De Lorenzo Lab Manual-2314 ING

Always leading the pack
PROCESS CONTROL
AND TRANSDUCER
DL 2314
Automation Laboratory
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
Teaching systems for
technical training II
DL 2314
CONTENTS
Worksheet Nº 1 Level sensor Page 1
Worksheet Nº 2 Characteristics of the motor of the

pump Page 7
Worksheet Nº 3 Characteristics of the pump Page 13
Worksheet Nº 4 Characteristics of the static process Page 19
Worksheet Nº 5 Process time constant Page 25
Worksheet Nº 6 ON-OFF control of the level Page 31
Worksheet Nº 7 ON-OFF control of the level with

"SOL VALVE" Page 39
Worksheet Nº 8 ON-OFF control of the level with

"FLOAT SWITCH" Page 47
Worksheet Nº 9 Closed loop proportional control of the

level Page 53
Worksheet Nº 10 Closed loop proportional-integral

control of the level Page 61
Worksheet Nº 11 Closed loop proportional-derivative

control of the level Page 69
Worksheet Nº 12 Closed loop

proportional-integral-derivative control
of the level Page 77
Worksheet Nº 13 Flow sensor Page 83

flow Page 91

control of the flow Page 97
DE LORENZO
technical training III
DL 2314

control of the flow Page 103

of the flow Page 109
Worksheet Nº 18 Temperature sensor Page 115
Worksheet Nº 19 Measurement of the characteristics of

the heater Page 121
Worksheet Nº 20 ON-OFF control of the temperature Page 129

temperature Page 137

control of the temperature Page 143

control of the temperature Page 151

of the temperature Page 159
Worksheet Nº 25 Pressure sensor Page 165
Worksheet Nº 26 Pressure sensor as level sensor Page 171
Worksheet Nº 27 ON-OFF control of the level with the

pressure sensor Page 177
DE LORENZO
technical training IV
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 1
LEVEL SENSOR
❏ OBJECTIVES - To determine the characteristic of the

differential transformer as position
transducer.
❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the main physical laws

- Definition of analog signal
- Operating principle of the differential
transformer
❏ METHODOLOGY - Guided experience
❏ LIST OF EQUIPMENT - DL 2314

- Digital multimeter
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
technical training 1
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
WHAT THE TEACHER DOES
After checking the knowledge of the prerequisites, he gives to the students the sheet 1.1
which shows the connections of the level sensor with the relevant interface (Fig. 1.1 and
Fig. 1.2) and sets the process simulation panel as follows:
➢ DELIVERY VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)
➢ MOTOR VALVE fully open (angular rotation = 0)
➢ SOL VALVE open (ON) using the interface ON-OFF DRIVER
➢ MAN VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)
➢ DRAIN VALVE fully closed (turn the knob clockwise)
➢ NEEDLE VALVE fully closed (turn the knob clockwise)
➢ AIR VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)
➢ Level of the water in the PROCESS TANK: 6 cm.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WHAT THE STUDENTS DO
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº1 of the Level Sensor to bush Nº1 of the
correspondent interface and bush Nº2 to bush Nº2 (Sheet 1.1 Fig. 1.1).
2) Insert a terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, in bush Nº 13 of the Level
Interface and the other one in the earth bush (Sheet 1.1 Fig. 1.1).
3) Connect bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER to the bush of SET POINT 1, bush Nº
19 to bush Nº 19 and bush Nº 20 to bush Nº 20 (Sheet 1.1 Fig. 1.2).
4) Press the main switch (ON).
5) Start the pump regulating the voltage on SET POINT 1 and bring the level of the
water in the PROCESS TANK to 8 cm.
6) Once reached the level, stop the pump setting to 0 V the voltage value of
SET POINT 1.
7) Gradually decrease the level of the water in the tank by turning counter-clockwise the
knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN VALVE, back to 6 cm.
8) Verify that the voltage value, read on the voltmeter, corresponds to 0 V, otherwise
regulate the OFFSET trimmer until you obtain the desired value: in this way you have
fixed the minimum working point of the Level Sensor.
9) Starting the pump, increase the level of the water to 16 cm.
10) Stop the pump and verify that the voltage value corresponds to 10 V, otherwise
regulate the GAIN trimmer until you obtain the desired value.
11) Verify that the voltage and level values are correct by repeating the steps
from step Nº 7.
12) Slowly drain the tank until you reach all the level values shown in Table 1.1 and write
down, for each level value, the corresponding voltage value.
13) Put OFF the main switch.
14) Remove all the connections.
15) Represent the characteristic of the level sensor in Fig. 1.3.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Level (cm) 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
Voltage (V)
TABLE 1.1
Level
(cm)
Voltage
(V)
Fig. 1.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 1.1
LEVEL gain Function Range
1 DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
2 1
13
linear
3 2
U
4
U ref
float-switch offset
Fig. 1.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 1.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 2
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE MOTOR PUMP
❏ OBJECTIVES - To achieve the control in PWM

(Pulse Width Modulation) of a dc
motor.
- To determine the characteristics of
the dead zone of the pump.

- Definition of analog and digital
signal
- Operating principle of a dc motor

- Oscilloscope
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections for the calibration of the LINEAR DRIVER (Fig. 2.1 and
➢ DRAIN VALVE fully opened (turn the knob counter-clockwise)
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
2) Connect the tip of the probe of channel CH1 of the oscilloscope to bush X6 of the
LINEAR DRIVER and the earth to the earth bush (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.1).
3) Regulate, on the oscilloscope screen, the width of the image, by selecting 5 V/DIV
through the relevant knob.
4) Turn the knob TIME/DIV on 50 microseconds.
5) Move the three position selector (AC - GND - DC) to DC.
6) Regulate the trimmer ADJ1, turning it clockwise, to obtain a triangular wave equal to
10 Vpp (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.2).
7) Regulate the trimmer ADJ2, turning it counter-clockwise, until the maximum of the
triangular wave is at 0V (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.2). 8) Move the probe of the oscilloscope to
bush X7 (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.3).
9) Connect, through a lead, bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER to bush 0/10V of SET
POINT 1 (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.3).
10) Insert a terminal of the digital voltmeter, set to dc, in bush Nº 19 and the other one in
bush Nº 20 (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.3).
11) Set the voltage between 0 and 10V and observe, on the oscilloscope screen, that the
duty cycle of the square wave signal is variable although its period is constant. The
luminosity variation of the LED and the voltage read on the multimeter, which
between 0 and 12V, show that the average value of the voltage is regulated.
12) Once the test phase of the pump interface is completed, remove the terminals of the
voltmeter and of the oscilloscope probe.
13) Connect bush Nº 19 of the output interface of the LINEAR DRIVER to bush Nº 19
of the pump and bush Nº 20 to bush Nº 20.
14) Insert a terminal of the digital voltmeter, set to dc, in the bush of SET POINT 1 and
the other one in the earth bush (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.4).
15) Slowly increase the voltage on SET POINT 1 and write down the voltage value which
allows the start of the motor.
16) Slowly decrease the voltage on SET POINT 1 and write down the value which allows
the stop of the motor.
17) Repeat the procedure from step Nº 15 and verify that the results are the same: it has
now been determined the dead zone of the pump.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 2.1
TIME/DIV
MODE COUPLING
AUTO
CAL LEVEL N AC INT

O
XY R HF
M REJ EXT
A
POSITION L EXT
DC LINE
SINGLE
AC VOLTS/DIV INT VOLTS/DIV AC

TRIG
INTEN FOCUS ILLUM GND CH1 ALT CH1 GND

CAL CAL
DC
DC BOTH
POSITION POSITION CH2
CH1
CH2 CHOP CH2
POWER
XY
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
X7
–
20 20
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2
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DL 2314
TIME/DIV
MODE COUPLING
AUTO
CAL LEVEL N AC INT

O
XY R HF
M REJ EXT
A
POSITION L EXT
DC LINE
SINGLE
AC VOLTS/DIV INT VOLTS/DIV AC

TRIG
INTEN FOCUS ILLUM GND CH1 ALT CH1 GND

CAL CAL
DC
DC BOTH
POSITION POSITION CH2
CH1
POWER CH2 CHOP CH2
XY
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
20 20
5
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1 Function Range
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
Fig. 2.3
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
20 20
5
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
Fig. 2.4
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DL 2314
WORKSHEET 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PUMP
❏ OBJECTIVES - To measure the flow velocity.

