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Introduction
Questions: (write with your own words)
The propagation modes refer to each of the possible configurations adopted by the electromagnetic
waves that travel through the waveguide. It is characterized by satisfying certain border conditions.
In theory there are an infinite number of modes of propagation and each has its cutoff frequency from
which it exists. The propagation modes depend on the wavelength, its polarization and the
dimensions of the guide. As each mode has an associated cutoff frequency, the frequency of the
signal to be transmitted must be greater than the cutoff frequency, thus the electromagnetic energy
will be transmitted through the guide without attenuation. The transverse modes are:
Electromagnetic polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate in more than one orientation.
This normally refers to the so-called transverse waves, in particular electromagnetic waves are
usually referred to, although it can also occur in transverse mechanical waves. On the other hand, the
sound waves in a gas or liquid are exclusively longitudinal waves in which the oscillation always
goes in the direction of the wave; so there is no talk of polarization in this type of wave. Transverse
waves that exhibit polarization include electromagnetic waves such as light, radio waves,
When it occurs, this phenomenon is known as total reflection, because for angles of incidence greater
than the limit angle, the ray does not refract, producing only the phenomenon of reflection.
separation of two different media, part is reflected, returning to the same medium although changing
direction, and part passes to the second medium where it is partially refracted and absorbed.
The reflection of light occurs when, when hitting an obstacle, it experiences a change of direction or
if the surface is smooth and polished, mirror or metal is specular reflection. The two laws of
The incident beam, the normal beam, and the reflected beam are in the same plane.
The angle between the incident ray and the normal angle of
incidence is equal to the angle formed by the reflected ray with the normal reflection angle.
Refraction is the change in direction and speed that a wave undergoes when passing from one
medium to another with a different refractive index, although the phenomenon of refraction is
frequently observed in electromagnetic waves such as light, the concept is applicable to any type of
wave.
The speed of light is a finite magnitude that has a different value depending on the medium in which
it propagates. In a vacuum is where light travels at a higher speed, in any other medium this speed is
lower. A means by which an electromagnetic wave can propagate is characterized by its refractive
index, n, a dimensionless quantity that is defined as the quotient between the speed of light in a
c
n=
v
From the definition it follows that all media, except vacuum, have a refractive index greater than
unity.
5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Snell's law, in a formula used to know the relationship between the path taken by a ray of light when
crossing the limit or the separation surface between two substances in contact and the refractive
index of each one of they. This law was discovered in the year 1621 by the Dutch astronomer and
mathematician Willebrord Snell. Snell's account of the law was not published until Christiaan
i = Incident angle, is the angle between the incident ray and the normal N.
t = Transmitted angle, is the angle between the transmitted ray and the normal N.
From the previous equation it follows that when n2 < n1 there is an angle of incidence, called the limit
Application exercises:
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the group number and CCC to the
first 3 digits of the identification number.
2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHzand P+¿=120
1 , incident from the air (η1 =120 π Ω),
perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.
2.
3. Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.
f =¿ MHz=31 MHz
2
mW /m ¿
P+¿=120
1
η1=120 π Ω
η2=722Ω
P−¿=? ¿
1
P+¿=? ¿
2
R=0,3142
R=0,098
R=9,8 %
Transmittance is calculated
T =1−R
T =1−0,098
T =0,902
T =90,2 %
Reflected power is calculated
¿
¿
¿
Transmitted power is calculated
¿
¿
¿
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chena, L.C. (2019). la luz y las ondas electromagnéticas. España. juntadeandalucia.es Recuperado de
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-tic/41008970/helvia/sitio/upload/optica_fisica.pdf
Truxillo, C. [Slideplayer]. (2020). Ecuaciones de Fresnel para la reflexión y refracción. [Video]. Recuperado
de https://slideplayer.es/slide/2541931/