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MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY,
AURANGABAD
• Each semester (I,II,III) will have four theory papers each of 50 marks
and 4 practical paper each of 25 marks .
• Last semester will either have four (4) practical based on theory
papers or a project equivalent to two (2) practical papers , The
project will be assigned between three students. The decision to two
opt for the project or practicals will be at the discretion of the
concerned institute .
SEMESTER I
Paper I; TH Computer application and Biostatistics .
SEMESTER II
SEMESTER III
SEMESTER VI
INSTRUCTIONS
2. Each Semester will have 4 theory and 4 practical papers. In the fourth semester, there
will four (4) practicals based on theory papers on a project equivalent to any two (2)
practical paper, for 50 marks. The project will be assigned between three students.
The decision to opt for the project or practical will be at the discretion of the
concerned institute depending on the availability of chemicals, lab facility etc.
4. One theory paper will have 4 lectures of 60 minutes duration per week and practicals
will be of 6 hours duration.
6. It is mandatory for the students to have at least 75% attendance in each semester.
7. Department shall organize lectures by subject experts on relevant topics and also
arrange study tours and visit to industries and national research institutes.
5
► HPLC
► Submarine Electrophoresis Apparatus
► Vertical Electrophoresis Apparatus
► Immuno-Electrophoresis Apparatus
► Horizontal Electrophoresis Apparatus
► Tube gel apparatus
► Power packs with constant Voltage/current adjustments
► ELISA Reader
► Binocular Microscope
► PAGE Apparatus
► Semi Dry Transfer apparatus
► Immunology Teaching kits
► Heamocytometer
► Antibodies and conjugated antibodies
► Refrigerators
► Deep freezer (-20)
► Micro centrifuge
► Gel documentation System
► High speed refrigerated Centrifuge
► Micropipettes
► Dry bath
► IEF System
► Ultracentrifuge
► Ultra cold Freezer
► Tissue culture racks
► Co2 Incubator
► Inverse Phase contrast microscope
8
► Water bath
► Low speed Refrigerated centrifuge
► Membrane filtration apparatus
► Lyophillisers
► Fermenter
► Orbital Incubator Shaker
► Rotary Shakers
► General purpose centrifuge
► Sonicator
9
SYLLABUS AT GLANCE
Paper No. Title of Theory Paper Marks Practicals Marks
Semester I
TH-I Computer application and 50 P-I 25
Biostatistics
TH-II Biomolecules and 50 P-II 25
Bioenergetics
TH-III Microbiology 50 P-III 25
TH-IV Bioinstrumentation 50 P-IV 25
Semester II
TH-V Molecular Biology 50 P-V 25
TH-VI Macromolecules and Molecular 50 P-VI 25
Enzymology
TH-VII Cell Biology 50 P-VII 25
TH-VIII Biology of Immune system 50 P-VIII 25
Semester III
TH-IX Molecular and Applied 50 P-IX 25
immunology
TH-X Genetic engineering and 50 P-X 25
Advance Molecular genetics
TH-XI Bioprocess Engineering 50 P-XI 25
TH-XII Molecular and Clinical 50 P-XII 25
Virology
Semester IV
TH-XIII Industrial and Environmental 50 P-XIII 25
Biotechnology
TH-XIV Recombinant DNA technology 50 P-XIV 25
and Bioinformatics
TH-XV Plant Biotechnology 50 P-XV 25
TH-XVI Animal Cell Sciences and 50 P-XVI 25
technology
Semester IV can have 4 practicals or any 2 practicals and a research project for 50 marks
Paper I
COMPUTER APPLICATION AND BIOSTATISTICS
10
Unit I: Introduction.
Introduction to Biostatistics: Common and notation, application , Sampling :
Representative sample, sample size , sampling bias and sampling techniques.
Data – collection & presentation: Types of data, method of collection of primary &
secondary data, method of data presentation, graphical representation by histogram,
polygon, ogive , pie diagram.
