ERIAN PUTRA ASSYAKUR

BM 2A
Evaluasi Week-11:

1. Soal dari buku Freeman Hal 150:

a. What is the major overriding advantage of binary digital transmission? Give at least
two secondary advantages?

Answer : First, with a binary system, we can utilize the number base 2 and apply
binary arithmetic, if need be.
Second is that we can use a decision circuit where there can only two possible
conditions. We call those conditions a 1 and a 0.

b. Name the three steps to develop a PCM signal from an analog signal?

Answer: 1. Sampling; 2. Quantization; and 3. Coding.

c. Based on the Nyquist sampling theorem, what is the sampling rate for a nominal
4-kHz voice channel? for a 56-kHz radar product signal?

Answer: - The nominal 4-kHz voice channel: sampling rate is 8000 times per second
(i.e., 2 × 4000)
-An analog radar product channel 56-kHz wide: sampling rate is 112,000
times per second (i.e., 2 × 56,000).

d. If I’m transmitting 8000 frames per second, what is the duration of one frame?

Dik : f = 8000 frames / s

Dit : T = ?

Answer:
T=1/f
T = 1 / 8000 = 0,000125 s = 125 μS
2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Multiplexing? Jelaskan prinsip-prinsip TDM dan
contoh pengaplikasian TDM?

Answer: Multiplexing adalah Teknik menggabungkan beberapa sinyal untuk

dikirimkan secara bersamaan pada suatu kanal transmisi.

Prinsip-prinsip TDM:
-Menerapkan prinsip penggiliran waktu pemakaian saluran transmisi dengan
mengalokasikan slot waktu (time slot) bagi setiap pemakaian saluran (user)
-Biasanya digunakann untuk komunikasi point to point. Pada TDM, penambahan
peralatan pengiriman data lebih mudah dilakukan -TDM lbh efisien daripada FDM

Contoh Aplikasi TDM: Pada Komunikasi Suara GSM dan Digital Audio Broadcasting

3. Soal freeman no 12-15 :

a. In DS1 (T1), of what use is the framing bit?

Answer: Framing Bit is that indication to tell the distant end receiver where the
frame starts.

b. How is the identification of frame beginning carried out in E1?

Answer: E1 in its primary rate format transmits 32 channels of 8-bit time slots. An
E1 frame therefore has 8 × 32 = 256 bits. There is no framing bit. Framing alignment
is carried out in TS 0.

c. How is signaling carried out in DS1? in E1?

Answer:

➔ DS1 system is a 24- 8 channel PCM system using 8-level coding (e.g., 2^8 = 256
quantizing steps or distinct PCM code words). Supervisory signaling is “in-band”
where bit 8 of every sixth frame is “robbed” for supervisory signaling. 3–5 The
DS1 format has one bit added as a framing bit. (This is that indication to tell the
distant end receiver where the frame starts.) It is called the “S” bit. The DS1
frame then consists of: (8 × 24) + 1 = 193 bits, making up a full sequence or
frame. By definition, 8000 frames are transmitted per second (i.e., 4000 × 2, the
 Nyquist sampling rate), so the bit rate of DS1 is: 193 × 8000 = 1, 544, 000 bps or
1.544 Mbps.

➔ The E1 European PCM system is a 32-channel system. Of the 32 channels, 30

transmit speech (or data) derived from incoming telephone trunks and the
remaining 2 channels transmit synchronization-alignment and signaling
information. Each channel is allotted an 8-bit time slot (TS), and we tabulate TS 0
through 31 as follows:

0 = Synchronizing
1-15 = Framing
16 = Signalling
17-31 = Speech

In TS 0 a synchronizing code or word is transmitted every second frame,

occupying digits 2 through 8 as 0011011

d. Bagaimana perhitungan (bisa didapatkannya) bitrate sebesar 1.544 Mbps untuk

DS1 (T1)?
Answer:
BitrateT1=1,544Mbps
➔ Pada frame T1 ditambahkan 1 bit yang disebut bit “S” untuk keperluan
framing.
➔ Setiap time slot membawa 8 bit. Maka satu frame T1 membawa 8 x 24 = 192
bit, ditambah 1 bit “S”, sehingga total jumlah bit dalam 1 frame T1 adalah
193 bit.
➔ Maka rate T1 adalah = 193 x 8000 = 1,544 Mbps.l
e. Bagaimana perhitungan (bisa didapatkannya) bitrate sebesar 2.048 Mbps untuk E1?

Answer:

Bit rate E1 = 2,048 Mbps

➔ Satu time slot membawa 8 bit, 1 frame E1 membawa 8 x 32 = 256 bit
➔ Maka rate E1 adalah = 256 x 8000 = 2,048 Mbps
➔ 8000 sampling/s= sampling sinyal suara suara