1.

In a nested case control is a study in which a researcher opt to a___________

a. Clinical trials
b. Cohort study
c. Cross sectional study
d. QUASI experimental
e. Experimental study
2. A ______________ study is considered to be a lengthy study comparatively
a. Cohort study
b. Case control study
c. Cross sectional study
d. Ecological study
e. Quasi experimental
3. “Loss to follow up” is a major potential for bias in a ____________ study
a. Case control study
b. Cohort study
c. Cross sectional study
d. Ecological study
e. None of them
4. 23. A snap short study provides us with a prevalence data at a given point of
time and is called as _________
a. Cohort study
b. Case control study
c. Cross sectional study
d. Experimental study
e. None of them
5. The analysis of data in a cohort study is done by____________
a. Odd ratio
b. Relative risk and attributable risk
c. None of them
d. Both a and b
 e. Percentage
6. The analysis of data in a case control study is done by_________
f. Odd ratio
g. Relative risk and attributable risk
h. None of them
i. Both a and b
j. Percentage
7. We can also calculate odds ratio on cohort study only when the disease is
__________
k. Rare
l. Excessive
m. Epidemic
n. D.B and C
o. E.A and B
8. Cross sectional study provides with ________________data
A. Incidence
p. B. Prevalence
q. None of them
r. Both A and B
s. Ratio
9. One of the disadvantages of ______________ study is that some subjects may
“crossover”
t. Cohort study
u. Case control study
v. Ecological study
w. Cross sectional study
x. E .None of them
10. Recall bias is common bias of_____________ study
a. Cohort study
b. Case control study
 c. Ecological study
d .Cross sectional study
e. None of them
11. When a researcher starts a study with the exposed and non-exposed and follows up
in time and observes if the disease occur or no, it is called_____________
y. Case control study
z. Cohort study
aa. Cross sectional study
bb. Ecological study
cc. None of them
12. A temporal relationship between disease and exposure can be easily established in
_______
dd.Retrospective cohort
ee. Prospective cohort
ff. Case control study
gg. Cross sectional study
hh.None of them
13. When a researcher begins a study with diseased and non-diseased person and find
of the exposure, the study is said to be as________
Cohort
Case control
Cross sectional
Experimental
Ecological
14. The major purpose of random assignment in a clinical trial is to__________
A Help ensure those study subjects are representative of general population
B Facilitate double blinding (masking)
C Facilitate the measurement of outcome variables
D. Reduce selection bias in allocation of treatment
E. None of them
15.. The purpose of a double blind or double mask study is to ____________
A Avoid subject bias and sampling variation
B. Avoid observer bias and sampling variation
C. Avoid observer and subject bias
D. Reduce the effects of sampling variation
E. None of them
16. What is the proportion that uses a standard denominator and includes a time
interval (1000, 10000, 100,000 per year)
ii. Rate
jj. Count
kk. Proportion
ll. All of the above
mm. D and B
17. All of them are true of odd ratio except
nn.It is an estimate of relative risk
oo. It is the only measure of risk that can be obtained directly from a control
study
pp.It is the ratio of incidence in exposed divided by unexposed
qq. All of the above
rr. None of them
18.. Explain ecological fallacy
A This is something that describe the beg because you cannot always take
the findings from group and apply it to an individual
B. Conducts the program several time in a variety of settings with a variety of
participants
C .It gives us etiology
D. None of them
E.B and C
19. The purpose to limit the incidence of disease by controlling cause and risk
factor is _______ prevention
A. Primordial prevention
B…Primary prevention
 C. Secondary prevention
D.Tertiary prevention
ss. B and C
20. A disease vector is an ______________
A. An organism that transmit disease
B. Symptom of disease
C. Environmental condition associated with a disease
D. None of them
21. Total no of deaths/total number of cases, it is best labeled as _________
a. Incidence
b. Prevalence
c. Case fatality rate
d. Proportional mortality
e. None of them
22. When numerator is part of denominator it is termed as______________
A. Rate
B. Ratio
C. Proportion
D. Frequency
E. None of them
23. When numerator is not part of denominator it is termed as____________
A. Rate
B. Ratio
C. Proportion
D. Frequency
E. None of them
24. A screening done for more than one disease is called ____________
A. Multiphase screening
B. b. Mass screening
C. Selective screening
D. D.B and c
 E. None of them
25. Mass screening is referred as ________________
A. Targeted screening
B. Population screening
C. Selective screening
D. Multiphase screening
E. None of them
26. A screening applied to sub set of the population that is at risk for a disease or
certain condition is__________
A. Selective screening
B. Population screening
D. Targeted screening
E. Multiphase screening
F. None of then
27. Selective screening is referred to as______________
A. Population screening
B. Targeted screening
C. Mass screening
D. None of them
28.__________ refers to the degree to which the test actually measures what it
claims to measure
A. Validity
f. B. Reliability
g. C. None of the above
h. D. Both a and b
29._________ refers to the degree to which a test is consistent and stable in
measuring what it is intended to measure
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. None of the above
D. Both a and b
30. The historical event of cholera outbreak in London was studied by_________
 A. Robert koton
B. Jonas Salk
C. Alexander Fleming
D. John snow
E. None of them
31. A study in which the researcher intervene is a ________ study
A. Experimental study
B. Cohort study
C Case control
D. Cross sectional study
32. The morbidity rate as calculate as _______
A. Death /population
B. New cases /population
C. Total disease cases/total population
D. Old cases/total cases
i. E. None of them
33. Disability days are general measure of _______and refers to the measure of
days less than health
A. Morbidity
B. Mortality
C. Disease distribution
D. Healthy life
E. None of them
34. If we calculate the outcome of disability days as “1” so it would be ________
A. Complete disability
B. Partial disability
C. Normal
D.A and B
E. None of them
35. Disability days is a measure which is used for ____________
 A. Fatal disease
B. Chronic fatal disease
C. Acute non-fatal disease
D. All disease
E. Selective disease

