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Role of Geiger Muller Counter in Modern Physics

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Journal of Pure Applied and Industrial Physics, Vol.7(5), 192-196, May 2017 ISSN 0976-5727 (Print)
(An International Research Journal), IF = 4.715, www.physics-journal.org ISSN 2319-8133 (Online

Role of Geiger Muller Counter in Modern Physics

Shikha Pandey, Ashutosh Pandey, Mohit Deshmukh and A. K. Shrivastava

Dr. C.V. Raman University Kota, Bilaspur,

Chhattisgarh, INDIA.
email: drakshrivastava01@gmail.com

(Received on: May 13, Accepted: May 14, 2017)

ABSTRACT

In this paper it has been attempt to describe the role of GM counter in modern
physics. The applications of nuclear techniques present a particular interest by
monitoring the alpha and beta radioactive concentration from environment factors,
biological and food samples. The present paper shows that efficiency of the counting
system will be higher when the height of the slits chosen close to the detector. The
GM counter plays vital role in nuclear physics.

Keywords: Nuclear , detector , GM , radioactive, alpha , beta.

INTRODUCTION

As a prelude to understanding modern physics, one should be familiar with the main
events in the evolution of natural philosophy over the centuries. Physicist owe it to their
science to possess sufficient knowledge of its history for a correct perspective of its
development and present day importance. That very history, the lines of the men whose labors
formed our subject, and the way physics has molded human thought and contributed to modern
civilization claim our first attention.

The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate practically since the first
nuclear reactors were constructed in 1954. It has also been a key factor in public concern about
nuclear facilities. The G.M. tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used
for the detection of ionizing radiation. It was named after Hans Geiger, who invented the
principle in 1908 and Walther Muller, who collaborated with Geiger in developing the
technique further in 1928 to produce a practical tube that could detect a number of different
radiation types (2015). Geiger Muller tube is a portable radiation detection and measurement
instrument used to detect presence of radiation in the surrounding. This radiation may be due
to alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or X- rays. It also gives us the measure of
intensity of radiation.
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 Shikha Pandey, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.7 (5), 192-196 (2017)
Theoretical Consideration:
Taken literally, modern physics means of course, the sum total of knowledge included
under the head of present day physics. In this sense, the physics of 1890 is still modern (1999)
for the brief historical sketch which follows, the evolution of premodern physics is arbitrarily
divided into three periods.
First period: Earliest times to A.D. 1550
 Thales of Miletus (640-546 B.C)
 Pythagoras (580-500 BC)
 Anaxagoras (500-428BC) and Empedocles (484-424 B.C)
 Democritus (460-370BC)
 Aristotle (384-332B.C.)
 Aristarchus (310-230 B.C.)
 Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)
 From the Greeks to Copernicus
 The Copernicus system
Second period: (A.D. 1550-1800): Rise of Experimental method
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
 Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)and Kepler (1571-1630)
 The Experimental method spreads
 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
 Newton contemporaries
 Mechanics during the Eighteenth century
 Heat during the Eighteenth century
 Light during the Eighteenth century
 Electricity during the Eighteenth century
Third period (A.D. 1800-1890): The rise of classical physics
 The nineteenth century in physics
 Heat and Energy
 Light
 Electricity and magnetism
 Michael faraday
 Joseph Henry (1799-1878)
 James clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
 Clouds over classical physics
GM counter is used to do some measurements in nuclear decay. A typical Geiger-
Muller counter consists of a gm tube having a this and window a high voltage supply for the
tube, a scalar to record the number of particles denoted by the tube and a timer which will

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 Shikha Pandey, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.7 (5), 192-196 (2017)
stop the action of the scalar at the end of a preset interval. Any particle capable of ionizing a
single at of the filling gas of the tube will initiate an avalanche of electrons and ions in the
tube. The collection of the charge than produced results in the formation of a pulse of voltage
at the output of the tube. The amplitudes of this pulse on the order of a volt or so in sufficient
to operate the scalar circuit with little or no further amplification.

The pulse amplitude in largely independent of the properties of particle detected, and
give there fore little information as to the nature of the particle. Even so the Gm counter is a
versatile counting alpha particles, beta particles and gamma.
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 Shikha Pandey, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.7 (5), 192-196 (2017)

Dead time is one of the important parameters of GM tube. The reed time in the very
brief period following a discharge during which the Geiger Muller tube is incapable of
responding to any subsequent ionizing event the dead time DT, is the elapsed time between
the beginning of one pulse and the closest next pulse available the radioactive source must be
pleased very close to the detector to increase the counter in this condition the deed this effect
can be noticed more easily the DT can vary between 20 microns and 200 microns depending
on the detector model.
The deed time of the each ionization discharge will limit the minimum count rate
become events that occur is deed period can not produce a count the relationship between dead.
Time Ʈ, the true count rate and the measured count rate ti in,
N – n/(l-n Ʈ)
where N = actual count rate
Ʈ = resoling time
N = count per unit time

Operating Principle:
 A Geiger counter consists of a Geiger-Muller tube, the sensing element which detects the
radiation, and the processing electronics.
 Geiger-Muller tube is filled with an inert gas such as helium , neon or argon at low pressure
,to which a high voltage is applied
 Tube briefly conducts electrical charge when a particle or photon of incident radiation
makes the gas conductive by ionization.

Application:
 For the detection of alpha and beta particles
 To detect radioactive rocks and mineral in the course of mineral prospecting or as a mineral
collector
 To check for environmental levels of radioactivity
 For fire and police first responders to a analysis for making an initial determination of
radiation risk.

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 Shikha Pandey, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.7 (5), 192-196 (2017)
CONCLUSION

Radiation detectors are widely used in industrial applications, as well as research

surveys for detecting emission of radioactive radiations.

REFERENCES

1. Ghuge N.N., “Geiger Muller: a Thin End Window Tube Radiation Detector, TJRET,
Vol:4, Issue: 05 (2015).
2. Cooper John N, Introduction to Modern Physic, Sixth Edition ISBN 0-07-099542-7
(1999).
3. H. Geiger and W. Muller, “ Geiger Counter tube Navel Research Laboratory (1949).
4. Singh Sukhdeep et al., Automation of GM Counter using Micro controller (2012).
5. Sivasailanathar Vidhya et al., Calibration and Estimation of Efficiency of Geiger Muller
counter using a standard radioactive source, Academic Journals 12 (1) pp 8-12 (2017).

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