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CONSIDERATIONS
Alfred A. Yee, P. E.
Fred R. Masuda, P. E.
Alfred A. Yee & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
Honolulu, Hawaii
When mass produced precast pre- ers pioneering this concept at that
stressed concrete elements were first in- time was the question of placing these
troduced for building construction, relatively heavy members in high build-
structures using these elements were ing structures.
generally of a low rise type. Erection of At that time, long boom, high capac-
the precast elements was simply han- ity mobile cranes operating from
dled by the use of conventional mobile ground level were used in some in-
truck cranes operated on ground level. stances, but in general, they were
However, it soon became apparent severely restricted by property line
that precast prestressed and non-pre- clearances and building layout condi-
stressed concrete structural elements tions requiring excessively long reaches.
would also have advantageous applica- Tower cranes with horizontal jibs op-
tion in high rise buildings. Foremost in erating from a mobile platform also
the minds of many designers and build- faced severe limitations due to member
16
size and weight requirements as well
as the geometric layout of the structure.
Climbing cranes were initially of low
capacity and were deficient in both
strength and reach to erect the usual
structural precast elements for high rise
building construction.
In the early pioneering years, some
of our solutions for erecting heavy pre-
cast members in high rise structures in-
cluded the use of winch-operated davits
which were either attached to tubular
tower hoist frames or columns of build-
ings. These davits worked in combina-
tion with manually-operated dollies
which involved a considerable handling
effort and time for placement.
In recent years, however, new high
capacity climbing cranes were devel-
oped. These machines have contributed
significantly toward lowering the cost
of erecting precast prestressed concrete
elements for high rise construction.
Climbing cranes are now manufactured
to capacities and heights that can han-
dle almost any construction problem in-
volving the use of precast concrete ele-
ments. With these machines, the num-
ber of building stories is no longer
limited by erection considerations
since the climbing crane moves up-
ward as the building increases in
height. Fred R. Masuda
This paper presents the design steps
and detailed computations for erection
considerations of the example 24-story
apartment building. All discussions will
be based on the selection of the high center of the building, but somewhat
capacity climbing crane as the instru- off to one side.
ment for structural erection. A discus- The reason for this selection is that
sion of erection sequence and bracing we must avoid the elevator shaft loca-
methods will also be included. tion since elevators require a consider-
able amount of lead time for final instal-
LOCATING THE CRANE lation. Positioning the crane in the
elevator shaft will delay elevator instal-
The initial selection of the climbing lation as the crane will be used for a
crane position relative to the building considerable length of time, even after
geometry is extremely critical (see Fig. the building is topped off, and there-
1).Note from Fig. 1 that the position fore, its presence in the shaft would be
we have selected does not fall in the obstructive. The climbing crane was
^Jo-U
_, E
CLIMBING
CRANE
i,Jrj
N'. e
rl ii
li
ii II
DOUBLE TEES w
p iI , o
W i DOUBLE TEES
0I
w TI I, ^I o of : :4 ::
> w nj DOUBLE TEE 0li; IQ
0
------------- ^i
--
i t
-
A `
- -- ------ - --- --- _
----
-
i it
18 10"
-_ — - O ---_
-------------------
GIRDER GIRDER GIRDER
I^
II I^
Fig. 2. Structural floor plan for even-numbered floors. (On odd-numbered floors
the double tees were rotated 90 deg.)
18
q LONGITUDINAL
AXIS OF CRANE #5 STIRRUPS
a 5" O.C.
THRUOUT-
8#11 TOP
6#11
E.F-
° ANCHOR 8'-0"
BOLT PER
MANUFACTURER'
SPECIFICATION SECTION
PILE CAP 30"
AND GRADE
ff3#1
BEAM PER L TOP
CONSTRUCT A - 2N5 k4 STIRRUPS
DRAWINGS a18' O.C.
THRUOUT
1 BOT
B SEC TION
not located in the stair shaft as this area crane, Model PC 1600, with a Type K
is important for workmen's daily ac- jib, would be adequate for this project.
cess between floors of the building. Of course, there are other types of
It should also be noted that the final climbing cranes that can also meet
position of the crane is located in such these requirements, but for the pur-
a manner as to avoid interior partitions poses of this paper, we will use the data
of the apartment layout. In the loca- from the Pecco 1600.
tion selected, most of the interior work Data on crane capacity characteris-
of the building can be finished without tics and calculations showing maximum
interference as the mast of the crane reach and weight of units are reviewed
climbs upwards. For the final location, in the Appendix.
consideration was given to the span re- The Pecco 1600 crane has a maxi-
quirements of the floor girder and dou- mum capacity of 6.4 tons at a reach of
ble-tee layouts (see Fig. 2). 115 ft.