- To determine the calibration diagram
of the pump

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the SET POINT 1 with the pump interface (Fig. 3.1) and
sets the process simulation panel as follows:
➢ Level of the water in the PROCESS TANK 10 cm.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect through leads, bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER to the bush of SET
POINT 1, and bush Nº 20 to bush Nº 20 (Sheet 3.1 Fig. 3.1).
2) Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set to dc, in the bush of SET POINT 1 and
4) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 to 3V.
5) Start the pump by connecting, through a lead, bush Nº 19 of the LINEAR DRIVER to
bush Nº 19 and at the same time start the chronometer.
6) Wait until the level of the water in the tank reaches 15 cm and stop the chronometer,
at the same time stop the pump by removing the lead of bush Nº 19.
7) Write down the values in Table 3.1.
8) Gradually decrease the level of the water in the tank by turning counter-clockwise the
knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN VALVE, back to 10 cm.
9) Close the valves.
10) Repeat the procedure from point Nº 4 for all the voltage values listed in Table 3.1 and
write down the results.
13) Represent the calibration diagram of the pump in Fig. 3.2.
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DL 2314
Voltage applied
to the pump 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(V)
Volume
3
(cm )
1202 1202 1202 1202 1202 1202 1202 1202
Time
(sec)
Flow
3
(cm /sec)
Flow
(liters/h)
TABLE 3.1
NOTE: Tank diameter 17.5cm

Tank volume = area of the base times the height
3 -3
1 cm = 10 liters
3
1 cm /sec = 3,6 liters/h
Flow
(Liters/h)
Voltage
(V)
Fig. 3.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 3.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
Fig. 3.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 4
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE STATIC PROCESS
❏ OBJECTIVES - To measure the static gain

- To determine the diagram of the
process characteristic.
❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the fluid dynamics

- Knowledge of Experience Nº 3

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of SET POINT 1 with the pump interface (Fig. 4.1) and sets
the process simulation panel as follows:
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER to the bush of
SET POINT 1, bush Nº 19 to bush Nº 19 and bush Nº 20 to bush Nº 20 (Sheet 4.1
Fig. 4.1).
2) Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, in the bush of SET POINT 1 and
4) Start the pump regulating the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 10V.
5) Wait until the water level has reached 15/16 cm.
6) Gradually turn counter-clockwise the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob
DRAIN VALVE to maintain the level of the water in the tank at 15/16 cm.
7) Wait until the level is stabilized (10, 15 minutes).
8) If this will not happen, regulate again the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob
DRAIN VALVE to maintain the level at a constant value of 15/16 cm.
9) Repeat the procedure from step Nº 4 for all the voltage values listed in Table 4.1 and
write down the results.
12) Represent the diagram of the process characteristic in Fig. 4.2.
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DL 2314
Voltage applied
to the pump 10 9 8 7 6
(V)
Flow
(liters/h)
Level
(cm)
TABLE 4.1
Level
(cm)
Flow
(Liters/h)
Fig. 4.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 4.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
Fig. 4.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 5
TIME CONSTANT OF THE PROCESS
❏ OBJECTIVES - To measure the dynamic response of

the process
- To determine the dynamic diagram
❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the fluid dynamics

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of SET POINT 1 with the pump interface (Fig. 5.1) and sets
the process simulation panel as follows:
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
Fig. 5.1).
5) Wait until the water level has reached 15/16 cm.
DRAIN VALVE to maintain the level of the water in the tank at 15/16 cm.
7) Wait until the water level is stabilized (10, 15 minutes).
8) If this will not happen, regulate again the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob
DRAIN VALVE to maintain the level at a constant value of 15/16 cm.
9) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 8 V.
10) Wait until the water level is stabilized.
11) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 9 V and start at the same time the
chronometer.
12) Measure the level at 60 seconds interval and write down the values in Table 5.1.
15) Represent the dynamic diagram of the process in Fig. 5.3.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time (sec) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960
Level (cm)
TABLE 5.1
Level
(cm)
Time
(sec)
Fig. 5.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 5.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
Fig. 5.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 6
ON - OFF CONTROL OF THE LEVEL
❏ OBJECTIVES - To understand the operation of a

closed loop ON-OFF control system
- To Understand the effects of
hysteresis on the control
❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the operation of a

closed loop control system

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the ON-OFF control (Fig. 6.1) and sets the process
simulation panel as follows:
➢ SET POINT 1 knob 0V
➢ HYSTERESIS knob 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 1 of the Level Sensor to bush Nº 1 of the relevant
interface and bush Nº 2 to bush Nº 2 (Sheet 6.1 Fig. 6.1).
2) Connect bush Nº 19 of the LINEAR DRIVER to bush Nº 19 and bush Nº 20 to bush
Nº 20 (Sheet 6.1 Fig. 6.1).
3) Connect thE bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 14 of the ON-OFF controller and
bush Nº 13 of the level interface to bush Nº 13 of the ON-OFF controller
(Sheet 6.1 Fig. 6.1).
7) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter from the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº
13 of the ON-OFF controller: the voltage value must be equal to 2V; if the voltage is
different, control that the level of the water in the tank be 8 cm, otherwise calibrate
the sensor according to procedures shown in Worksheet 1.
8) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X4 of the ON-OFF controller: the
voltage value must be equal to the difference between the voltage applied to bush Nº
14 and the voltage applied to bush Nº 13, that is 3V.
9) Connect bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF controller to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR
DRIVER: the pump will start immediately, the level will start to increase while the
voltage value read on the voltmeter will decrease.
10) As soon as the voltage difference between bush Nº 14 and bush Nº 13 will be null,
the output of the ON-OFF controller (bush Nº 18), going to a voltage of approx. -10V,
will stop the pump: the level must then be equal to 11cm, corresponding to the
starting level (8cm) plus the starting voltage difference between bush Nº 14 and bush
Nº 13 (3V = 3cm).
11) Slowly turn counter-clockwise the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN
VALVE in order to decrease a little the level: the voltage difference between bush Nº
14 and bush Nº 13, caused by the level variation, brings the output of the ON-OFF
controller (bush Nº 18) to a voltage of approx. 10V and the pump will start again.
12) The pump will operate for a short time until the previous level is reached (11cm).
13) Regulate the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN VALVE until you
determine, approximately, an equal time, for level increase and decrease, between start
and stop of the pump: the up and down cycle of the level will repeat itself.
14) Turn the knob MAN VALVE clockwise until you will read on the flowmeter a flow
of approx. 10, 20 liters/hour: this operation must be performed with the pump running,
that is while the water level increases.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
15) Repeat step Nº 12.