36. At the end of the study it confirms or rejects the hypothesis

a. Descriptive study
b. Observational study
c. Analytical study
d. Ecological study
37. A single patients clinical history is described in
a. Case Series
b. Case Control
c. Cohort
d. Case report
38. The unit of measurement is population in
a. Case Series
b. Case Control
c. Ecological Study
d. Cohort Study
39. Aggregation bias occurs in
a. Case Series
b. Case Control
c. Cohort Study
d. Ecological Study
40. Case control is a
a. Retrospective study
b. Prospective study
c. Ambidirectional study
 d. Snapshot study
41. In case control study we make group according to
a. Exposure
b. Age
c. Outcome
d. Gender
42. In case control study we analyze data by_______________
a. Relative risk
b. Attributable risk
c. Odd ratio
d. Absolute risk
43. Case control study shows
a. Incidence
b. Prevalence
c. Mortality
d. Causality
44. Recall bias is a main problem in
a. Case Series
b. Case Control
c. Cohort Study
d. Experimental Study
45. In Cohort study we make group according to
a. Exposure
b. Age
c. Outcome
d. Gender
46. A Cohort study may be
a. Retrospective study
b. Prospective study
c. Ambidirectional study
 d. All of above
47. Temporal relationship is not a problem in
a. Case control study
b. Case series study
c. Cohort study
d. Cross sectional study
48. Loss to follow up bias is problem in
a. Case control study
b. Case series study
c. Cohort study
d. Cross sectional study
49. In Cohort study analyzing tools are
a. Relative risk
b. Attributable risk
c. Absolute risk
d. Both a & b
50. For analyzing Cohort study Odd ratio
a. Cannot be used
b. Used when less cases
c. Used when many cases
d. Always used
51. Manipulation in study group is a characteristic of
a. Experimental study
b. Cohort study
c. Case control study
d. Cross sectional study
52. According to purpose Experimental study can be divided into
a. Safety trials
b. Prophylactic trials
c. Risk facror trials
 d. Therapeutic trials
e. All of above
53. Randomization means
a. Equal chance to be selected
b. Equal chance to go to experimental or control group
c. Equal chance to take placebo
d. Equal chance to take active therapy
54. Best of the epidemiological studies is
a. Experimental study
b. Cohort study
c. Case control study
d. Cross sectional study
55. In Experimental study usually Control Group
a. Receives active therapy
b. Receives Placebo
c. Receives nothing
d. None of above

56. In an experiment, a researcher must control extraneous variables to prevent them

from becoming ____ variables.
A. Independent
B. Dependent
C. Confounding
D. Randomized

57. In an experiment, participants are usually assigned to treatments using random

assignment. The reason for using random assignment is
A. To allow the experimenter to manipulate participant variables.
B. To allow the experimenter to manipulate environmental variables.
C. To help control extraneous variables.
 D. It is a required component of all experiments.

58. Dr. Kim systematically varies the amount of caffeine in cola (0, 10, and 20 mg) and
observes that his participants’ anxiety levels increase. The 0-mg condition represents the
A. Experimental group.
B. Control group.
C. No-treatment control group.
D. Waiting-list control group.

59. Epidemiologists define disease occurrence in terms of:

A. Agent
B. Host
C. Environment
D. All of the above
E. A. And b. Above

60. The incubation period is the interval between:

A. The time of infection and death
B. Appearance of clinical symptoms and death
C. The time of infection and appearance of clinical symptoms
D. Time of infection and appearance of antibodies