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Type-96 Pseudo-Nonlinear Hysteretic Inductor L(i) with Zirka-Moroz Dynamic Hysteresis

Model (DHM)

Data cards for a Type-96, pseudo-nonlinear, DHM inductor L(i) begin with a single branch
card bearing type code “96” in columns 1-2:
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2|345678|901234|567890|123456|789012|345678|901234|56789012|345678901234567|890123456789|0
C |------|------|------|------|------|------|------| | | |-
96| A6 | A6 | A6 | A6 | E6.0 | E6.0 | E6.0 | |Zirka-Moroz DHM| |1
C |------|------|------|------|------|------|------|--------|---------------|- ---------|-
C BUSl BUS2 BUS3 BUS4 CURR FLUX RESID MODEL NAME K

The usual pair of terminal node names BUS1 and BUS2 occupy columns 3-14, and BUS3
and BUS4 of columns 15-26 are used for reference-branch or branch-naming purposes. As usual,
column 80 can be used for branch output requests. In between are the coordinates (CURR, FLUX)
in the current-flux plane for the linear representation during the steady-state phasor solution.
Were column space more plentiful, these two variables would be labeled i-steady and PSIsteady,
respectively. The value of RESID in columns 39-44 is not used in the model. Instead, the
remanence induction REMANENCE is set as explained below.
Columns 53-67 contain the name of the used model "Zirka-Moroz DHM". This is a
command that ATP should use DHM inductor instead of the usual Type-96 inductor.
Choices of the following OUTPUT card are to be chosen from the following menu of 6 names:
Cur_t, Flux, B_ind, H_st, Hst_ec, H_tot. Note the format is fixed with as many of the six
possibilities as desired. Names can be in any order. The first blank name will terminate
consideration of such names by ATP. Corresponding card may have, for example, the following
form:

C 345678901234567890123456789012345 -- The names begin in cols. 8, 15, 22, 29, 36 & 43

OUTPUT Flux H_tot B_ind Cur_t { Names are read using FORMAT ( 7X, 6A7 )

Here, together with the conventional current (Cur_t) and magnetic flux linkage (Flux) of
the inductor, the user can print out the values of the magnetic induction (B_ind) and the magnetic
field strength (H_tot) in the core (or core section), as well as, if necessary, static component of
the field (H_st) and a sum of static and eddy-current components of the field (Hst_ec).
If the user wants to print all 6 predefined variables, he may point out the single key word
ALL instead of all the names:
OUTPUT ALL .
The next three data-cards specify 8 parameters of the DHM inductor as follows:
1) CORE_area, CORE_length, TURN_N
2) MEMORY, NUM_MATER
3) DyLossKoef, L_SSI, REMANENCE
Here:
CORE_area is the cross-sectional area of the core (core section) in m2;
CORE_length is the length of the core (in meters);
TURN_N is turn number in the coil;
MEMORY is type of the static hysteresis model (SHM) memory, namely:
if MEMORY = 0 then the history-independent SHM is used;
if MEMORY = 1 then history-dependent SHM is used;
NUM_MATER is material number (index) in the following list of materials:
NUM_MATER = 0 - User defined Steel (it is loaded from file specified by user);
NUM_MATER = 1 - Steel M4 (27Z130) Nippon Steel catalog; thickness 0.27 mm;
NUM_MATER = 2 - Steel M4E (27Z130) experimentally studied; 0.27 mm thick;
NUM_MATER = 3 - Steel M5 (35Z145) Nippon Steel catalog; thickness 0.35 mm;
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NUM_MATER = 4 - Steel NO experimentally studied; 0.5 mm thick; 1.8%Si;

NUM_MATER = 5 - Steel H-1 CARLITE AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.27 mm;
NUM_MATER = 6 - Steel M5 Armco catalog; 0.3 mm thick;
NUM_MATER = 7 - Steel M5 Armco catalog; 0.3 mm thick, skewed;
NUM_MATER = 8 - Steel 27ZDKH85 Nippon Steel, 0.27 mm thick;
NUM_MATER = 9 - Steel 3 structural steel (only for SHM);
NUM_MATER =10 - Steel M4 CARLITE AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.27 mm;
NUM_MATER =11 - Steel H-2 CARLITE AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.3 mm;
NUM_MATER =12 - Steel M3 CARLITE AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.23 mm
NUM_MATER =13 - Steel H-0 TranCor AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.3 mm
NUM_MATER =14 - