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Abstract—Grid integration of photo voltaic (PV)/Battery hy- two algorithms often used to achieve maximum power point
brid energy conversion system with (i) multi-functional features tracking are the P&O and INC methods [2], [3].
of micro grid-side bidirectional voltage source converter (μG- Many DC-DC converter topologies are available to track
VSC) (ii) tight volatge regulation capability of battery converter
(iii) MPPT tracking performance of high gain integrated cas- the MPP in PV generating system. Cascade connection of
caded boost (HGICB) dc-dc Converter with quatratic gain and conventional converters provides wider conversion ratios [4].
less current ripple are presented in this paper. The PV side One of the major advantages of these converters is a high
HGICB Converter is controlled by P&O MPPT algorithm to gain and low current ripple. However, this configuration has
extract the maximum power from the variable solar irradia- a drawback that the total efficiency may become low if the
tion. This paper proposes a modified Instantaneous symmetrical
components theory to the μG-VSC in micro-grid applications number of stages are high, owing to power losses in the
with following intelligent functionalities (a) to feed the generated switching devices [4]. A quadratic converter configuration is
active power in proportional to irradiation levels into the grid also available that uses single switch and acheives quatratic
(b) compensation of the reactive power, (c) load balancing and gain [4]. An interesting attractive converter topology is a high
(d) mitigation of current harmonics generated by non-linear gain integrated cascaded boost converter having n-converters
loads, if any, at the point of common coupling (PCC), thus
enabling the grid to supply only sinusoidal current at unity power connected in cascade using a single active switch. The instabil-
factor. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is regulated ity caused by the cascade structure is avoided, when compared
to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. with the conventional cascade boost converter [4]. This class
A new control algorithm is also proposed in this paper for the of converters can be used only when the required number of
battery converter with tight DC link voltage regulation capability. stages is not very large, else the efficiency will be reduced.
The dynamic performance of battery converter is invistegated
and compared with conventional average current mode control However, this class of converters for PV applications are not
(ACMC). A model of a hybrid PV Energy Conversion System is reported in the technical literature.
developed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Micro-grid power converters can be classified into (i) grid-
The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies for HGICB feeding, (ii) grid-supporting, and (iii) grid-forming power
converter and μG-VSC with battery energy conversion system converters [5]. There are many control schemes reported in
are validated through extensive simulation studies.
the literature such as synchrounous reference theory, power
Index Terms—PV energy conversion system, high gain inte-
balance theory, and direct current vector control [6], [7], for
grated cascaded boost dc-dc converter, instantaneous symmetrical
control of μG-VSC in micro grid application. These algo-
components theory, battery energy storage system.
rithms requires complex coordinate transformations, which is
combersome. Compared to the control strategies mentioned
I. I NTRODUCTION
above, the Instantaneous symmetrical component based con-
Among various renewable energy resources, PV and wind trol proposed in this paper for micro-grid applications is simple
power are most rapidly growing renewable energy sources [1]. in formulation, avoids interpretation of instantaneous reactive
The PV source is a nonlinear energy source and direct connec- power and needs no complex transformations.
tion of load will not give optimum utilization of the PV system. This paper is structured as follows: In section II, system
In order to utilize the PV source optimally, it is necessary description and modeling of various components are presented.
to provide an intermediate electronic controller in between The proposed control strategies for HGICB DC-DC Converter,
source and load under all operating conditions [2]. Using this Battery Converter and μG-VSC are discussed in section III.
electronic controller it is possible to opearate the PV source at The simulation results are presented in section IV. With
maximum power point (MPP), thus improving the energy effi- concluding remarks in section V.