Practicals
REFERENCES:
PAPER II
Biomolecules & Bioenergetics
UNIT I: Biomolecules.
13
Chemical composition & bonding, three- dimensional structure, chemical reactivity: bond
strength, general chemical transformation reaction in cell, cleavage & formation of C_C
bond, Redox reaction, electron transport & intramoloecular rearrangement. Water Weak
interaction in aqueous systems, ionization of water , Weak acid & weak bases, pKa &
titration curve buffering against pH changes in biological systems, water as reactant & the
fitness of the aqueous environment for living organisms.
Principles of bioenergetics: Biological energy transformation & laws of thermodynamics,
concepts of entropy, enthalpy, equilibrium constant ( Keq ) , free- energy change for ATP –
hydrolysis.
Practicals
1. Estimation of carbohydrates by qualitative methods.
2. Estimation of carbohydrates by quantitative methods.
3. Purification of polysaccharides.
4. Acid values & Iodine number of fat.
5. Saponification values of fat.
6. Isolation and Purification of lipids from microbes and eukaryotes.
7. Phosphate estimation.
8. Ammonia estimation.
9. Simple assay for vitamins and hormones.
10. Estimation of pKa values of amino acids
11. Preparation of Starch , glycogen, Lecithin,Cytochrome C.
REFERENCES:
PAPER III
Microbiology
Properties of light, Microscopic resolution, numerical aperture, types of lens, aberration &
there correlation. Principals of light microscopy; Bright field microscopy, dark field
microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, NIDC microscopy,
conofocal microscopy.
Principles & applications of Microscopy; SEM; TEM; STEM; High voltage electron
microscopy.
Principles and application of Cytophotometry and Flow cytometry.
Stains & Staining: Classification of stains, Staining theories and staining techniques:
Negative, Monochrome and Differential Stainings (Gram, capsule, spore & acid fast
staining).
Practicals
1. Staining of microorganism: Gram staining, acid fast staining, negative staining & other
method.
2. Microscopic examination of bacteria, Yeast & molds.
3. Isolation & Maintenances of Organisms by plating techniques & serial dilution method.
4. Storage & preservation of microorganisms.
5. Isolation of pure culture from soil , water , and air.
6. Growth curve of Microorganisms.
7. One step growth curve for coliforms.
8. Measurement of bacterial population by turbidometry , serial dilution method.
9. Effect of temperature, pH, C/N Sources on microbial growth.
10. Biochemical characterization of selected microorganisms.
11. Micrometry
12. Assay of antibiotics
REFERENCES:
PAPER IV
BIOINSTRUMENTATION
19
Practicals
1. Paper Chromatography of amino acids – Ascending and descending methods.
2. Separation of sugars by chromatography.
3. TLC of lipids.
20
References:
1. Williams B.L & Wilson K – A biologists guide to principles and techniques of practical
Biochemistry. Edward Arnold Publishers.
2. Chatwal and Anand : Instrumental method of Chemical analysis Himalaya publishers
& distributors.
3. H.H .Willard, LL.
4. B.B Straughan & S.Walker. (ed) Spectroscopy, Chapman & Hall LTD.
5. Hanes Gel Electrophoresis of Protein – A Practical Approach, IRL, Press.
6. James Miller Chromatography: Concepts & Contrasts, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
7. E.D.Holme & H.Peck, Analytical Biochemistry, Longman.
8. R.J. Hamilton and P.A. Sewell, Introduction to HPLC.
9. G.M. Message Practical aspects of Gas Chromatography and mass spectroscopy, John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
10. T.K. Kremmery Gel Chromatography, Wiley publication.
11. Upadhyaya Biophysical Chemistry Himalaya Publishing House, India.
12. J.M. Chapman and G. Ayrey, The use of radioactive isotopes in the Life Sciences,
George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London.
