit, but not a large profit. They needed all the visitors they could get,
and they did not want people to leave because of dogs. He went to talk the matter over with his wife.
She herself had noticed this dog and she agreed with Mrs. Tomkins. In her opinion, no dog ought
to be allowed in the hotel at all.
“But we don’t want to drive anyone away,” said Goff. “It is very difficult. If we refuse to allow
dogs in the hotel, dog-owners won’t come here to stay, and we’ll lose money.”
They discussed dogs for some time and finally agreed together that dogs could come into the
hotel, but must not sit on the chairs. To make this decision known to all their guests Mrs. Goff wrote out a
rough notice and showed it to her husband. On it were the words:
DOGS MUST NOT BE ALLOWED TO SIT ON THE FURNITURE.
“I don’t like it very much.” Mr. Goff said doubtfully. “It isn’t polite. It’s too severe. It’s like an
order. These people aren’t in the army. We don’t want to make them angry.”
Mrs. Goff went away to think again. Some time later a notice was put up near the front door of the
hotel. It read: Dogs are welcome, but are asked not go into the dinning-room and not to sit on the furniture.
When Goff saw this notice, he said to his wife, “I’m still worried about the notice, English dogs
may be able to read it, but if any foreign dogs comet to stay, they won’t understand it.”
Questions
1) What was Mrs. Tomkins complaint?
2) Why didn’t Goffs want to make their visitors angry?
3) Why couldn’t the Goff afford not to allow dogs into their hotels?
4) Why wasn’t Mr. Goff happy about the first notice prepared by Mrs. Goff?
5) Bring out the humour in the last sentence.
6) Suggest a suitable title to the passage.
Passage 5
The man came with the poison and said to Socrates, “You have only to drink this and walk about
until your legs feel heavy and then lie down; and it will act for itself.” Socrates took the cup cheerfully,
without trembling and without any change of colour, and looked up at the man with the fixed glance of his
and asked, “Shall we make an offering to the gods from it?”
“We only prepare so much as we think sufficient, Socrates,” he answered.
“I understand,” said Socrates, “I suppose I must pray to the gods that my journey hence may be
prosperous: that is my prayer, be it so”.
With these words he put the cup to his lips and drank the poison calmly and cheerfully. Most of
the men present controlled their grief. But one of them burst into a loud cry. Then all of them broke down
except Socrates.
“What are you doing, my friends?” he exclaimed, “I sent away the women chiefly in order that a
man should die in silence. So calm yourselves and bear up.”
The men were ashamed and ceased weeping. But he walked about until his legs were getting
heavy and then lay down on his back. Feeling left his limbs. Stiffness crept up his body. After a short
interval there was a moment. Then all was still.
Questions
1) What did the man who brought poison tell Socrates?
2) How did Socrates receive the cup of poison?
3) “I understand,” – What does the speaker understand?
4) What made the people weep?
5) How did Socrates silence men?
6) Suggest a suitable title to the passage.
Passage 6
“To be good is noble, but to teach others how to be good is nobler – and no trouble,” said a well-
known writer. This may explain why in this world there is more of preaching which we get in church, but
that which is given freely and without stint, on buses, in the streets and even in the homes of our land.
Where is the parent who does not discover himself telling his child to do just what he himself does
regularly? How many people are there who are certain that they have made anything but financial mistakes.
The man who never swam a stroke feels perfectly competent to tell another how to swim. The man who
cannot find his way to modest livelihood pretends to know just how to save the nation from all economic
ills. It is no trouble to preach, but it is considerable trouble to carry out what we preach. This is so true that
the honest preacher preaches to himself even more than to his listeners every season. Only the man who is
striving to climb the loftiest heights knows just how difficult is the way.
Questions
1) “To teach others how to be good is nobler.” Why?
2) What does the passage say about parents?
3) What does the man who cannot find modest livelihood pretend?
4) What does the last sentence mean?
5) Suggest a suitable title to the passage.