16) Measure the up and down times of the level between start and stop of the pump with
an hysteresis of 0%: write down the results in Table 6.1.
17) Repeat the procedure from step Nº 15 for all the hysteresis values listed in Table 6.1
and write down the results.
18) For each value of hysteresis repeat the measurement of the up and down time several
times.
19) Close the NEEDLE VALVE and the DRAIN VALVE.
22) Represent the characteristic diagram of the hysteresis in Fig. 6.2, Fig 6.3 and 6.4.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Hysteresis
%
0 15 30
Set Point
(cm) 11 11 11
Lower limit
Set Point
(cm)
Up-raising time
of the level
(sec)
Upper limit
Set Point
(cm)
Lowering time
of the level
(sec)
TABLE 6.1
Level
(cm)
11
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 0%
Fig. 6.2
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DL 2314
Level
(cm)
11
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 15%
Fig. 6.3
Level
(cm)
11
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 30%
Fig. 6.4
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DL 2314
SHEET 6.1
Fig. 6.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 7

WITH "SOL VALVE"
❏ OBJECTIVES - To maintain constant the level in the

tank using SOL VALVE for the
water inlet
- To represent the diagram of the
characteristic of the hysteresis


- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 1 of the Level Sensor to bush Nº 1 of the relevant
interface and bush Nº 2 to bush Nº 2 (Sheet 7.1 Fig. 7.1).
2) Connect bush Nº 25 of the ON-OFF DRIVER to bush Nº 25 and bush Nº 26 to bush
Nº 26 (Sheet 7.1 Fig. 7.1).
3) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 13 of the ON-OFF controller
and bush Nº 13 of the level interface to bush Nº 14 of the ON-OFF
controller (Sheet 7.1 Fig. 7.1).
13 of the ON-OFF controller: the voltage value must be equal to 2V; if the voltage is
different, control that the level of the water in the tank be 8 cm, otherwise calibrate
the sensor according to procedures shown in Worksheet 1.
8) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X4 of the ON-OFF controller: the
14 and the voltage applied to bush Nº 13, that is 3V.
9) Connect bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF controller to bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF
DRIVER: the electro valve SOL VALVE will be immediately activated.
Nº 20 (Sheet 7.1 Fig. 7.1).
11) Connect the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER (Sheet 7.1
Fig. 7.1).
12) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter from bush X4 to the bush of SET
POINT 2.
13) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 2 at 6V: the pump will start immediately and the
level of the water will start to increase.
14) Move back the terminal of the voltmeter to bush X4.
15) As soon as the voltage difference between bush Nº 14 and bush Nº 13 will be null,
the output of the ON-OFF controller (bush Nº 18), going to a voltage of approx. -10V,
will stop the electro valve and consequently the water inlet in the tank: the level must
then be equal to 11cm, corresponding to the starting level (8cm) plus the starting
voltage difference between bush Nº 14 and bush Nº 13 (3V = 3cm).
VALVE in order to decrease a little the level: the voltage difference between bush Nº
14 and bush Nº 13, caused by the level variation, brings the output of the ON-OFF
controller (bush Nº 18) to a voltage of approx. 10V which activates the electro valve
SOL VALVE.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
17) The electro valve will operate for a short time until the previous level is reached
(11cm).
and stop of the electro valve: the up and down cycle of the level will repeat itself.
19) Measure the up and down times of the level between start and stop of the electro
valve with an hysteresis of 0%: write down the results in Table 7.1.
20) Repeat the procedure from step Nº 16 for all the hysteresis values listed in Table 7.1
21) For each value of hysteresis repeat the measurement of the up and down time several
times.
25) Represent the characteristic diagram of the hysteresis in Fig. 7.2, Fig 7.3 and 7.4.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Hysteresis
%
0 15 30
Set Point
(cm) 11 11 11
Lower limit
Set Point
(cm)
Up-raising time
of the level
(sec)
Upper limit
Set Point
(cm)
Lowering time
of the level
(sec)
TABLE 7.1
Level
(cm)
11
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 0%
Fig. 7.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Level
(cm)
11
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 15%
Fig. 7.4
Level
(cm)
11
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 30%
Fig. 7.5
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 7.1
LEVEL gain
1
+12V SOL VALVE
2 25 25
1
13 18 +
linear
3 2
U
–
26 26
4
U ref
float-switch offset ON-OFF DRIVER
ON/OFF
13 hysteresis
- 25
X4 18
14
+
∑
0 % 50
Function Range
DC/AC V mA kΩ 2 2 20 200
2000
0/10V
mA com vΩ power
2.5 7.5
0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 7.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0±10V
X7
–
0
20 20
5 5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

-10V +10V
set point 2
Fig. 7.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 8

WITH "FLOAT SWITCH"
❏ OBJECTIVES - To maintain constant the level in the

tank using an ON-OFF level sensor
and the electro valve SOL VALVE
for the water inlet
- To represent the characteristic of the
hysteresis of the sensor


- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the ON-OFF control (Fig. 8.1 and Fig. 8.2) and sets the
process simulation panel as follows:
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 25 of the ON-OFF DRIVER to bush Nº 25 and bush
Nº 26 to bush Nº 26 (Sheet 8.1 Fig. 8.1).
2) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 14 of the ON-OFF controller and
bush Nº 3 of the FLOAT SWITCH sensor to bush Nº 13 of the ON-OFF controller
(Sheet 8.1 Fig. 8.1).
3) Connect bush Nº 4 of the FLOAT SWITCH to bush Uref.
7) Connect bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF controller to bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF
DRIVER: the electro valve SOL VALVE will be immediately activated.).
Nº 20 (Sheet 8.1 Fig. 8.2).
Fig. 8.2).
10) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter from the bush of SET POINT 1 to the bush
of SET POINT 2.
11) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 2 at 6V: the pump will start immediately and the
level of the water will start to increase.
12) Move the terminal of the voltmeter to bush Nº 13 of the ON-OFF controller.
13) When the level of the water reaches the FLOAT SWITCH sensor the contact which
brings the voltage Uref (10V approx.) to bush Nº 13 of the ON-OFF controller will
close and the electro valve will be disactivated.
VALVE: the level of the water will decrease, the contact of the sensor will open, the
electro valve will be activated and more water will go into the pump tank.
15) The pump will operate for a short time until the contact will close again.
and stop of the electro valve: the up and down cycle of the level will repeat itself.
17) Measure the up and down times of the level between start and stop of the electro
valve with an hysteresis of 0%: write down the results and compare them with those
of the previous experiences.
21) Represent the characteristic diagram of the hysteresis in Fig 8.3.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Hysteresis
%
0
Set Point
(cm)
Lower limit
Set Point
(cm)
Up-raising time
of the level
(sec)
Upper limit
Set Point
(cm)
Lowering time
of the level
(sec)
TABLE 8.1
Level
(cm)
Time
Voltage
(sec)
(V)
Fig. 8.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 8.1
+12V SOL VALVE

25 25
18 +
3
–
26 26
4
U ref
float-switch ON-OFF DRIVER
ON/OFF
13 hysteresis
- 25
X4 18
14
+
∑
0 % 50
0/10V
2.5 7.5
0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 8.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0±10V
X7
–
0
20 20
5 5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

-10V +10V
set point 2
Fig. 8.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 9
CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL

CONTROL OF THE LEVEL
❏ OBJECTIVES - To verify the effects of the gain of

the loop on the dynamic response of
the system
- To represent the dynamic response
curve of the system


- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the control (Fig. 9.1) and sets the process simulation panel
as follows:
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 19 of the LINEAR DRIVER to bush Nº 19 and bush
Fig. 9.1).
3) Slightly close the valve MAN VALVE (clockwise).
5) Regulate the valve MAN VALVE in order to read on the flowmeter a flow of about
20 liters/hour.
6) Turn OFF the main switch.
7) Bring again the water level in the tank to a value of 8cm.
8) Remove the lead from bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER and from the bush of
SET POINT 1 and put the knob to 0V.
9) Connect bush Nº 1 of the Level Sensor to bush Nº 1 of the relevant interface and bush
10) Connect the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush Nº 14 of the PID controller and bush Nº
13 of the level interface to bush Nº 13 of the PID controller (Sheet 9.1 Fig. 9.1).
the other one in the earth bush.
12) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 2 at 2V.
13 of the PID controller: the voltage value must be equal to 2V; if the voltage is
different, then check if the water level in the tank is 8cm, otherwise calibrate the
sensor following the procedures shown in Worksheet Nº 1.
14) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter from bush X5 of the PID controller: the
14 and that applied to bush Nº 13, that is 0V.
15) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush EXT of the PID controller.
16) Insert the terminal of the digital voltmeter in bush X5.
17) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 to read on the digital voltmeter a voltage of
3V: this voltage represents the width of the reference step which corresponds to an
increase of 3cm of the water level.
18) Timerarily remove the lead from bush EXT of the PID controller.
19) Regulate the PROPORTIONAL knob at 25%.
20) Connect bush Nº 15 of the PID controller to bush Nº 15 and bush Nº 18 to bush Nº 18
of the LINEAR DRIVER.
21) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush Nº 13 of the PID controller: write
down in Table 9.1 the voltage value (2V).
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
22) Insert back the lead in bush EXT of the PID controller and at the same time start the
chronometer.
23) Write down in Table 9.1 the voltage value read every 15 seconds until the transitory is
completed.
24) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X5 of the PID controller: the
voltage value, to be written down, represents the steady state error.
25) Momentarily remove the lead from bush EXT of the PID controller.
26) Bring back the water level in the tank to 8cm.
28) Regulate the PROPORTIONAL knob to 50% and repeat the procedure from
step Nº 22.
29) Repeat the procedure with the PROPORTIONAL knob at 75% and 100%.
31) Draw the curves of the closed loop dynamic response for all the values of the
PROPORTIONAL knob.
32) Analyze the results.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390
(sec)
Kp = 25%
Kp = 50%
Kp = 75%
Kp = 100%
TABLE 9.1
NOTE: The value read on the voltmeter corresponds to the displacement in

centimeters of the level (1V = 1cm).
Level
(cm)
Time
Voltage
(sec)
(V)
Fig. 9.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 9.1
Fig. 9.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 10
CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL - INTEGRAL


the system
curve of the system

closed loop control system with
proportional-integral action (PI)
- Knowledge of Worksheet Nº 9

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
2) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER
(Sheet 10.1 Fig. 10.1).
20 liters/hour.
12) Turn ON the main switch.
13 of the PID controller: the voltage value must be equal to 2V; if the voltage is
14 and that applied to bush Nº 13, that is 0V.
of the LINEAR DRIVER (Sheet 10.1 Fig. 10.1).
22) Regulate the INTEGRAL knob at 25%.
23) Press the RESET button to reset the integrator, that is to discharge the circuit
integrating condensers.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
24) Connect bush Nº 16 of the PID controller to bush Nº 16 (Sheet 10.1 Fig. 10.1).
chronometer.
27) Write down in Table 10.1 the voltage value read every 15 seconds until the transitory
is completed.
31) Regulate the INTEGRAL knob at 50% leaving the PROPORTIONAL knob at 25%
and repeat the procedure from step Nº 23.
32) Repeat the procedure with the INTEGRAL knob at 75% and 100%.
34) Draw the curves of the closed loop dynamic response for all the values listed in the
table.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390
(sec)
Kp = 25%
Ki = 25%
Kp = 25%
Ki = 50%
Kp = 25%
Ki = 75%
Kp = 25%
Ki = 100%
TABLE 10.1

Level
(cm)
Time
Voltage
(sec)
(V)
Fig. 10.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 10.1
Fig. 10.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 11
CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONA - DERIVATIVE


the system
curve of the system

proportional-derivative action (PD)

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
(Sheet 11.1 Fig. 11.1).
20 liters/hour.
12) Turn ON the main switch.
14) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter from the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush
Nº 13 of the PID controller: the voltage value must be equal to 2V; if the voltage is
voltage value must be equal to the difference between the voltage applied to
bush Nº 14 and that applied to bush Nº 13, that is 0V.
of the LINEAR DRIVER.
22) Regulate the DERIVATIVE knob at 25%.
23) Connect bush Nº 17 of the PID controller to bush Nº 17.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
chronometer.
is completed.
28) Remove the lead from bush Nº 17.
31) Regulate the DERIVATIVE knob at 50% leaving the PROPORTIONAL knob at 25%
and repeat the procedure from step Nº 23.
32) Repeat the procedure with the DERIVATIVE knob at 75% and 100%.
34) Draw the curves of the closed loop dynamic response for all the values listed in the
table.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390
(sec)
Kp = 25%
Kd = 25%
Kp = 25%
Kd = 50%
Kp = 25%
Kd = 75%
Kp = 25%
Kd = 100%
TABLE 11.1

Level
(cm)
Time
Voltage
(sec)
(V)
Fig. 11.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 11.1
Fig. 11.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 12
CLOSEDLOOPPROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL-DERIVATIVE
CONTROLOFTHELEVEL

curve of the system

proportional-integral-derivative action
(PID)

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
After checking the knowledge of the prerequisites, he analyzes with the students the curves
drawn during the work experiences 9, 10 and 11. After determining the possible values of
Kp, Ki and Kd to be used, he gives to the students the sheet 12.1 which shows the
connections of the control (Fig. 12.1) and sets the process simulation panel as follows:
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Determine the value of Kp for which oscillations start through the analysis of the
curves or repeating the experiment with intermediate values of Kp following the
procedure listed in Worksheet 9: The value of the position of Kp, for which
oscillations start, must be reduced by 0.6 times.
2) Once determined the value of Kp and analyzed the curves of Ki drawn during work
experience 10, establish the optimum value of Ki repeating, if necessary, the
procedure listed in the same Worksheet for all the intermediate values.
3) Exclude the integral action without modifying the value chosen for Ki.
4) Determine the optimum value of Kd through the analysis of the curves drawn during
work experience 11 or repeating, if necessary, the procedure listed in the same
Worksheet.
5) Utilize at the same time the proportional, integral and derivative actions and perform
the experiments of Worksheet 9, 10 and 11 (Sheet 12.1 Fig. 12.1).
is completed after its conversion in centimeters (1V = 1cm).
7) Draw the curves of the closed loop dynamic response Fig. 12.2).
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390
(sec)
Kp = 25%
Kd = 25%
TABLE 12.1
Level
(cm)
Time
Voltage
(sec)
(V)
Fig. 12.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 12.1
Fig. 12.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 13
FLOW SENSOR
❏ OBJECTIVES - To determine the characteristic of a

flow transducer as position
transducer.

- Operating principle of the flow
transducers

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the flow sensor with the relevant interface (Fig. 13.1 and
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
Fig. 13.1).
2) Check if the water level in the tank is 10cm.
5) Regulate the valve MAN VALVE to read on the FLOW METER 100 lt/h: if the flow
is slightly lower, regulate MAN VALVE to reach the value closely higher. 6) Slightly
turn counter-clockwise the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN VALVE
to bring the water level back to 10cm and close the valves.
7) Start the pump regulating the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 10V and at the same time
start the chronometer.
8) Read the value shown on the FLOW METER and write it down.
9) Wait until the water level reaches 13cm, stop the chronometer and stop the pump.
10) Write down the value read on the chronometer.
11) Slightly turn counter-clockwise the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN
VALVE to bring the water level back to 10cm and close the valves.
12) Repeat the procedure from step 4: the two values read on the chronometer must be
equal.
14) Calculate the flow of the pump and verify that the value is equal to the value read on
the flowmeter.
NOTE: Diameter of the tank 17.5 cm
Volume of the tank = area of the base x height
3
= 240.406 x 3 = 721.218 cm
3
Flow = Volume/time (cm /sec)
3
1 cm /sec = 3.6 l/h
15) Connect bushes Nº 5 and 6 of the flow sensor FLOW to bushes Nº 5 and 6 of the
relevant interface (Fig. 13.2).
16) Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, in bush Nº 13 and the other one
in the earth bush.
17) Regulate the trimmer OFFSET to read the value 0V on the multimeter.
19) Slightly turn counter-clockwise the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the valve DRAIN
VALVE.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
21) Regulate the trimmer GAIN to read on the multimeter the value 10V, in case the flow
read and calculated is 100 l/h, or 9V, in case the flow is 90 l/h; in this way we have
calibrated the flow sensor establishing 1V per 10l/h.
22) Regulate the valve MAN VALVE for all the value of flow listed in Table 13.1 and
write down the voltage values read on the voltmeter.
24) Close the valves NEEDLE VALVE and DRAIN VALVE.
26) Draw the diagram of the voltage as a function of the flow in Fig. 13.3.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Flow
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
(litres/h)
Voltage
(V)
TABLE 13.1
Voltage
(V)
Flow
(Liters/h)
Fig. 13.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 13.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 13.1
gain DC/AC
Function
V mA kW 2 2
Range
20 200 2000
FLOW X1 mA com vW power
5 5
f 13
6 6
U
offset
Fig. 13.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 14

CONTROL OF THE FLOW
❏ OBJECTIVES - To verify the operation of a

proportional valve for the control of
the flow

- Operating principle of a proportional
valve
- Knowledge of Worksheet 13

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the control (Fig. 14.1 and Fig. 14.2) and sets the process
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
2) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER (Sheet
14.1 Fig. 14.1).
4) Connect bush Nº 5 of the flow sensor to bush Nº 5 of the relevant interface and bush
13 of the flow sensor to bush Nº 13 of the PID controller (Sheet 14.1 Fig. 14.2).
8) Connect bush Nº 21 of the MOTOR DRIVER to bush Nº 21 and bush Nº 22 to bush
Nº 22 (Sheet 14.1 Fig. 14.2).
9) Connect bush Nº 15 of the PID controller to bush Nº 15 and bush Nº 18 to bush Nº
18 of the MOTOR DRIVER (Sheet 14.1 Fig. 14.2).
VALVE.
12) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 2 at 2V: the MOTOR VALVE will start to close
(clockwise) to regulate the flow at the set point value; before stopping there will be
some small oscillations.
13) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 2 at 3V: the motor valve will open increasing the
flow.
14) Observe the response while the flow will stabilize at the new value and write down
the flow value, read on the flowmeter, both at 2V and at 3V.
15) Repeat the previous operations regulating the knob PROPORTIONAL firstly at 50%,
then at 75% and eventually at 100% and observe what happens: the valve can oscillate
continuously without finding a stability position.
16) Search for the value, also intermediate, which gives the best stability and write it
down.
18) Close the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN VALVE.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 14.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 14.1
gain
FLOW X1 +12V MOTOR VALVE
21 21
5 5
13 18 +
f
6 6 M
U
–
open 22 22
off MOTOR DRIVER

offset
closed
Proportional
50
25 75 15 15
0 100%
Integral –
13 - 50
X5 25 75 16 16 – 18
14
EXT
+
+
Â Â
0 100%
–
Derivative
50
25 75 17 17
0±10V
0 100%
5 5
reset
-10V +10V
Function Range
set point 2 DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000
mA com vW power
Fig. 14.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 15

CONTROL OF THE FLOW

the flow


- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
(Sheet 15.1 Fig. 15.1).
4) Connect bush Nº 5 of the Flow Sensor to bush Nº 5 of the relevant interface and bush
5) Connect the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush Nº 14 of the PID controller and
bush Nº 13 of the flow sensor interface to bush Nº 13 of the PID controller
(Sheet 15.1 Fig. 15.2).
Nº 22 (Sheet 15.1 Fig. 15.2).
10) Connect bush Nº 15 of the PID controller to bush Nº 15, bush Nº 16 to bush Nº 16
and bush Nº 18 to bush Nº 18 of the MOTOR DRIVER (Sheet 15.1 Fig. 15.2).
VALVE.
flow.
16) Repeat the previous operations regulating the knob INTEGRAL at 50% then at 75%
and lastly at 100%, leaving the PROPORTIONAL at 25% and observe what happens.
17) Press the RESET pushbutton to reset the integrator, that is to discharge the condensers
for the circuit integration, before setting a new value on INTEGRAL. 18) Search for
the value, also intermediate, which gives the best stability and write it down.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 15.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 15.1
gain
21 21
5 5
13 18 +
f
6 6 M
U
–
open 22 22
off MOTOR DRIVER

offset
closed
Proportional
50
25 75 15 15
0 100%
Integral –
13 - 50
X5 25 75 16 16 – 18
14
EXT
+
+
Â Â
0 100%
–
Derivative
50
25 75 17 17
0±10V
0 100%
5 5
reset
-10V +10V
Function Range
mA com vW power
Fig. 15.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 16
CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL - DERIVATIVE

CONTROL OF THE FLOW

the flow

valve

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
(Sheet 16.1 Fig. 16.1).
4) Connect bush Nº 5 of the Flow Sensor to bush Nº 5 of the relevant interface and bush
bush Nº 13 of the flow sensor interface to bush Nº 13 of the PID controller
(Sheet 16.1 Fig. 16.2).
Nº 22 (Sheet 16.1 Fig. 16.2).
10) Connect bush Nº 15 of the PID controller to bush Nº 15, bush Nº 17 to bush Nº 17
and bush Nº 18 to bush Nº 18 of the MOTOR DRIVER (Sheet 16.1 Fig. 16.2).
VALVE.
flow.
16) Repeat the previous operations regulating the knob DERIVATIVE at 50% then at
75% and lastly at 100%, leaving the PROPORTIONAL at 25% and observe what
happens.
17) Search for the value, also intermediate, which gives the best stability and write it
down.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 16.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 16.1
gain
21 21
5 5
13 18 +
f
6 6 M
U
–
open 22 22
off MOTOR DRIVER

offset
closed
Proportional
50
25 75 15 15
0 100%
Integral –
13 - 50
X5 25 75 16 16 – 18
14
EXT
+
+
Â Â
0 100%
–
Derivative
50
25 75 17 17
0±10V
0 100%
5 5
reset
-10V +10V
Function Range
mA com vW power
Fig. 16.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 17
CLOSEDLOOPPROPORTIONAL-DERIVATIVE-INTEGRAL
CONTROLOFTHEFLOW

the flow

(PID)
valve
- Knowledge of Worksheet 14, 15
and 16

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
After checking the knowledge of the prerequisites, he analyzes together with the students the
results of the experiments included in Worksheets Nº 14, 15 and 16, he gives them the
sheet 17.1 which shows the connections of the control (Fig. 17.1 and 17.2) and he sets the
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Determine the value of Kp at which you have oscillations almost permanent following
the procedure shown in Worksheet 14: the value of the position of Kp must be
reduced by 0.6 times approx.
2) Once fixed the value of Kp, determine the optimum value of Ki following the
procedure shown in Worksheet 15.
3) Exclude the integral action without modifying the value of Ki.
4) Determine the optimum value of Kd following the procedure shown in Worksheet 16.
5) Use at the same time the proportional, integral and derivative actions and perform the
experiment following the indications listed in Worksheets 14, 15 and 16 (Sheet 17.1
Fig. 17.1 and 17.2).
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 17.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 17.1
gain
21 21
5 5
13 18 +
f
6 6 M
U
–
open 22 22
off MOTOR DRIVER

offset
closed
Proportional
50
25 75 15 15
0 100%
Integral –
13 - 50
X5 25 75 16 16 – 18
14
EXT
+
+
Â Â
0 100%
–
Derivative
50
25 75 17 17
0±10V
0 100%
5 5
reset
-10V +10V
Function Range
mA com vW power
Fig. 17.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 18
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