13. C.C Thomburn Isotopes and Radiations in Biology, Bitterworth & Co. Ltd, London.
PAPER V
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic transcription : RNA polymerases , - types & subunits , promoter elements for
the three polymerases, Transcriptional factors for the three polymerases , Initiation of
transcription by the three polymerases, role of enhancers, GC box , Octamers, as upstream
elements, elongation & termination of transcription , Chromatic structure & its effect on
transcription , transcription in organelles, post transcriptional modification of rRNA ,tRNA
and mRNA, capping , polyadenylation , intron splicing ,role of snurps.
UNIT V: Translation.
Direction of protein synthesis , RNA template, direction with experimental proof , t – RNA
as adapter , Ribosome and their organization in prokaryotic and eukaryotes , polycistronic
RNA in bacteria , Initiation of translation in bacteria small subunit, its accessory factor, SD
sequences in bacteria , Assembly of ribosomes in eukaryotes, initiator t-RNA , elongation
of translation , translocation and termination mechanisms. Role of ribosomal RNA in
protein synthesis , Summary pf genetic code , Post translational modification of protein ,
folding , membrane localization , localization in organelles, contranslational transfer
through ER, transport of protein to nucleus ,oligosaccharide addition to proteins.
Practicals
References:
1. Benjamin Lewin – Gene VI, Gene VII, Oxford University press.
2. David Frifieder Essentials of Molecular Biology, Jones & Barlett Publications.
3. J.Kendrew , Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology Blackwell Scientific publications .
4. Weaver Molecular Biology.
5. J.D. Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W Roberts, et al . Molecular Biology of the Gene,
Benjamin Cummings publ.. co .inc. California.
6. J.Darnell., et al Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd edition) Garland publishing Inc.
7. Meyers R .A. (ed) ,. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology .VCH publishers NY Inc.
8. Alberts B et al Molecular Biology of the cell .Garland Publishing Inc.
9. Watson J.D., Recombinant DNA.
10. Malacimski; Molecular and Cell biology.
11. Stansfield; Essentials of Molecular Biology.
12. Walker Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.
13. Brown T.A. Essential of Molecular Biology Vol 1 and 2 each.
14. Dale Molecular Genetics of Bacteria.
PAPER VI
Macromolecules and Molecular Enzymology
UNIT I: Proteins.
24
Classification , structure , general reaction of amino acids, non- protein amino acids,
primary ,secondary ,tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins, sequencing of proteins,
protein folding , method of purification (brief) , allosteric protein, metabolism ,
biosynthesis , regulation and metabolic disorders of amino acids.
Sources of organic Nitrogen, Flow of Nitrogen into the catabolism of amino acids, Urea
cycle and excretion of nitrogen.
Practicals
1. Estimation of proteins by folin Lowry & biurets method.
2. Determination of isoelectric pH of proteins and amino acids.
3. Estimation of DNA.
4. Determination of Tm of DNA.
5. Determination & renaturation of DNA.
6. Estimation of RNA.
7. Isolation of proteins – casein from milk, haemoglobin from RBC.
8. Enzymes production from microbes and seeds.
9. Enzyme purification by salting out followed by a chromatographic technique.
10. Enzyme kinetic analysis.
11. Effect of inhibitors of enzyme activity.
12. Immobilization of enzymes.
13. Assembly of biosensor and determination of its activity.
References:
1. Cohn & Stump – Outline of Biochemistry Wiley Eastern Ltd.
2. Harpers Review of Biochemistry – Prentice Hall.
3. Cregnton – Protein Structure & Molecular Properties.
4. A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson & M.M. Cox – Principles of Biochemistry.
26
PAPER VII
Cell Biology
Diversity of cell size and shape, Cell theory, Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Organization and functions of subcellular organelles of bacteria, yeast, plant and animal
cell.
Practicals
1. Transport across membranes.
2. Effect of detergents on membrane permeability.
3. Isolation of cellular organelles.
4. Study of marker enzymes from the isolated organelles.
5. Preparation of liposomes.
6. Growth and assay of siderophores.
References:
1. Alberts B et al. Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Publishing Inc.
2. Lodish et.el., Molecular cell biology. Freeman & company, New York1999.
3. Gennis R.B Biomembranes – molecular structure and function. Springer.
4. G.Posil, S.T. Crooke (Eds) mechanism of receptor regulation. Plenum press, 1985.
5. D.M. Prescot; Reproduction in Eukaryotic cells, Academic Press.
6. S.F. Gilbert ; Developmental Biology, Sinauer Associates inc.
7. Sheeler, cell and Molecular Biology.
8. Sadava; Cell Biology.
9. Smith – Cell Biology 2nd ed
PAPER VIII
Biology of the Immune System
Unit V: Techniques
Antigen antibody Interaction : Precipitation , Double , Single radial immunoprecipitations
agglutinations, measurement of immune complexes, immunoelectrophoresis,
Immunofluorescence, RIA ,ELISA, Recent developments, Cellular techniques : Isolation
of PBMC, purification of cell , Isolation of sub population, FACS ,Lymphocyte
responsiveness, MLR ,Cytotoxicity reactions, Migration inhibition assays.
Practicals
1. Study of Immune cells TLC/DLC.
2. Isolation of PBMC from heparinised blood.
3. Enrichment of T & B cells.
31
References:
1. Roitt I.M ,Essential Immunology , Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford
2. Weissman L Wood , Immunology , Benjamin Cimminggs.
3. Kuby – Immunology , 4th ed Freeman Press.
4. Stites DP Basic & clinical Immunology, Appleton & Lang press.
5. Ellis, Vaccines , A new approach to Immunology.
6. W E Wier Experimental Immunology 4 Volumes.
7. D.M. Weir ,Experimental Fundamentals of Immunology.
8. Willlliam Paul Fundamentals of Immunology .
9. Abbas – Cellular and Molecular Immunology.
10. Rose – Manual of Clinical and Laboratory immunology.
11. Benjamini –Immunology: A short Course.
12. Brooks – Medical Microbiology 21st ed.
13. joshi - Immunology
14. Janeway – Immunology 4th ed.
PAPER IX
Immunotechnology and Applied Immunology
UNIT I: Immunogenetics.
32
Practicals
1. Purification of Immunoglobulin by precipitation.
2. Affinity purification of Immunoglobulin.
3. Preparation of Enzyme conjugated antibodies.
4. Diagnostic assay for typhoid using widal kit and purification of H & O antigen form S.
typhi.
5. ELISA.
6. Diagnosis of RA by agglutination.
7. Western blotting.
References:
PAPER X
Advanced Molecular Genetics & Genetic Engineering
35
UNIT I: Recombination.
Recombination between heteroduplex DNA , Holliday intermediate, Protein involved in
Recombination , Role of recA, recB, recC BCD pathway in E.coli, Single strand
assimilation in bacteria . Conjugation in bacteria , replication & transfer of DNA,
Transduction , Generalized and Specialized mechanisms, Recombination hot spot, Rene
conversions.
Transposons- Insertion sequences and Composite transposons, phages as transposons,
Replicative , non-replicative & conservative transposition.
Mutation i.e. deletion, inversion & frame shift due to transposition
Mechanism of transposition , Controlling elements of maize- autonomous and
nonautonomous elements. P-elements in Drosophila, Retro viruses as retroposons.
Practicals
37
References:
1. Benjamin Lewin- Gene VI, Gene VII, Oxford University Press.
2. David Friedfieder – Essential of Molecular Biology, Jones & Barlett publications.
3. J.KEm=ndrew – Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology Blackwell Scientific
publications.
38
PAPER XI
Bioprocess Engineering
UNIT I: Bioreactors.