Passage 7
The great advantage of early rising is the good start it gives us in our day’s work. In the early
morning the mind is fresh and there are few sounds or other distractions so that work done at that time is
generally well done. The early riser also finds time to take some exercise in the fresh morning air, and this
exercise supplies him with a fund of energy that will last until the evening. By beginning so early, he know
that he has plenty of time to do thoroughly all the work he can be expected to do, and is not tempted to
hurry over any part of it. All his work being finished in good time, he has a long interval of rest in the
evening before he goes to bed.
Questions
1) What makes work done in the morning better?
2) Why should we take exercise in the fresh morning air?
3) Why is the early riser not tempted to do any work in haste?
4) What makes him relaxed in the evening?
5) Suggest a suitable title to the passage.
Passage 8
The Egyptians believed that after people died they would go to another world: In that world, they
thought, people would still need many of the things they had on earth. Their kings had many wonderful
treasures, and these treasures were buried with them.
The kings were not buried in the open ground or in graveyards, but in great buildings, or tombs
called pyramids, which were built out in the deserts. These pyramids, which can still be seen today, were
made of stone. Inside, there are secret doors which lead to secret passages and then to a secret chamber.
There are the Pharaoh’s body was preserved, so that it would go on looking the same for thousands of
years. This method is known as mummification. The mummy and all the Pharaoh’s treasures were locked
in the secret chamber. Many of these secret chambers have been found. Some of the mummies are in the
British museum in London. The most wonderful treasure of all were those of Pharaoh Tat-ankhamen and
these were now in Government museum in Cairo.
Although the rich people in Egypt enjoyed many wonderful things, the poor people led very hard
lives. The pyramids were built by slaves. Moving the great stones in the hot sun was terribly hard work and
the slaves were treated very cruelly. Those slaves who made the secret entrances to the tombs were killed
when the work was finished, so as to make sure they would not tell others what they knew.
Questions
1) What did the Egyptians believe in?
2) Why were treasures buried in pyramids with the Egyptian kings?
3) What is mummification?
4) How did the ancient Egyptians treat the poor?
5) Why were the slaves who built the secret entrances in pyramids killed?
Passage 9
If most of us were asked what we know about Issac Newton, we should probably reply that he
discovered the law of gravity through watching an apple falling from a tree in his garden. So far as it goes,
the answer would be true; for years after that charming story had gone into circulation, his niece, who was
also his housekeeper, confirmed the truth of that incident in the garden of the old house at Wookthrope in
Lincolnshire. But it tells us too little about the man whose mind was one of the most remarkable in the
history of human thought; whose discoveries marked the end of one epoch in the history of mankind and
the beginning of another, whose genius in mathematics laid the foundation for the scientific discoveries of
the age of mechanical triumphs which followed and, the strangest of all, who lost interest in all this, if
indeed, he ever had any.
Questions
1) Who was Isaac Newton?
2) Which incident helped Newton discover the law of gravity?
3) How did Newton’s law of gravity help the scientific world?
4) What does “that charming story” mean?
5) Which country did Newton live in?
Passage 10
Of what use is habit? In the first place habits makes for economy, both of time and energy. The
habitual act is performed quickly because of the habit. Since the action does not call for attention or at least
any high degree of attention, it frees mental energy for other work, and at the same time itself involves little
or no fatigue. In the second place the habitual action is performed with greater accuracy and, as a rule, with
greater efficiency than is the same action before it has become automatic. Because of these advantages it is
important that many of our everyday actions should become automatic. The disadvantage of habits arises
from the fact that it fixes a certain mode of thinking and acting and more an individual becomes a creature
of habit, the less efficiently will he be able to adjust himself to new conditions to act in new situations.
Questions
1) How does a habit make for economy?
2) What is the relationship between habit and attention?
3) Why is habitual accurate more accurate?
4) What are the disadvantages of habits?
