Lecture 04 - Components of System Unit PDF

Introduction to ICT (CSC101)
Components of System Unit
1
The System Unit
• The system unit is

a case that
contains electronic
components of the
computer used to
process data
2
The System Unit
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
3
The System Unit
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

system unit
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits (IC)
4
Processor
• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
– Multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more
separate processor cores as a separate processor
– Contain a Control Unit and an Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
5
Processor
6
Processor
• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
– Interprets each instruction issued by a program and
then initiates the appropriate action (to carry out the
instruction)
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
7
Processor – Machine Cycle
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle
1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Store
8
Processor – Pipelining
• Most current personal

computers support
pipelining
– Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the machine
cycle for the first
instruction
9
Processor
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data

and instructions
• Registers are part of Processor
• Processor have many different type of registers
• Register function includes; storing location, storing instruction, storing data
and storing results of a calculation
The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in
gigahertz (GHz)
• Giga = Billion, Hertz = one cycle per second
• Faster the clock speed, more instructions can be executed per second
10
Dual Core and Multi-Core Processors
• Dual-Core Processor is a single

chip that contains two separate
processors
• Multi-Core Processor is a chip
with two or more separate
processors
– Implements multiprocessing into a
single physical package
– Quad-Core Processor contains four
(4) cores 11
Moore’s Law
• Number of transistors
and resistors placed on
computer chips would
double every year
– With a proportional
increase in computing
power and decrease in
cost
12
Processor
• A processor chip
generates heat that could
cause the chip to burn up
• Require additional cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling technology
13
Processor
• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

simultaneously to execute a single program or task
– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors
14
Data Representation
A computer circuit represents Eight bits grouped together as a
the 0 or the 1 electronically by unit are called a byte. A byte
the presence or absence of an represents a single character in
electrical charge the computer
15
Data Representation
• ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the most
widely used coding
scheme to represent
data
16
Memory
• Each location in memory has an address
17
Memory
• Each location in memory has an address

• Byte is the basic storage unit in memory
• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
18
http://www.digitalminds.eu.pn/CSC101/
Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory
Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

power is turned off when power is removed
Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM flash memory, and
CMOS
19
Memory – RAM
• RAM (Random Access Memory) is also called main

memory
• Consists of memory chips that can be read from
and written to by the processor and other devices
• When you turn on computer
– Certain Operating System files are loaded into RAM
from a storage device such as a hard disk
• Saving is the process of copying data, instructions
and information from RAM to a storage device
20
Memory
• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM (SRAM) Magnetoresistive
• re-energized constantly • No need to re-energize RAM (MRAM)
21
Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots
22
Memory
• Types of Memory Modules

– SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
• Has pins on the opposite side of circuit board
• Typically holds SDRAM chips
– DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
• Has pins on the both sides of circuit boards
• Typically holds SDRAM chips
23
Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

often depends on the types of software you plan
to use
24
Memory
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data
25
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips

storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware contain permanently written data, instructions or
information
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a

blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
• EEPROM can be erased
26
Memory
• Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten

– CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)
technology provides high speeds and consumes little
power
27
Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds
28
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card
• An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
– Sound card and video card
29
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can configure adapter cards and other peripherals
as you install them
30
• Removable flash memory includes:

– Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules
31
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or

communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred
to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port
32
33
• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the

back, front, and/or sides
34
35
• A USB port can connect up to 127 different

peripherals together with a single connector
– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub
36

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Introduction to ICT (CSC101)

Components of System Unit

• The system unit is

• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

• The processor, also called the central processing

• The control unit is the component of the

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

• Most current personal

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data

The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

• Dual-Core Processor is a single

• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

• Each location in memory has an address

• Each location in memory has an address

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

Examples include ROM,

• RAM (Random Access Memory) is also called main

• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

• Types of Memory Modules

• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips

A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

• Removable flash memory includes:

A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or

A connector joins a cable to a port

• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the

• A USB port can connect up to 127 different

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