thermoresistance as as position
transducer. transducer of temperature

- Operating principle of the
thermoresistances

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the temperature sensor with the relevant interface (Fig. 18.1
and Fig. 18.2) and sets the process simulation panel as follows:
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
2) Insert one terminal of a digital multimeter (Ohmmeter) in bush Nº 7 and the other one
in bush Nº 8 of the resistor TESTER.
3) Regulate the trimmer TESTER to read the value of 100 Ohms (resistance of the
PT100 at 0°C).
4) Use the multimeter as a Voltmeter, set in dc, and move one terminal in bush X3 and
5) Connect, through leads, bushes Nº 7 and 8 of TESTER to bush Nº 7 and 8 of INPUT
INTERFACE.
6) Regulate the trimmer OFFSET to read oV on the voltmeter.and/or
7) Remove the leads from bushes Nº 7 and 8 of TESTER and insert in the same bushes
the terminals of the multimeter.
8) Use the multimeter as an Ohmmeter and regulate the trimmer TESTER to read the
value of 138.5 Ohms (resistance of the PT100 at 100°C).
9) Use the multimeter as a Voltmeter and move one terminal to bush Nº 13 and the other
one to the earth bush.
10) Connect bushes Nº 7 and 8 of TESTER to bushes Nº 7 and 8 of INPUT INTERFACE.
11) Regulate the trimmer GAIN to read on the multimeter the value of 10V: you have
now calibrated the temperature sensor establishing 1V per 10°C.
12) Remove the leads from bushes Nº 7 and 8 of TESTER and connect them to bushes
Nº 7 and 8 of the temperature sensor (Sheet 18.1 Fig. 18.1).
13) Connect bush Nº 23 of the PWM DRIVER to bush Nº 23 and bush Nº 24 to
14) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 18 of the PWM DRIVER.
15) Check if the level of the water is 10cm.
16) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 10V: the heating element will start to
operate.
17) Insert one terminal of the voltmeter, set in dc, in bush Nº 13 of the temperature
interface and the other one in the earth bush.
18) Read on the voltmeter the voltage values corresponding to the different values of
temperature shown on the thermometer.
19) Write down in Table 18.1 the voltage value for each temperature values listed in the
Table.
22) Fully open AIR VALVE (knob counter-clockwise).
23) Draw the diagram of the voltage as a function of the temperature in Fig. 18.3.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Temperature
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
(°C)
Voltage
(V)
TABLE 18.1
Voltage
(V)
Temperature
(∞C)
Fig. 18.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 18.1
TEMPERATURE 7 gain DC/AC

Function
V mA kW 2 2
Range
20 200 2000
ϑ mA com vW power
8 7
ϑ X2 13
8
7 U
8
U ref
TESTER X3 offset
Fig. 18.1
adj 1
+48V HEATER
X8
23 23
18 +
0/10V
X9
–
24 24
5
2.5 7.5
adj 2 PMW DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 18.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 19
MEASUREMENT OF THE
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HEATING
❏ OBJECTIVES - To study the thermal power of the

heater
- To draw the diagram of the water
temperature as a function of the time
❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the energy

transmission through heat in fluids

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
➢ SET POINT 2 0V
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Test the heater interface (PWM DRIVER) following the calibration procedure listed in
Worksheet 2 for the pump interface.
2) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 23 of the PWM DRIVER to bush Nº 23 and bush
Nº 20 (Sheet 19.1 Fig. 19.1).
4) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER.
5) Press the main switch ON. 6) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 to start the
pump.
7) Wait until the water level has reached 10 cm and bring the voltage on SET POINT 1
back to 0V.
9) Connect bushes Nº 7 and 8 of the temperature sensor to bushes Nº 7 and 8 of the
relevant interface (Sheet 19.1 Fig. 19.3).
10) Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, in bush Nº 13 of the temperature
interface and the other one in the earth bush (Sheet 19.1 Fig. 19.3).
11) Write down in Table 19.1 the initial temperature value read on the voltmeter
(1V = 10°C).
12) Connect the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush Nº 18 of the PWM DRIVER and at the
same time start the chronometer.
13) Write down in Table 19.1 the time to reach the listed temperatures.
14) Switch OFF the main switch.
16) Draw the diagram of the temperature as a function of time in Fig. 19.4.
17) Calculate the power of the heater.
18) Draw the static characteristic of the heater in Fig. 19.5.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Temperature Temp.
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
(°C) iniz.
Time
0
(sec)
TABLE 19.1
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(sec)
Fig. 19.4
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Power
(cal/sec)
Voltage
(V)
Fig. 19.5
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 19.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 19.1
adj 1
+48V HEATER
X8
23 23
18 +
0/10V
X9
–
24 24
5
2.5 7.5
adj 2 PMW DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 19.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
TEMPERATURE 7 gain DC/AC

Function
V mA kW 2 2
Range
20 200 2000
ϑ mA com vW power
8 7
ϑ X2 13
8
7 U
8
U ref
TESTER X3 offset
Fig. 19.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 20
ON - OFF CONTROL
OF THE TEMPERATURE

temperature closed loop ON-OFF
control system
- To understand the effects of

- Knowledge of Worksheet 18 and 19

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
➢ AIR VALVE fully closed (turn the knob clockwise)
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect through leads, bush Nº 19 of the LINEAR DRIVER to bush Nº 19 and bush
2) Connect the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER.
3) Connect bush Nº 23 of the PWM DRIVER to bush Nº 23 and bush Nº 24 to
5) Check if the water level in the tank is 10 cm, otherwise start the pump to reach the
level.
7) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 14 of the ON-OFF controller
(Sheet 20.1 Fig. 20.2).
8) Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, to the bush of SET POINT 1 and
9) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 3V (30°C): the voltage value, multiplied by
10, will correspond to the temperature value in °C.
10) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush Nº 18 of the temperature sensor
and write down in Table 20.1 the voltage value after conversion in°C.
11) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X4 of the ON-OFF controller; the
bush Nº 14 and that applied to bush Nº 13.
12) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush Nº 18 of the temperature sensor.
13) Connect bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF controller to bush Nº 18 of the PWM DRIVER
and at the same time start the chronometer; the heater will immediately start to
operate (LED on) and the water temperature then will increase as well as the voltage
value read on the voltmeter.
14) The water temperature, once reached the set point value, will bring the ON-OFF
controller output to a voltage of -10V approximately, which will disactivate the heater
(LED off): write down in Table 20.1 the up time of the temperature read on the
chronometer and the voltage value, corresponding to the upper limit of the set point
after conversion in °C.
15) As soon as the temperature decreases there will be a small voltage difference between
bushes Nº 14 and 13; such difference will bring the output of the ON-OFF controller
to a voltage of approximately 10V, so re-activating the heater.
Write down in Table 20.1 the down time of the temperature and the voltage value
corresponding to the set point lower limit after conversion in °C.
16) T he heater will continue operating until the previous temperature will be reached again:
write down in Table 20.1 the up time of the temperature and the voltage value
corresponding to the set point upper limit after conversion in °C. The cycle will repeat
itself.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
17) Repeat several times the measurement of the up and down times, writing down the
results.
18) Regulate the hysteresis at 5% and measure the up and down times of the temperature
between starting and stopping of the heater: write down the results in Table 20.2.
21) Draw the diagram of the characteristic of the hysteresis in Fig. 20.3 and Fig. 20.4.
NOTE: The water temperature can be decreased by introducing in the tank some cold
water, paying attention in keeping in the tank a level of 10cm.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Hysteresis Hysteresis
%
0 %
5
Set Point Set Point

(°C) 30 (°C) 30
Start Lower limit

temperature Set Point
(°C) (°C)
Temperature Temperature
up-raising time up-raising time
(min) (min)
Upper limit Upper limit

Set Point Set Point
(°C) (°C)
Temperature Temperature
lowering time lowering time
(min) (min)
Lower limit
Set Point
(°C)
TABLE 20.1 TABLE 20.2
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(min)
Hysteresis 0%
Fig. 20.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(min)
Hysteresis 5%
Fig. 20.4
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 20.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0±10V
X7
–
0
20 20
5 5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