5) Suggest a suitable title to the passage
Passage 11
Some people think that the aim of education is merely to give knowledge. These people who want
students to read books and do nothing else. Other thinks that knowledge alone is not enough; only that
which enables a man to earn his living can be called education. Still others believe that education should
aim solely at making good citizens and good patriots. As a matter of fact, education should aim at all these
three things put together. It should give men knowledge, make them self-sufficient and enable them to
serve others. Education should not produce citizens who while they love their own freedom take away the
freedom of others. It should produce men who love their country but do not want to harm other countries.
Questions
1) Where does knowledge come from, according to some?
2) How many opinions are given in the passage about education?
3) What according to the passage is the purpose of education?
4) What according to the writer a good citizen should not do?
5) Suggest a suitable to the passage.
Passage 12
The third great defect of our civilisation is that it does not know what to do with its knowledge.
Science has given us powers fit for the gods, yet we use them like small children. For example, we do not
know how to manage our machine. Machines were made to be man’s servant; yet he has grown so
dependent on them that they are in a fair way to become his masters. Already most men spend most of their
lives looking after and waiting upon machines. And the machines are very stern masters. They must be fed
with coal, and given petrol to drink, and oil to wash with, and they must be kept at the right temperature.
And if they do not get their meals when they expect them, they grow sulky and refuse to work, or burst
with rage, and blow up, and spread ruin and destruction all round them. So we have to wait upon them very
attentively and do all that we can do to keep them in a good temper. Already we find it difficult either to
work or play without the machines, and a time may come when they will rule us altogether, just as we rule
the animals.
And this brings me to the point at which I asked, “What we do with all the time which the
machines have saved for us, and the new energy they have given us?” On the whole, it must be admitted,
we do very little. For the most part we use our time and energy to make more and better machines; but
more and better machines will only gave us still more time and still more energy, and what are we to do
with them? The answer, I think, is that we should try to become sheer civilised. For the machines
themselves, and the power which the machines have given us, are not civilisation but the aids to
civilisation. But you will remember that we agreed at the begin that being civilised meant making and
linking beautiful things, thinking freely, and living rightly and maintaining justice equally between man
and man. Man has a better chance today to do these things than he ever had before; he has more time, more
energy, less to fear and less to fight against. If he will give his time and energy which his machines have
won for him to making more beautiful things, to finding out more and more about the universe, to
removing the causes of quarrels between nations, to discovering how to prevent, then I think our
civilisation would undoubtedly be the greater, as it would be the most lasting that there has ever been.
Questions
1) Instead of making machines our servants the author says they have become our masters. In what
sense has this come about?
2) The use of machine has brought us more leisure and more energy. But the author says that this has
been a curse rather than a blessing. Explain why?
3) What exactly is the meaning of “civilisation?” Do you agree with the author’s view?
4) “Making more beautiful things” stands for what? Make a list of the beautiful things that you
would like to make and how you would make them.
5) Mention some plans you may have to prevent poverty in the world. Who would receive your most
particular attention, and why?
6) The author uses phrases like, “fed with coal”; “given petrol to drink”; “oil to wash”; “kept at the
right temperature” What machines would require these needs?
Passage 13
Much of the time of a savage is taken up in providing for his safety. He tries to defend himself
against those he is able to fight; he seeks hiding places from those who are too strong for him. The remedy
for this miserable state of things is to be found in a settled government. To guard against foreign enemies
and bands of robbers, government provides soldiers. There are police to apprehend criminals, judges to try
them, and prisons for their confinement. Were there no government, every man would require to carry arms
for his defence or to pay other man to defend him. If defrauded or injured, there would be no judges to
decide the case. Neither would there be any roads, or post offices, or any other public services.
To pay for soldiers, police, judges and other officers, there must be taxes. If a person tried to
defend himself it would cost him far more, and, after all, the protection would be very insufficient.
Questions
1) What is the problem of a savage?
2) Why is a settled government necessary?
3) What would happen if there were no government?
4) What is the purpose of taxes?
