Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
DOI: 10.5923/j.jwnc.20130302.02
Department of Science, Commack High School, 1 Scholar Lane, Commack, NY 11725, USA
Abstract A novel and versatile parabolic reflector with three fitting positions at the Focal, Inner (= 1�2 focal length), and
Outer (= 3�2 focal length) points was designed, built, and tested for its impact on W i-Fi signal strengths at different
distances and angles. This easy-to-build and inexpensive device significantly boosted the Wi-Fi reception at different
distances and improved the signal strengths at different angles. A trade-off between the signal strength and the angle, at
which the signals could be received, was observed. When positioned at the Focal point, the reflector boosted the Wi-Fi
signals the most, but only at a narrow angle fro m 0º to 60º. Conversely, when positioned at the Inner or Outer points, the
reflector imp roved the Wi-Fi signals at lesser degrees, but at a much larger angle fro m 0º to 165º. The parabolic reflector
was able to shield the Wi-Fi signals fro m unintended users when positioned at Angle 180º. The versatile design of the
reflector allowed it to be positioned for different purposes, i.e., providing better signals for mult iple users at different
locations by utilizing the Inner o r Outer points, or maximizing signal strength and privacy to a single user by using the
Focal point.
1b) [16]. of the Wi-Fi modem was placed at 1 /2 (defined as the Inner
Wi-Fi signals are carried on radio waves, commonly at 2.4 point) or 3 /2 (defined as the Outer point) of the focal lengths,
GHz, and obey the law of reflect ion, in which the angle of the Wi-Fi signal strength would be increased in a larger area,
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. A although likely at a s maller magnitude than that of the
parabola-shaped reflector should be able to make the Wi-Fi antenna positioned at the focal point (defined as Focal point).
waves more directional and thus stronger with increased Based on the above hypothesis and the ray diagrams
security and privacy by reflecting all the scattered rays (b)-(d ), a novel and versatile parabolic reflector with three
emitted fro m the focal point into a beam of straight and fitting positions at Focal, Inner, and Outer points was
parallel rays (Figure 1b). designed (Figure 2a). The equation for drawing the parabola
was , derived fro m the directrix-focus form. Then,
3.1. Materials
Sheet alu miniu m (15 × 45 × 0.2 cm), p ly wood, and tools,
such as band saw and nail gun were purchased from the
Figure 1. (a) Parallel rays are focused into the Focal point by a parabola Ho me Depot® store. Drawing tools, i.e., ruler, protractor,
(adapted from reference 16). The distance PF = f is called the focal length.
and pencil, were fro m the Staples® store.
Ray diagrams (b)-(d) show how a parabola directs signals from its Focal
point, Inner Point (located at ½ focal length), and Outer Point (located at 3 /2
focal length) 3.2. Buildi ng Process
A parabola template was drawn on paper according to the
This propagation pattern is ideal for instances in which
design in Figure 2a. Following the temp late, a wood frame
one or a few people use the Wi-Fi at the same location.
was made using band saw and nail gun. Three 1.27
However, when Wi-Fi is used in large build ings and by many
cm-diameter holes were drilled at Focal (at 10 cm focal
users at different locations, it is beneficial to have
length), Inner (1 /2 focal length), and Outer (3 /2 focal length)
non-directional signals with boosted signal strength. To
points on the bottom of the frame. The alu min iu m sheet was
serve this purpose, according to the ray diagrams (c)-(d) in
later mounted onto the frame using nail gun to afford the
Figure 1, it was hypothesized that if the transmitting antenna
completed product shown in Figure 2b.
Figure 2. (a) A novel parabolic reflector with three fitting positions was designed. (b) The parabolic reflector was built out of sheet aluminium and wood
Journal of Wireless Networking and Communications 2013, 3(2): 13-17 15
4. Testing of the Parabolic Reflector positioned: at the Focal, Inner, or Outer points, co mpared to
the control group. At 0 m, the signal strengths were imp roved
To test how this parabolic reflector would affect the Wi-Fi the most fro m -51 d Bm of the control group to -47, -48, and
reception, two sets of experiments measuring signal -49 dBm, respectively, for the Focal, Inner, and Outer point
strengths at different distances and angles were designed and groups. At 100 m, the signal imp rovement was largest when
carried out. The W i-Fi system used for the experiments was the reflector was positioned at the Focal point fro m -66 to -57
Verizon’s FiOS[18], and the modem was Actiontec® dBm, translating into 7.9-fo ld boost of the signal power
Verizon FiOS Router Model# MI424WR[19]. A laptop according to the dBm to mW conversion equation: P(mW) =
computer installed with the Xirrus Wi-Fi Inspector software 10(P (dBm)/10)[21]. At both Inner and Outer points, the signal
[20] was used to measure the Wi-Fi parameters in both strengths were imp roved at the same degrees from -66 to -64
experiments. dBm. When the distance was further out at 200 m, the
4.1. Effect of the Parabolic Reflector on Wi -Fi Signal directionality of the reflector became weaker and there was
Strengths at Different Distances no difference in signal strength among the Focal, Inner, and
Outer points. The signal improvements were the same fro m
This init ial set of experiments tested how the parabolic -73 to 70 d Bm. A mong all three positions, the reflector at the
reflector would boost the signal strengths and extend the Focal point performed the best at all three distances by
signal ranges. increasing the signal powers by 2.5, 7.9, and 2.0 folds,
respectively at 0, 100, and 200 m.