39
Strain Improvement for the selected organisms: Mutation and screening, of improved
cultures, Random & strategic screening method, Strategies of Strain, Improvement for
primary, secondary metabolites with relevant examples. Use of recombinant DNA
technology, protoplast fusion technique for strain improvement for primary and secondary
metabolites,
Production of recombinant molecule in heterologous system, problems associated with SIP,
improvement of characters other than product and its application the industry,
Importance of media in fermentation, media balancing after improvement Preservation of
culture after SIP.
Practicals
1. Isolation of industrially important microbes from the environment.
2. Determination of TDP & TDT of microorganisms for a design of sterilizer.
3. Determination of growth curve of a industrial organism & compute substrate
degradation profile, specific growth rate & growth yield.
4. Screening & enrichment for a primary secondary metabolite from the environment.
5. Strain improvement for a higher yield of product
6. Random & strategic screening for a metabolite.
7. Media balancing experiment.
8. Alcohol Fermentation using different substrates & its downstream process
References:
1. Baily & Ollis Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, Tata Mcgraw hill New York.
41
PAPER XII
Molecular and Clinical Virology
42
Classification of plant viruses , life cycle , and Pathogenecity of important viruses, Genome
organization and replication of common plant viruses like TMV , cauliflower mosaic virus,
potato virus, Gemini virus.
Transmission of plant viruses by vectors and other means. Diagnostic techniques in seeds,
seed stocks and diseased plants, prevention of crop due to virus infection – virus free
planting material; vector control.
Practicals
1. Titration of E.coli phages.
2. Determination of burst size of phages.
3. One step growth curve for determining virus titre.
4. Viral DNA extraction.
5. SS DNA extraction from M13 phages .
6. Clinical Diagnosis of Viral Diseases by PCR, ELISA.
7. Isolation of plant viruses from diseased material.
References:
1. Morag C and Timbury MC 1994 Medical Virology 10th edition Churchil Livingstone,
London.
2. Dimmock N J, Primrose S.B . 1994, Introduction to modern Virology, 4th edition
Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
3. Conrat H.F., Kimball P.C and Levy J.A. 1994, Virology 3rd edition, Prentice Hall
Englewood Cliff NJ.
4. Topley and Wilsons 1995 . Text Book on the principles of bacteriology, Virology and
Immunology , Edward Arnold, London principles of Virology 2000.
5. S.J. Flint Molecular Biology , pathogenesis and control ASM Press. Washington DC.
6. Edonard Kurstak. Applied Virology 1984, edited by Academic Press Inc.
7. Dimmock Introduction to modern virology.
8. Steven specter, Adinka R.L Young S.A Clinical Virology Manual.
9. Guschup M . H. Prion Diseases.
PAPER XIII
44
Practicals
1. Production of Organic acid by fermentation.
2. Production of Amino acid by fermentation.
3. Antibiotic fermentations Penicillin, rifamycin, tetracycline etc.
4. Microbial Enzyme production and its characterization.
5. Microbial polysaccharide production.
6. Lipid production from microbes.
7. Biomass SCP from fungi algae.
8. Organic solvent production.
9. Biotransformation.
10. Bioinsecticides isolation purification and assay.
11. Biofertilizers production.
46
References:
1. Baily & Ollis Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, Tata Mcgrew hill, New York.
2. Stanbury & Whittekar Principles of Fermentation technology, PErgmon Press, Oxford.
3. Creuger & Creuger, Biotechnology, A Text book of Industrial Microbiology, Sinaeur
Associates.
4. H.J. Rehm & Reed G. Biotechnology: A Compreshensive treatise, VCH.
5. L.E. Cassida, Industrial Microbiology Wiley Estern.
6. Applied Microbiology series.
7. Veith W.F. Bioprocess Engineering Kinetics, Mass transport, Reactors, and Gene
Expression, John Wiley & Sons.
8. Atkinson B Biochemical Reactors Pion Ltd, London.
9. Davies , J.E and Demain , A.L Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
2nd Edition , ASM , Publication.\
10. Solin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiausen Basic Biotechnology, 2nd Ed, Cambridge
University Press.