5) Pick out the words in the passages which nearly mean:
(i) Arrest (ii) the state of being shut up in a small space (iii) deceived
Passage 14
Whether the subject should be taught in English in our educational institutions or through urdu is
the most controversial issue of the present day. There are quite a few points to be considered in this
connection. Those who oppose the introduction of English as a medium of instruction think that the
students do not properly understand the subjects taught in English. When they are not able to comprehend a
point properly, they are evidently unable to express it in accurately. When they are compelled to write the
answers in English they feel pained. Hence they develop a sort of inferiority complex. This thing mars the
growth of intellectual power and as a result their personality remains undeveloped. Thus, they prove a
complete failure in their lives, but that is not a sensible way of thinking. As a matter of fact, it is not simply
the medium of instruction that counts in the educational affairs. There are some other factors as well to be
taken into consideration of mind, etc. Moreover, our mother tongue is still in a stage of infancy. It is
impossible for it to supersede English at this stage.
Questions
1) What do the people who oppose English as a medium of instructions hold the opinion?
2) Why can’t we change over to our mother tongue at this stage?
3) What is your personal opinion in this context?
4) What kind of steps should be taken before we can switch over to Urdue?
5) Suggest a suitable title for the passage.
Passage 15
Tropical countries are found near the Equator, between the Tropical of Cancer in the North and the
Tropic of Capricorn in the in the South. Nigeria, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and the West Indies are all tropical
counties, they are all in the tropics.
Tropical countries used to be very unhealthy places to live in. People from Europe did not like
working in them at all. They often caught Malaria from mosquitoes or sleeping sickness from Tsetse flies.
But doctors and scientists have now controlled these diseases, and these countries are no longer unhealthy
to live in. As a result many tropical countries have developed quite fast in recent years.
Questions
1) Where do we find the tropical countries on the globe?
2) What was the condition in the tropical countries in the past?
3) Why didn’t the Europeans like to live and work in tropical countries?
4) What causes sleeping sickness?
5) Which sentence in the passage tells us that many of the tropical countries are not dangerous to live
in?
Passage 16
The tyrannical regimes of several dictators like Stalin, Mussalini and Hitler form a very important
part of our world history. Why don’t we learn from this? Why don’t we stop the continuing debate between
the supremacy of despotism over democracy or vice versa?
Democracy has attracted support since the time of ancient Greece, because it represents an ideal of
justice as well as a form of government. The ideal and the practice of democracy are inseparably linked
because rulers subjected to voter approval are more likely to treat the voters justly.
Many of us may say that the ideal of justice and equality is easier said than done. I admit that our
own country reflects this but a country like ours which has ineffective democracy still has a choice. We still
have the right to choose in elections. All we need is the ability to face up to our rights and demands our
rights fearlessly. In my opinion, we lack this fearlessness. In short, we lack true patriotism.
Our Holy Prophet (Peace be Upon Him) also encouraged the concept of democracy and all of the
four caliphs following him based on the system of their government and administration on this form of
government.
But what about a country in which the ruling party is a despot? What if he turns out to be a fascist,
then what choice are the citizens of the country let with? If the natural rights of life, liberty and property are
not guaranteed, the people have a right to overthrow the government.
(a) What was the Greek idea of democracy?
(b) Why do we have ineffective democracy in Pakistan?
(c) What was the practice of the Holy Prophet (Peace be Upon Him) and the four caliphs in this
connection?
(d) How does the passage indicate that we lack patriotism?
(e) Suggest a title for Democracy
Passage 17
The Great Wall of China is said to be the one structure built by man on earth which would be
visible to observers on the moon. It covers a distance of 1,500 miles as the crow flies. From the Liotung
Peninsula westward to the last fortress in Central Asia, it crosses the northern provinces of China. But its
actual course, twisting and turning, sweeping across deep valleys, covers over 2,000 miles.
In the eastern section its height varies from 15 to 13 feet, and its width from about 25 feet at the
bottom to 15 feet at the top, where there is a pathway wide enough for six horsemen to ride side by side
protected by parapets. When the wall was first built it had about 25,000 towers, each 40 feet square and 40
feet high projecting from it every few hundred yards with holes from which the defenders could shoot at
attackers.