4.1.1. The Experiment
The effect of the parabolic reflector on Wi-Fi signal
strengths at different distances was examined. The
experiments were carried out on an obstruction-free straight
street (Figure 3c). The signal strengths (in d Bm) were
measured in front of the reflector on the axis of the parabola
(defined as Angle 0º) at three different distances (0, 100, 200
m) away fro m the Wi-Fi modem when the reflector was
positioned at the Focal, Inner, or Outer point, respectively
(Figures 3a and 3b). The signal strength measured without
the parabolic reflector was used as the control group.
at 0º, 15º, 30º, …, 180º with the Wi-Fi modem and the could be received.
parabolic reflector assembly p laced at the center. The When the reflector was positioned at the Focal point, the
reflector was positioned at the Focal, Inner, or Outer point. signals were significantly h indered fro m angle 75º to 285º.
The signal strength measured without the parabolic reflector This property could be used to imp rove privacy and security
was used as the control group. by shielding Wi-Fi signals fro m unintended users when
needed.
5. Conclusions
A novel, versatile, easy-to-build, and inexpensive
parabolic reflector was designed, built, and tested for its
effect on Wi-Fi signal strengths at different distances and
angles. It was demonstrated that this parabolic reflector,
through its directionality, could significantly boost Wi-Fi
signals at different distances and certain angles when
Figure 5. The signal strengths were measured at different angles with an positioned at the Focal, Inner, or Outer point. This
interval of 15º around a semicircle of 100 m radius. The parabolic reflector directional p roperty became weaker as distance increased.
was represented in red and the Wi-Fi modem in yellow For examp le, there were litt le improvements and diminished
differences among the Focal, Inner, and Outer points at 200
4.2.2. The Results and Discussion
m. A co mpro mise was observed between the degree of signal
The results were shown in Figure 6. Data fro m 180º to improvement and the angle at which signals could be
360º (= 0º) were extrapolated fro m those of 0º to 180º. It was received. When the parabolic reflector was positioned at the
found that among all experiment groups, signal strengths Focal point, the signal strengths were improved the most, but
were boosted and hindered the most at Angle 0º and Angle only at a narrow angle fro m 0º to 60º. On the contrary, when
180º, respectively, when the antenna of the Wi-Fi modem positioned at the Inner or Outer points, the parabolic reflector
was positioned at the Focal point. The former increased the could boost the Wi-Fi signals at much wider angle fro m 0º to
signal strength from -80 to –70 dBm, translating into 10-fo ld 165º, but at a lesser degree. A mong all experimental groups,
increase of the signal power, and the latter decreased the the signals were improved the most when the reflector was
signal strength from -80 to -89 dBm, translating into 7.9-fo ld positioned at the Focal point and signals measured in front of
decrease of the signal power. the reflector on the axis of the parabola (Angle 0º). The
signals were hindered the most when measured in the back
on the axis of the parabola (Angle 180º or faced backwards).
The former property could be used for achieving stronger
signals and an extended range, and the latter for improving
privacy and security by shielding Wi-Fi signals fro m
unintended users.
This novel and versatile parabolic reflector was
inexpensive and easy-to-build fro m co mmon materials
available fro m ho me imp rovement stores. This reflector had
found real-life uses, such as being used in homes to boost
Wi-Fi reception. Furthermore, it could be positioned for
different purposes. For examp le, if designed for mu ltip le
users at different locations, the reflector should be positioned
at the Inner or Outer points so that a wider angle of Wi-Fi
Figure 6. Effects of the parabolic reflector on Wi-Fi signal strengths (in reception could be achieved. Conversely, if users are at a
dBm) at different angles when positioned at the Focal, Outer, and Inner single location, it should be positioned at the Focal point to
points achieve strongest signals and longest range. If security and
Although being able to imp rove the Wi-Fi signals the most, privacy were needed, the parabolic reflector could be used to
the parabolic reflector positioned at the Focal point only shield signals from unintended users by positioning it at
boosted the signals in a narrow angle fro m 0º to 60º (or 300º Angle 180º.
to 360º). On the contrary, the Inner and Outer groups
achieved signal improvements at a much larger angle fro m 0º
to 165º (or 195º to 360º), but the improvements were at a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
lesser degrees than the Focal point groups, i.e., fro m -80 to Advice and assistance from my science research advisors
-73 vs. -80 to -70 d Bm. There was a co mpro mise between the Mr. Sean Mahoney and Ms. Nicole Fuchs, my math teacher
degree of signal improvement and the angle at which signals Mr. Tho mas Shea and technology teachers Mr. Jordan
Journal of Wireless Networking and Communications 2013, 3(2): 13-17 17
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