ciency of the PV system. Many control algorithms have been
reported in the literature to track maximum power from the II. S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION
PV arrays, such as incremental conductance (INC), constant The envisaged system consists of a PV/Battery hybrid
voltage (CV), and perturbation and observation (P&O). The system with the main grid connecting to non-linear and
Rf Lf
DC Bus C
vl abc
is(t)
il,abc(t)
iinv (t) Cf
PV Panels
Load
HBCC
iinv
DC DC Load
Available
D1 micro sources Power
Ipv calculation
power in DC
link using MAF
Vpv C1 S Co RL
Grid-feeding Control
(Proposed Algorithm for Micro-grid)
dt L L L
Fig. 2. A new modified-ACMC control strategy for battery converter
dvc1 vdc,Bus − vc1 iL d(t)
= − (1)
dt C1 R1 C1
unbalanced loads at the PCC as shown in the Fig. 1. The
photovoltaic syatem is modeled as nonlinear voltage sources dvc2 vB − vc2 iL
[8]. The PV array is connected to HGICB dc-dc converter = −
dt C2 R2 C2
and bidirectional battery converter are shown in Fig. 1, which
are coupled at the dc side of a μG-VSC. The HGICB dc- The averaged model is nonlinear and time-invariant because
dc converter is connected to the PV array works as MPPT of the duty cycle, d(t) . This model is finally linearized about
controller and battery converter is used to regulate the power the operating point to obtain a small-signal model is shown
flow between dc and ac side of the system. in Fig. 4. The following are the important transfer functions
used to design the compensators and to analize the system
III. M ODELING AND C ONTROL behaviour under small signal conditions (i) the duty-cycle-to-
output transfer function Gcv (s), carries the information needed
The MPPT algorithm for HGICB Converter, control ap- to determine the type of the voltage feedback compensation,(ii)
proaches for battery converter and μG-VSC are discussed in the duty-cycle-to-inductor current transfer function Gci (s), is
the following sections. needed to determine the current controller structure.
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~
v dc
vd(s)
0
~ ~
v * dc iL* vc iL
If (Ppv = Pload) & YES
PV Supplies Load, cv(s) ci(s) pwm ~
id(s)
SOC is High No Battery and Grid action d
NO
i(s)
If (Ppv > Pload) & YES PV Supplies Load,
No Battery charging and
SOC is High
extra power is fed to grid
Proposed Loops GILVRC 2
NO 1
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TABLE I 3 15
G=1000 (W/m2)
S YSTEM PARAMETERS G=200 (W/m2)
PV Power (kW)
PV Power (kW)
2 10
System Quantities Values
System voltages 325 V peak phase to neutral, 50 Hz 1 5
Linear Load Zla = 50 + j1.57 Ω, Zlb = 45 + j3.14 Ω, 10*I (A)
10*I (A)
Zlc = 40 + j4.71 Ω
Non-Linear Load Three phase full bridge rectifier load feeding 0 0
0 100 200 0 100 200
a R-L load of 44Ω-3 mH (a) PV Voltage (V) (b) PV Voltage (V)
G-VSC parameters Cdc =660 μF,Vdcref =920 V,
15
Irradiance (kW/m2)
Lf = 5 mH, Rf = 0.1Ω 12.5 Kw
PV Power (kW)
1
Hysteresis band 0.25 A 10
0.5
5
2.7 Kw
solving above equations, the μG-VSC reference currents are 0 0
0 (c) 0.5 1 0 (d) 0.5 1
obtained as follows:
100 400
vga + β(vgb − vgc )
PV Voltage (V)
PV Current (A)
i∗inv,a = ila − (Plavg − Pμs + Ploss )
Δ 50 200
vgb + β(vgc − vga )
i∗inv,b = ilb − (Plavg − Pμs + Ploss )
Δ 0 0
vgc + β(vga − vgb ) 0 0.5 1 0 (f) 0.5 1
i∗inv,c = ila − (Plavg − Pμs + Ploss ) (e)
Δ Time (s)
(9)
Fig. 5. Simulation results: MPPT Tracking performance of HGICB Converter
where, (a) PV Characteritic at G=200 W/m2 (b) PV Characteritic at G=1000 W/m2
(c) insolation variations (d) PV Maximum Power (e) PV Current (f) PV
√ Qs Volatge.