The great Emperor Shih Huang Ti joined three earlier frontier walls to form a Great Wall which
was to act as a boundary between China and the north, and keep out the feared nomads of the Mongolian
steppes. The wall was designed to strengthen the nation’s defences; it was not then, as it later became in
Ming times, a substitute for a strong army and State.
Questions
1) In what way is the Great Wall of China unique?
2) What is the actual distance that the Great Wall of China covers?
3) How wide is the Wall?
4) How was the Great Wall formed?
5) What was the Great wall originally intended for?
6) What did the Wall become in Ming times?
Passage 18
The artist co-operates with God in making increasingly larger numbers of people see the beauty of
the world which these people could never see for themselves. The world is, of course, God’s artistic
masterpiece; but it is the artist who lends people eyes to see it with. Browning’s Fra Lippo has the last
word on the subject:
For, don’t you mark, we’re made so that we love
First when we see them painted things we have passed
Perhaps a hundred times nor cared to see?
In this sense, Oscar Wilde’s paradox is perfectly true: that Nature imitates Art; for the majority of men see
in Nature what Art has taught them to see in Nature. The fogs of London, said Wilde, were the invention of
Whistler. To love beauty therefore becomes to the artist, as an artist, his first duty. To love beauty, that is,
to see it for himself first, and then to communicate it to others; for love implies at once vision and
reproduction. It must be the first article in an artist’s creed, as an artist, that beauty is the best in interpreter
of God to man; that; when he has got hold of beauty, he has got hold of the surest key to the knowledge of
God. Keats has said that Beauty is Truth. Now, this is not true. But to us here, Beauty is, as Plato said, the
splendour of Truth. The artist, as an artist, must be content with the splendour and, through this splendour
strive to convey the truth. He has no business with truth as such as the philosopher, for instance, has. He
has no concern with conduct as such, as the moralist, for instance has. It is not his function to exhort men to
good works, or to prove things; but merely to exhibit them. Plato thought a picture, for instance, was just of
an object – a copy of the idea. It was Aristotle, Plato’s pupil, who pointed out that, though a picture was in
one sense certainly a copy and therefore something less than the object, in another sense it was something
more than the object. It was, briefly, the idea of the object made visible to the eye. Art, therefore, does not
consist merely in line and colour, sound and image; but primarily in ideas. Beauty may not be useful.
Beauty may not improve our minds. But beauty must please. Indeed, such is the inherent delightfulness of
beauty that, by its magic touch, not only the ugly becomes pleasurable, but even sorrow becomes a joy.
That is the explanation of the pleasure we feel in tragedy. What would shock us in actual life gives us
pleasure in a tragedy. For tragedy makes experience significant; and by making it significant, it makes it
beautiful; and by making it beautiful, it makes it pleasant. And yet, it does not aim at pleasing; it only aims
at exhibiting. Pleasure is not its aim; it is its effect. – Armando Menezes
Questions
1. What does the artist do for most of us?
2. Why does the artist “lend” his eyes to people?
3. Explain: “Nature imitates Art.”
4. What is the artist’s first duty? Why?
5. What is the surest key to the knowledge of God? Why?
6. What is the artist’s real function?
7. In what does Art primarily consist?
8. When does sorrow become a joy?
Passage 19
The rapid rise and no less rapid fall of Spain’s empire makes it difficult for us to visualise the
position she held in Europe. Spain set the cultural and social standards of the time, and the golden age of
Spanish art and literature, from 1580 to 1680 coincides with the heyday of this world domination, the court
of Madrid Patronised painter; architects, poets and travellers. Palaces and monasteries built partly. From the
subscriptions of subjects and partly from the wealth of Americans, spring up over the Castilion countryside
exhibiting the Italian ideas of their builders. Noblemen and their ideas of their builders. Noblemen and their
ideas of their builders. Noblemen and their ideas had their portraits pointed by velazquez, who had quested
the formalist El Greco. Spain set the fashion in matters of taste and whilst the lower middle classes
continued their wanted habits of thought and activity, fashionable. European society hoped the manners of
Spanish aristocracy.