For the typical floor, the furthest
wall panel unit is located 89 ft from the
SIZING THE CRANE crane mast and weighs 7.15 tons.
The furthest floor girder unit is lo-
The selection of the type of climbing cated 70 ft away from the crane mast
crane to be used must be based on the and weighs 6.48 tons.
anticipated reach and maximum loads The furthest double tee floor unit
imposed by the structural units to be weighs 3.24 tons and is located 84.5 ft
erected. An analysis of the weight and from the crane mast.
location of various precast elements Thus, all of these units can be ade-
with respect to the crane mast location quately handled by the Pecco 1600
indicates, for example, that a Pecco crane in the location shown in Fig. 1.
20
ERECTION PROCEDURE
Computations for the crane founda-
tion and support frame as well as the
revised framings within the building are
included in the Appendix.
The climbing crane is erected as soon
as possible at ground level to start the
construction. Fig. 3 shows a specially
designed footing for the climbing crane
which is integrated with the permanent
building construction footings.
After the foundation pile caps and
grade beams are concreted, the climb-
ing crane will erect the precast wall Fig. 6. Typical precast concrete column
panels and precast columns. bracing scheme.
Following this, the precast girders
and double tees of the first floor will be which are placed by the climbing
erected and the 2 1/z-in, concrete top- crane, are shimmed to the proper ele-
ping will be cast. vation and are braced and plumbed
Figs. 4 and 5 show a method of with an adjustable strut prior to releas-
transporting, positioning, and bracing ing the crane line. The precast wall
the precast wall units. These elements, panel placement begins at one corner of
30'-
FRAME AS
L REVISED GIRDER REQUIRED
DT 1
22
T #312" TEMP
B ^'
//3x6'-0"C)12" TOP
Fig. 10. Revised precast prestressed girder and cast-in-place double tee.
the building and proceeds in sequence work, hardware, reinforcing steel, con-
around the perimeter of the building. crete, and other supplies.
After the wall panels are erected, the
precast column erection will follow.
The base of the column will be CLIMBING SEQUENCE
shimmed to provide a proper top eleva-
tion and will have two adjustable struts Fig. 11 shows a partial climbing se-
at 90 deg to keep the column plumb quence for the crane while Fig. 12 illus-
and rigid in two directions (see Fig. 6). trates the climbing mechanism located
After completing the connections of within the crane mast used to raise or
the precast wall panels and columns in lower the crane. The climbing crane se-
accordance with the contract details, lected has about a 100-ft clear working
the precast girders are placed (see Fig. height under the hook. This means that
7). When this operation is finished, the the crane resting on the ground level
precast prestressed double tees can be can be used to erect the first, second,
set in place (see Fig. 8). third, fourth, and fifth floors.
It should be noted that the precast From the instruction manual pre-
prestressed double tee in the vicinity of pared by American Pecco Corp., a
the crane location has been omitted to minimum moment resistant arm of 21 ft
accommodate the crane mast. This area 4 in. in height is required for stability
will have a reinforced cast-in-place dou- of the crane mast. The floor-to-floor
ble tee section and will be concreted height in this 24-story building is 10 ft
after the crane mast passes through. 1/2 in. Therefore, at least three floor
For details of this slab closure see Figs. levels between support frames are re-
9 and 10. quired to provide sufficient lateral sta-
In addition to placing precast and bility to the crane.
prestressed concrete units, the cranes This particular climbing crane must
assist in lifting and positioning form- be worked with three sets of support
9TH FLOOR
-^ y--_ 8TH
7TH
-r--. 4TH
2N7D
jiiiiiiiIIiiIiiii 1111111 GROUND FLOOR
CONSTRUCT
6TH THRU 8TH SECOND CLIMB
Fig. 11. Partial climbing sequence.
frames (see Fig. 13 for details) for a should be less than five supporting
proper climbing operation. Two sets of floors during the lifting operation.
support frames are used to support the Furthermore, vertical shoring must be
climbing crane during operation and carried all the way to the ground level.