2
Δ= vgj , β = tanϕ/ 3 = √ .
j=a,b,c
Ps 3 TABLE II
M AXIMUM POWER TRACKING PERFORMANCE
Qs
and Qs = Ql − Qμs , and by substituting β Ps = √ 3
into the
equation (9), the modified G-VSC reference current equations
Time G Vpvref Ipvref Ppvmax
in terms of active and reactive components are obtained as: (s) (W/m2 ) (V) (A) (kW)
0.2 − 0.3 200 190 14 2.5
vga Ps (vgb − vgc ) Qs
i∗inv,a = ila − 2 − 2
√ 0.3 − 0.5 1000 142 87 12.5
j=a,b,c vgj 3
j=a,b,c vgj 0.5 − 1 200 190 14 2.5
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Load currents (A) Irradiance (kW/m2)
1000 TABLE III
M AXIMUM POWER TRACKING PERFORMANCE
500
0
G PLoad Ppv Pinv Pgrid
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 (a) (W/m2 ) (ac+dc)(kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
200 13+4.5 2.5 -2 15
20
1000 13+4.5 12.5 +8 5
0
-20
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 (b)
20
50 Pgrid
-50 10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 (c)
Pacload Ppv
50 50 Pdcload
5
0 0
0
-50
20 Qinv
Pinv Qacload Pbattery
Microgrid VSC currents (A)
-5
0 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Time (s)
-20
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 Fig. 7. Real and Reactive Power flow waveforms of PV hybrid generating
(d)
system.
20
10
0 0
-
10 -20 400
side VSC: (a) Insolation Changes (b) Load currents (c) Grid currents (d)
μG-VSC currents. -200
-400
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
sinusoidal at UPF. The dynamic compensation performance
400
of μG-VSC using proposed control algorithm with insolation 300
change and non linear unbalanced load currents are shown in 200
100 (a)
the Fig. 6 (a)-(d) along with grid side currents. When insolation 0
G = 200 W/m2 , the maximum power extracted from PV -100
-200
arrays is 2.5 kW and the total dc load power (4.5 kW) is partly -300
-400
supplied by PV arrays and the remaining dc load power (2
DC Link Voltage (V)
1200
kW) is drawn from grid through the bidirectional μG-VSC.
1000
Here observed that the power flows from ac side to dc link as
shown in the Fig. 7. When insolation G = 1000 W/m2 , the
800
600
maximum power available from PV arrays is 12.5 kW, part
400
of this power (4.5 kW) is supplied to dc load and remaining
200
power (8 kW) is supplied to the ac load through bidirectional
0
μG-VSC. In this case, the power flows from dc link to ac 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
(b)
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
Time (s)
side. This shows the bidirectional power flow capability of
μG-VSC. These dynamics of power flows can be seen from Fig. 8. Simulation results: performance of proposed control approach (a)
Fig. 7. The corresponding variations in the grid current aganist Grid Volateges and currents (b) Dc Link Volatge Dynamics with different
grid voltage with upf are shown in the Fig. 8, along with dc insolations
link voltage variations.
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1800 40
0
1400
ACMC
-20
1200
-40
1000 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
Time (s)
Mag (% of Fundamental)
800 Fundamental (50Hz) = 31.17 , THD= 2.06%
120
600 Modified ACMC 100
400 80
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 60
Time (s) 40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20
Fig. 9. DC Link Voltage Dynamics using ACMC and MACMC Control Harmonic order
algorithms
Fig. 11. Simulation results: performance of proposed control approach (a)
Grid currents (b) Harmonic spectrum
(a)
Vbattery
SOC with power quality improvement features and thus, it maintains
(b)
a sinusoidal and UPF current at the grid side with THD of
(c)
2.06% (Fig. 11).
Ibattery
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
This work is supported by the ministry of science
& Technology, DST, India. (Project No.DST/SEED/INDO-
Fig. 10. Battery performance using proposed control approach to bidirec- UK/002/2011).
tional battery converter: (a) Battery Voltage (b) State of charge (SOC) (c)
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