Questions
(a) Can you account for the rapid rise of Spin from 1550-1680?
(b) How did the court of Madrid patronise poets and painters, etc. where from money came?
(c) What were the activities of Spanish aristocracy during this period?
(d) Explain the words given below:
i) Heyday ii) monasteries iii) ousted iv) aped
(e) Suggest a suitable title for the above passage.
Passage 20
Great books do not spring from something accidental in the great men who wrote them. They are
effluence of their very core, the expression of the life itself of the authors. And literature cannot be said to
have served its true purpose. Until it has been translated into the actual life of him who reads. It does not
succeed until it becomes the vehicle of the vital. Progress is the gradual result of the unending battle
between human reason and human instinct, in which the former slowly but surely wins. The most powerful
engine in this battle is literature. It is the vast reservoir of true ideas and high emotions and life is
constituted of ideas and emotions. In a world deprived of literature, the intellectual and emotional activity
of all but a few exceptionally gifted men would quickly sink and retract to a narrow circle. The broad, the
noble, the generous would tend to disappear for want of accessible storage. And life would be
correspondingly degraded, because the fallacious idea and the pretty emotion would never feel the upward
pull of the ideas and emotions of genius. Only by conceiving a society without literature can it be clearly
realised that the function of literature is to raise the plain towards the top level of the peaks. Literature
exists so that where one man has lived finely, ten thousand may afterwards live finely. It is a means of life,
it concerns the living essence.
Questions
1) What, according to the author, is the source of a great book?
2) When does literature serve its true purpose?
3) What is progress according to the author?
4) What is the most important function of literature?
5) Why should reason win over instinct?
6) ‘Literature is a means of life”. Explain this idea in two sentences.
Passage 21
And first let us take Shakespeare. Note broadly at the outset, Shakespeare has no heroes; he has
only heroines. There is not entirely heroic figure in all his plays, except the slight sketch of Henry the fifth,
exaggerated for the purpose of the stage; and the still slighter Valentine in The Two Gentlemen of Verona.
In his laboured and perfect plays, you have no hero. Othello would have been one, if his simplicity had not
been so great as to leave him the prey of every base practice around him; but he is the only example even
approximating to the heroic type. Coriolanus, Caesar, Antony, stand in flawed strength, and fall by their
vanities; Hamlet is indolent, and drowsily speculative, Romeo an impatient boy. The Merchant of Venice
languidly submissive to adverse fortune; Kent, in King Lear, is entirely noble at heart, but too rough and
unpolished to be of true use at the critical time and he sinks into the office of a servant only. Orlando, no
less noble, is yet the despairing toy of chance, followed, comforted saved by Rosalind; whereas there is
hardly a play that has not a perfect woman in it, steadfast in grave hope and errorless of purpose; Cordelia,
Deslemona, Isabella, HermioneImogen, Queen Katherine. Perdita, Sylria, Viola, Rosalind, Helena, and last
and perhaps the loveliest, Virgilia, are all faultless, conceived in the highest heroic type of humanity.
Questions
1) According to the passage Shakespeare delineates
a. only heroes
b. no heroines
c. heroines with some flaw or the other
d. none of the above
2) Who is the only heroic figure among Shakespeare heroes?
3) What weakness does Hamlet suffer from?
4) How is the Merchant of Venice portrayed?
5) Why does the author say that Kent in King Lear cannot be classed as a hero?
6) Who is a toy of chance? How?
7) How has Shakespeare conceived his heroine?