-10V +10V
set point 2
Fig. 20.1
Fig. 20.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 21

CONTROL OF THE TEMPERATURE

the system
- To draw the curve of the dynamic
response of the system


- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
➢ SET POINT 2 0V
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
level.
bush Nº 13 of the temperature interface to bush Nº 13 of the PID controller (Sheet
21.1 Fig. 21.1).
6) Insert one terminal of the digital voltmeter, set in dc, to bush Nº 13 of the temperature
interface and the other one in the earth bush (Sheet 21.1): read and write down the
voltage value which corresponds, multiplied by 10, to the starting temperature.
7) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter from bush Nº 13 to the bush of SET
POINT 2 and regulate the voltage at 3V (30°C).
8) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X5 of the PID controller; the
voltage value, which represents the reference step, must be equal to the difference
between the voltage applied to bush Nº 14 and that applied to bush Nº 13.
9) Set the PROPORTIONAL knob at 25%.
down in Table 21.1 the voltage value after conversion in °C.
12) Connect bush Nº 18 of the PID controller to bush Nº 18 of the PWM DRIVER and at
the same time start the chronometer.
13) Write down in Table 21.1 the voltage value, after conversion in °C, at equal time
intervals up to the end of the transitory (for example every minute).
14) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X5 of the PID controller: write
down the voltage value which represents the steady state error.
15) Remove temporarily the lead from bush Nº 18 of the PID controller.
16) Drain the tank by opening the valves AIR VALVE and DRAIN VALVE.
17) Close the valve DRAIN VALVE and bring the level in the tank back to 10 cm.
18) Close the AIR VALVE.
20) Set the PROPORTIONAL knob at 50% and repeat the procedure from step 12.
21) Repeat the procedure with the PROPORTIONAL knob at 75% and at 100%.
23) Draw the curves of the closed loop dynamic response for each value of the
PROPORTIONAL knob position.
NOTE: The water starting temperature, for each position of the PROPORTIONAL knob
must be approximately the same.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
(min)
Kp = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Kp = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Kp = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Kp = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
TABLE 21.1
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(min)
Fig. 21.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 21.1
Fig. 21.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 22


the system


- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
➢ SET POINT 2 0V
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
level.
22.1 Fig. 22.1).
interface and the other one in the earth bush (Sheet 22.1): read and write down the
voltage value which corresponds, multiplied by 10, to the starting temperature.
13) Press the RESET pushbutton to reset the integrator that is to discharge the integrating
condensers of the circuit.
of the PWM DRIVER and at the same time start the chronometer Sheet 22.1
Fig. 22.1).
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
22) Set the INTEGRAL knob at 50% leaving the PROPORTIONAL knob at 50% and
repeat the procedure from step 13.
23) Repeat the procedure with the INTEGRAL knob at 75% and at 100%.
INTEGRAL knob position.
NOTE: The water starting temperature, for each position of the INTEGRAL knob must be
approximately the same.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
(min)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
TABLE 22.1
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(min)
Fig. 22.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 22.1
Fig. 22.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 23
CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL - DERIVATIVE


the system

proportional-derivative action (PD)

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
as follows:
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
➢ SET POINT 2 0V
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
level.
23.1 Fig. 23.1).
interface and the other one in the earth bush (Sheet 23.1 Fig. 23.1): read and write
down the voltage value which corresponds, multiplied by 10, to the starting
temperature.
of the PWM DRIVER and at the same time start the chronometer Sheet 23.1
Fig. 23.1).
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
21) Set the DERIVATIVE knob at 50% leaving the PROPORTIONAL knob at 50% and
repeat the procedure from step 13.
22) Repeat the procedure with the DERIVATIVE knob at 75% and at 100%.
DERIVATIVE knob position.
NOTE: The water starting temperature, for each position of the DERIVATIVE knob must
be approximately the same.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
(min)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
Temperature
(°C)
Ki = 25%
TABLE 23.1
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(min)
Fig. 23.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 23.1
Fig. 23.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 24
CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL - INTEGRAL - DERIVATIVE

CONTROLOFTHETEMPERATURE

the system

(PID)
- Knowledge of Worksheets
21, 22 and 23

- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
After checking the knowledge of the prerequisites, he analyzes together with the students the
curves drawn in Worksheets 21, 22 and 23. After establishing the values of Kp, Ki and Kd
to be used, he gives to the students the sheet 24.1 which shows the connections of the
control (Fig. 24.1) and sets the process simulation panel as follows:
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
➢ SET POINT 2 0V
➢ PROPORTIONAL 0%
➢ INTEGRAL 0%
➢ DERIVATIVE 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Determine the value of Kp at which you have oscillations almost permanent following
the procedure shown in Worksheet 21: the value of the position of Kp, at which the
oscillations begin, must be reduced by 0.6 times approx.
2) Once fixed the value of Kp, determine the optimum value of Ki following the
procedure shown in Worksheet 22.
3) Exclude the integral action without modifying the value of Ki.
4) Determine the optimum value of Kd following the procedure shown in Worksheet 23.
5) Use at the same time the proportional, integral and derivative actions and perform the
experiment following the indications listed in Worksheets 21, 22 and 23 (Sheet 24.1
Fig. 24.1).
6) Write down in Table 24.1 the voltage value read at equal time intervals up to the end
of the transitory, after conversion in °C (for example, every minute).
7) Draw the curve of the closed loop dynamic response (Fig. 24.2).
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Time
(min)
Temperature
(°C)
TABLE 24.1
Temperature
(∞C)
Time
(min)
Fig. 24.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 24.1
Fig. 24.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 25
PRESSURE SENSOR

pressure transducer

- Operating principle of the pressure
transducers

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the pressure sensor with the relevant interface (Fig. 25.1
➢ AIR VALVE fully closed (knob clockwise)
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER to the bush of SET
POINT 1, bush Nº 19 to bush Nº 19, bush Nº 20 to bush Nº 20 (Sheet 25.1 Fig. 25.1).
2) Connect bushes Nº 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the PRESSURE sensor to bushes 9, 10, 11
and 12 of the relevant interface (Sheet 25.1 Fig 25.2).
in the earth bush.
5) Regulate the trimmer OFFSET to read on the multimeter the value 0V.
6) Check if the water level in the tank is 6 cm.
8) Read the value shown on the pressure gauge and stop the pump when this value is 1
bar.
9) Regulate the trimmer GAIN to read on the multimeter the value of 5V: in this case
you have calibrated the pressure sensor establishing, for 0.2 bar, 1 V.
10) Regulate the valve AIR VALVE or NEEDLE VALVE or DRAIN VALVE for each
pressure value listed in Table 25.1 and write down the results read on the multimeter.
12) Close the valves NEEDLE VALVE, DRAIN VALVE and open the AIR VALVE.
14) Draw the diagram of the voltage as a function of the pressure in Fig. 25.3.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Pressure
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
(bar)
Voltage
(V)
TABLE 25.1
Voltage
(V)
Pressure
(bar)
Fig. 25.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 25.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 25.1
PRESSURE gain Function
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2
Range
20 200 2000
mA com vW power
9 9
P
ρ
10 10 13
11 11
12 12
U
offset
Fig. 25.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 26
PRESSURE SENSOR
AS A LEVEL SENSOR
❏ OBJECTIVES - To determine the characteristic

level/pressure
❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of Worksheet 25

- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
which shows the connections of the pressure sensor with the relevant interface (Fig. 26.1
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR DRIVER to the bush of SET
POINT 1, bush Nº 19 to bush Nº 19, bush Nº 20 to bush Nº 20 (Sheet 26.1 Fig. 26.1).
2) Connect bushes Nº 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the PRESSURE sensor to bushes 9, 10, 11
and 12 of the relevant interface (Sheet 26.1 Fig 26.2).
in the earth bush.
5) Check if the water level in the tank is 6 cm.
6) Start the pump regulating the voltage on SET POINT 1 and increase the water level
by 1 cm.
7) Stop the pump.
8) Read the voltage value read on the voltmeter and write it down in Table 26.2.
9) Repeat the procedure from step 6 for all the voltage values listed in Table 26.1.
11) Open the AIR VALVE.
13) Draw the diagram of the voltage as a function of the level in Fig. 26.3.
14) Compare this diagram with the one drawn in Worksheet 25.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Voltage
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
(V)
Level
(cm)
TABLE 26.1
Voltage
(V)
Level
(cm)
Fig. 26.3
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 26.1
adj 1
+12V PUMP
X6
19 19
18 +
M
0/10V
X7
–
5
20 20
2.5 7.5
adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

0 10V
set point 1
Fig. 26.1
PRESSURE gain Function
DC/AC V mA kW 2 2
Range
20 200 2000
mA com vW power
9 9
P
ρ
10 10 13
11 11
12 12
U
offset
Fig. 26.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
WORKSHEET 27

THROUGH THE PRESSURE SENSOR

using the pressure sensor as a level
sensor
- To understand the effects of the


- Chronometer
- Set of leads
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
PROCEDURE
➢ SET POINT 1 0V
➢ HYSTERESIS 0%
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
They must:
1) Connect, through leads, bushes Nº 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the PRESSURE sensor to
bushes Nº 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the relevant interface.
Nº 20 (Sheet 27.1 Fig. 27.1).
3) Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush Nº 14 of the ON-OFF controller and bush
Nº 13 of the pressure interface to bush Nº 13 of the ON-OFF controller (Sheet 27.1
Fig. 27.1).
6) Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 2V (30°C).
7) Move the terminal of the digital voltmeter to bush X4 of the ON-OFF controller; the
bush Nº 14 and that applied to bush Nº 13, that is 2V.
8) Connect bush Nº 18 of the ON-OFF controller to bush Nº 18 of the LINEAR
DRIVER: the pump will immediately start, the water level will increase while the
voltage value, read on the voltmeter, will decrease.
9) The voltage, at bush X4, once reached the zero value, will bring the ON-OFF
controller output to a voltage of -10V approximately, which will stop the pump: read
the level value and compare it with the one obtained in Fig. 26.2 of Worksheet 26.
DRAIN VALVE: as soon as the level slightly decreases there will be a small voltage
difference between bushes Nº 14 and 13 that will bring the ON-OFF controller output
(bush Nº 18) to a voltage of approximately 10V and the pump will start again.
11) The pump will continue operating until the previous level is reached.
12) Regulate the knob NEEDLE VALVE and/or the knob DRAIN VALVE until you have
determined an approximately equal up and down time of the level between start and
stop of the pump: the cycle will repeat itself.
13) Regulate the knob MAN VALVE, turning it clockwise, in order to reduce the flow.
14) Repeat the procedure from step 12.
15) Measure the up and down times of the level between start and stop of the pump with
an hysteresis of 0% and write down the results in Table 27.1.
16) Repeat the procedure of step 15 for all the values of hysteresis listed in Table 27.1
17) For each value of hysteresis repeat several times the measurement of the up and down
times.
18) Close the valves NEEDLE VALVE and DRAIN VALVE.
21) Draw the diagram of the characteristic of the hysteresis in Fig. 27.2, Fig. 27.3 and
Fig. 27.4.
NOTE: The water temperature can be decreased by introducing in the tank some cold
water, paying attention in keeping in the tank a level of 10cm.
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Hysteresis
%
0 15 30
Set Point
(cm) 11 11 11
Lower limit
Set Point
(cm)
Up-raising time
of the level
(sec)
Upper limit
Set Point
(cm)
Lowering time
of the level
(sec)
TABLE 27.1
Level
(cm)
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 0%
Fig. 27.2
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Level
(cm)
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 15%
Fig. 27.3
Level
(cm)
Time
(sec)
Hysteresis 30%
Fig. 27.4
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
SHEET 27.1
Fig. 27.1
DE LORENZO
DL 2314
Blank page
DE LORENZO
© 1996 - 2010 DE LORENZO SPA - Printed in Italy - All right reserved
DE LORENZO SPA
V.le Romagna, 20 - 20089 Rozzano (MI) Italy
Tel. ++39 02 8254551 - Fax ++39 02 8255181
E-mail: info@delorenzo.it
Web sites: www.delorenzoglobal.com - www.technical-education.it -
www.delorenzoenergy.com

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Always leading the pack

Worksheet Nº 1 Level sensor Page 1

Worksheet Nº 2 Characteristics of the motor of the

Worksheet Nº 3 Characteristics of the pump Page 13

Worksheet Nº 4 Characteristics of the static process Page 19

Worksheet Nº 5 Process time constant Page 25

Worksheet Nº 6 ON-OFF control of the level Page 31

Worksheet Nº 7 ON-OFF control of the level with

Worksheet Nº 8 ON-OFF control of the level with

Worksheet Nº 9 Closed loop proportional control of the

Worksheet Nº 10 Closed loop proportional-integral

Worksheet Nº 11 Closed loop proportional-derivative

Worksheet Nº 12 Closed loop

Worksheet Nº 13 Flow sensor Page 83

Worksheet Nº 14 Closed loop proportional control of the

Worksheet Nº 15 Closed loop proportional-integral

Worksheet Nº 16 Closed loop proportional-derivative

Worksheet Nº 17 Closed loop

Worksheet Nº 18 Temperature sensor Page 115

Worksheet Nº 19 Measurement of the characteristics of

Worksheet Nº 20 ON-OFF control of the temperature Page 129

Worksheet Nº 21 Closed loop proportional control of the

Worksheet Nº 22 Closed loop proportional-integral

Worksheet Nº 23 Closed loop proportional-derivative

Worksheet Nº 24 Closed loop

Worksheet Nº 25 Pressure sensor Page 165

Worksheet Nº 26 Pressure sensor as level sensor Page 171

Worksheet Nº 27 ON-OFF control of the level with the

❏ OBJECTIVES - To determine the characteristic of the

❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the main physical laws

❏ METHODOLOGY - Guided experience

❏ LIST OF EQUIPMENT - DL 2314

WHAT THE TEACHER DOES

➢ DELIVERY VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ MOTOR VALVE fully open (angular rotation = 0)

➢ SOL VALVE open (ON) using the interface ON-OFF DRIVER

➢ MAN VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ DRAIN VALVE fully closed (turn the knob clockwise)

➢ NEEDLE VALVE fully closed (turn the knob clockwise)

➢ AIR VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ Level of the water in the PROCESS TANK: 6 cm.

WHAT THE STUDENTS DO

LEVEL gain Function Range

1 DC/AC V mA kW 2 2 20 200 2000

adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

❏ OBJECTIVES - To achieve the control in PWM

❏ PREREQUISITES - Knowledge of the main physical laws

❏ METHODOLOGY - Guided experience

❏ LIST OF EQUIPMENT - DL 2314

WHAT THE TEACHER DOES

➢ DELIVERY VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ MOTOR VALVE fully open (angular rotation = 0)

➢ SOL VALVE open (ON) using the interface ON-OFF DRIVER

➢ MAN VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ DRAIN VALVE fully opened (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ NEEDLE VALVE fully closed (turn the knob clockwise)

➢ AIR VALVE fully open (turn the knob counter-clockwise)

➢ Level of the water in the PROCESS TANK: 6 cm.

WHAT THE STUDENTS DO

CAL LEVEL N AC INT

AC VOLTS/DIV INT VOLTS/DIV AC

INTEN FOCUS ILLUM GND CH1 ALT CH1 GND

adj 2 LINEAR DRIVER

CAL LEVEL N AC INT