11. Alexander M. Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Academic Press, San Diego.
12. Sayler, G.S. Sanseverino, J and Davis, K.L. Biotechnology in the Sustainable,
Environment, Plemum Press, New York.
47
Paper XIV
Recombinant DNA Technology & Bioinformatics
UNIT II: Molecular tools for studying genes and their activities.
DNA protein interaction: filter binding assay, gel mobility shift, DNAse footprinting, DMS
footprinting.
Polymerase Chain Reaction: Types and applications.
DNA fingerprinting: application in Forensic medicine.
Practicals
1. Demostration of southern blotting.
2. Demostration of northern blotting.
3. Demostration of western blooting.
4. Preparation of probe by Nick translation.
5. Non radioactive labeling of oligonucleotides.
6. Analysis of DNA, Protein sequences using databases available through INTERNET.
49
REEERENCES:
1. Watson J.D,. Recombinant DNA: A short Course, Scientific American.
2. Old R.W & Primrose S.B., Principles of Gene manipulations, Blackwell Scientific
publications.
3. Ausbel S.M , Brent R, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology., Wiley International
New York.
4. Maniatis I, Fritchh E.F ,& Sambrook J, Molecular cloning.
5. Winneker From Genes to Clones.
6. Setlow & Hollander A, Genetic Engineering: Principles & Methods, Plenum Press.
7. D.M Glover, DNA cloning, A practical approach.
8. Methods in Enzymology series, vol 152, 185, Academic press inc, Sandiego.
9. Persusk J.R. and Persuski .The Internet and New Biology: Tools for genomic and
Molecular research ASM 1997.
10. S.P. Hunt & R. Liveey ( OUP) 2000 Functional genomics, a practical approach.
11. Mark Schena eds DNA Microarrays, A practical approach.
12. Baxevanis 1998 Bioinformatics.
13. Higgins & Taylor Bioinformatics 2000.
14. Primrose . Molecular Biology.
15. Berry Yeast Biotechnology.
16. Griffith Anthony, Miller J.F., Suzuki D.L. Lewontin R, and Gelbart W.M – An
introduction to Genetic Analysis.
17. Nancy Craig , martin Gellert allan Lambowitz Mobile DNA II.
18. Helen Kreuzei. Recombinant DNA & Biotechnology.
19. Higgins – Bioinformatics: Sequence Structure and Data banks.
20. Baxevanis Bioinformatics: A practical guide to analysis of genes & protein.
21. Hunt : Functional Genomics.
22. S.Sunderrajan & Balaji R – Introduction to Bioinformatics, Himalaya Publishing
House.
23. Creghton ; Protein Structure and Function.
24. Winnaker – From Genes to Clones.
50
25. Old & Primrose _ Principles of gene Manipulation, Blackwell Scientific publishing,
Oxford.
26. Stephanopoulos, G., Neilson, and Aristodon, A .Metabolic Engineering .Principles and
Methodologies, Academic press, San Diego.
51
Paper XV
Plant Biotechnology
Plant tissue culture media: composition, phytohormones, and their selective usage,
selection of media for specified application, media sterilization
Initiation of tissues culture: cellular totipotency, media for initiation of callus, dynamics
of callus growth, measurement of growth, organogenesis and factors controlling its
applications genome instability in morphogenesis, somoclonal variation and its
applications, micropropagation and its applications
Practicals
References
Paper XVI
Animal cell science and technology
Unit I: Introduction to Tissue Culture and its Importance in
Biotechnology
Animal tissue culture: Natural and artificial Medium, serum & its importance,
Serum free media, chemically define media, protein free media, sterilization of
Glassware and media.
Initiation of cell culture: primary cultures, desegregations of tissues by , mechanical,
chemical and enzymatic methods, secondary culture, cell strains,
Cell lines and their maintenance, transformed cell lines and their characteristics,
growth of cells in monolayer, suspension ,assessment of cell growth and preservation,
measurement of cell death, Apoptosis.
Practicals
Rerferences