the third set is positioned at the re- A study was made to find the opti-
quired upp:.; floor to provide lateral mum climbing sequence for the climb-
support after the u .-ane mast passes ing crane. The results indicated that the
through the lowest suI-,. , ort frame. bottom of the crane mast should be lift-
For this project a ingle level of ed to the second floor after the third,
precast floor girders is i t adequate to fourth, and fifth floors have been con-
support the climbing crane loads. structed. The vertical load of the crane
Therefore, the precast giro. •s under the is supported on the second floor girder
support frame of the climbing crane are system while the horizontal loads are
strengthened not only by additional resisted by the crane mast on the fifth
flexure and shear reinforcement but al- floor level and second floor level.
so by the addition of wood shoring to It should be noted that these crane
distribute the vertical crane load to support frames (see Fig. 15) must be
five levels of precast girders (see Fig. assembled in such a way that they can
14). be disassembled and passed through the
Calculations for additional reinforce- exterior wall window openings for re-
ment and load distribution require- location and placement by the climbing
ments are given in the Appendix. For crane.
the lower floor construction, there From this first elc;vated position of
24
BALANCING WEIGHT
TO PLUMB TOWER
CRANE MAST DURING
CRANE CLIMBING
FRAME
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
PUMP HOUSING
TOWER CRANE
MAST MAST LEGS
CLIMBING LOCKING FRAME WORK
q- CRA TO SUPPORT CRANE
DOUBLE ACTING
HYDRAULIC RAM
MOVABLE
CLIMBING TRAVERSE BEAM
LADDER
STATIONARY
TRAVERSE BEAM
ISM
BOT OF MAST
5x5x1/2
TUBE —
ELEVATION WOOD
SHORES
Q CRANE
MAST 111/2 x 7/8
CLIMBING FRAME— PLATE
-H
W 12,d90
LONG ITUDIN
AXIS OF CRi..._ 111/2 x 7/8
lJ
n LANDETAIL BEAM RT SECTION
B
Fig. 13. Support frames for climbing crane within building.
PECCO PC 1600
CRANE MAST
SUPPORT BEAMS
A SUPPORTS)
s` upH [^^j^l
^. U
^o ^^r nll -I SUPPORT
DISMANTLING
FRAME NE
SUPPORT FRAME ELEMENTS
ARE PASSED THRU WINDOW
OPENING AND LIFTED INTO
POSITION BY CRANE
26
the crane, Floors 6, 7, and 8 can be bring the bottom of the crane mast
constructed. Meanwhile, the floor slab from Floor 17 to Floor 20. The lateral
opening on the first floor can be closed resisting height of the crane mast will
by cast-in-place concrete double-tee then be between Floors 20 and 23.
forms matching the existing double-tee From this position the crane can be
elements. used to construct the roof and pent-
The next vertical lift will bring the house machine room structure.
bottom of the climbing crane mast to After completion of the superstruc-
the fifth floor. The lateral resisting ture, the bottom of the crane mast is
height will be the fifth and eighth floors lowered to the 16th floor so that the en-
for the crane mast stability. From this tire climbing crane assembly can be dis-
position, Floors 9, 10, and 11 can be mantled in sections and lowered down
built. Meanwhile, floor slab openings the side of the building.
can be closed with cast-in-place con- The dismantling and lowering opera-
crete on the second, third, and fourth tion can be handled by a 140-ton crane
floors. with a long boom operating from the
The next lift will take the bottom of street level, or by the use of a stiff leg
the crane mast to Floor 8, and the derrick located on the roof. The stiff leg
lateral resisting height will be between derrick is preferred because it can then
Floors 8 and 11. From this position, be used to lift forms and concrete for
Floors 12, 13, and 14 can be construct- the cast-in-place closures from the 16th
ed. During this time, floor slab open- floor to the roof.
ings can be closed on the fifth, sixth,
and seventh floors.
This sequence continues until the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
crane mast is brought up to Floor 17 at
which time the floor slab openings are The authors are indebted to Henry
closed on Floors 14 and 15. Slab open- M. Murata, Assistant Construction
ings in Floors 16 and above will not be Manager, and John A. T. Park, Equip-
closed until the crane is relowered for ment Supervisor, of Hawaiian Dredg-
dismantling after topping off the struc- ing and Construction Company, Hono-
ture. lulu, Hawaii, for their valuable sugges-
From this position, Floors 21, 22, and tions and contributions during the prep-
23 can be constructed. The next lift will aration of this paper.