Passage 22
Poetry is a form of literature. Literature has three main forms; namely, prose, poetry and drama. It
is difficult to define poetry. Each critic gives his own definition of poetry. For instance, Matthew Arnold
defines poetry by saying that, “poetry is a criticism of life bound by the laws of poetic truth and poetic
beauty”, but this definition begs the question because he employs the terms Poetic beauty and Poetic truth
without defining what poetry is. The definition at any rate makes one point clear about poetry as Arnold
conceived of it. According to him, poetry is a criticism of life. That means a poet must interpret life to his
readers. Arnold says, “The grand power of poetry is its interpretative power; by which I mean, not a power
of drawing out in black and white an explanation of the mystery of the universe but the powers of so
dealing with things as to awaken in us a wonderfully full, new and intimate sense of them and of relations
with them. When this sense is awakened in us, as to objects without us, we feel ourselves to be in contact
with the essential nature of those objects, to be no longer bewildered and oppressed by them, but to have
their secret and to be in harmony with them, and this feeling calms and satisfies us as no other can”. That is
why, the famous remark that, “Poetry is a criticism of life” is an epigrammatic summing up of all that he
contends for as a writer both of life and letters. It implies that poetry is more than a mere matter of outward
realities, more than expression of a facile moral or intellectual attitude.
Questions
1) What should a poet do according to Arnold?
2) What is the main function of poetry?
3) What are the three forms of literature?
4) How is poetry a criticism of life?
5) Why is Arnold’s definition of poetry incomplete?
6) Which point does Arnold’s definition make clear?
7) What does the phrase drawing out in black and white mean?
Passage 23
The problem of price hike is a worldwide phenomenon. Prices of all articles have increased in all
countries. The purchasing power of money has declined and has been steadily declining. People are finding
it hard to make both ends meet. The rich do not mind the rise in prices because they have money to buy
anything at any price. The problem is acute only in the case of the people of lower economic levels. Their
income has not increased in proportion to the increasing price. Before the Second World War in the year
1938-39, etc. one rupee could buy ten seers of fine rice. Today for the same quantity of rice, we have to pay
about fifty rupees and if this is taken as a scale, the price rise has gone up by fifty times. On 1939, the price
of gold was about thirty or forty rupees per sovereign but today it is more than three thousand four hundred
rupees; and the scale of rise in the price of gold also is the same. Has our income increased on the same
scale? It has not, and hence people feel price-rise acutely since their meagre income is inadequate to buy
their basic necessities. A large majority of people are facing these problems. In villages, life is more
miserable. In every village, only a few families have enough and to spare while the others, a majority of
them, let alone leading a hand to mouth existence, are steeped in absolute poverty. Inch by inch, they keep
sinking into a morass of despair, misery and anguish.
Questions
1) To what extent have the prices gone up during the last fifty years?
2) Price-rise is –
a. peculiar to Pakistan
b. common to all developing countries
c. common to all countries in the world
3) when prices rise the value of money
a. rises
b. remains constant
c. falls
d. non of the above
4) Why are the poor people of the lower economic level hit hard when price rise?
5) Why don’t the rich find price rise hard on their finances?
6) Why is life more miserable in villages when price rise?
7) What is meant by ‘hand to mouth existence?
Passage 24
An intellectual is one who is enlightened; and being enlightened person, he has to give light to
others who are in need of it. In every society we find intellectuals such as philosophers, scientists, scholars,
writers and critics; and they, as enlightened men, have a great responsibility towards society. In a society,
all cannot be intellectuals. If a time comes when all are intellectuals it would be a blessed time indeed; but
at present, at any rate, all are not intellectuals and those who are intellectuals have the great responsibility
of building others on to the right path. If today we have our civilisation and culture, if we have orders and
security in life, and if our life is better than that of our primitive ancestors, it is because the intellectuals,
from time to time, have been guiding humanity on the path of felicity and amity. The intellectual should
come out of his ivory tower and try to elevate others to his level. This is the theme of Tennyson’s famous
poem, “The Palace of Art”. The intellectual has the duty of seeing the truth and teaching it to others. The
contemplation of the eternal laws of the universe beings about a tranquil exaltation of the mind. The
perception of the truth is almost the same as perception of beauty and the duty of an intellectual is to see
this truth or beauty and to reveal it to others.
Questions
1) Who are intellectuals according to the passage?
2) What does the passage say about equality of human being in the field of intelligence?
3) What would be a blessed time according to the passage?
4) Who has brought about order and security in life?
5) What is the “Palace of Art”?
6) Who wrote it?
7) What is the theme of the ‘Palace of Art”?
8) What are the responsibilities of the intellectuals?
Passage 25
Nowadays life in cities has become dangerous for various reasons. First of all, it is dangerous to
walk about in cities because always various kinds of vehicle keep moving at terrific speeds. The smoke
released by them poisons the atmosphere; and consequently it is dangerous to breathe in this polluted air.
The food that we get in cities is also lacking in purity. Nowadays, everything is grown with chemical
fertilisers which may cause danger to the consumers of fruits, vegetables and other things grown thus. We
do not get anything that is absolutely pure. The water also is sometimes contaminated. Hence, it is better to
get out of cities at least for some days every month; and to eat food which is not contaminated; and to
breathe in fresh air which conduces to excellent health.
Questions
1) Why has city-life become dangerous these days?
2) Who causes air pollution in cities?
3) What makes the food in cities impure?
4) What is meant by the word contaminated?
5) What does the passage suggest to city dwellers?
6) What are the advantages of going out of cities?
7) Why is it dangerous to walk about the cities these days?
Paraphrasing
A paraphrase is a translation of a given passage into another form of words. The given passage is
generally of such a character that the paraphrase requires to be written in simpler and clearer language. A
paraphrase must not be confused with a précis. In both exercises the object is to reproduce the sense of a set
of passage; but a précis involves condensation, whereas a paraphrase follows the original, sentence by
sentence, without omitting any of the thought.
Paraphrasing as a Test
Paraphrase used regularly to be set in examination in English language as a test of candidates’
power to understand ideas and express them clearly and accurately in their own words; and it still finds a
place in the papers of some examining bodies, although the exercises have become less formal in character.
In examinations in English Literature candidates must be able to paraphrase passages taken from the
prescribed books in order to show their grasp of the author’s ideas.
Paraphrasing as Practice in Expression
Apart altogether from its usefulness as a test, paraphrasing is extremely valuable as an exercise in
composition. Continual practice in reproducing the thoughts of other people in a different form of words
helps to give the writer both facility in composition and precision in the choice of words. Students are
therefore strongly advised to make full use of this form of exercise as part of their training in expression.
Examples of formal paraphrasing and directions regarding method are given below. While
exercises of this kind should be worked from time to time, much good practice may be obtained by
reproducing in your own words the sense of shorter passage such as the following:
a) A proverb e.g.
A stitch in time saves nine.
Paraphrase –
A little trouble taken early will save a great deal of trouble later on.
Proverbs are very frequently couched in figurative language. The metaphor or simile should not
appear in the paraphrase.
b) A pithy saying or witty remark e.g.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. –
Bacon
Paraphrase –
Some books deserve only to be lightly skimmed; other may be read through rapidly at a sitting; a
few require close study so that the author’s ideas may be thoroughly understood and assimilated.
Acknowledgment of Gift
Dear [[Recipient]]:
I know this is a busy season for you, but I wanted to ask if the parcel I mailed you on the 12th of last month
has arrived. If it hasn't, I'll have the Post Office put a tracer on it.
The parcel is a leather portfolio case, and is a thank-you gift for the time you took from your busy schedule
to show Harry Longworth some of the interesting parts of Denver. Both Harry and I appreciate your kind
hospitality.
Claim Service Evaluation
Dear [[Recipient]]:
You recently contacted our claims office by phone. We are striving to provide our customers with timely
and clearly explained replies.
To help us evaluate and improve our service, would you please take a moment to complete the enclosed,
postpaid card and return it to us.
Your assistance is greatly appreciated.
Graduation 2
Dear [[Recipient]]:
We just heard that Patricia graduated from the University of California at Berkley with honors. You must
be extremely proud of her accomplishments, and I am happy right along with you.
Please give Patricia our best wishes for continued success as she enters law school. ( . . . pursues her
career.)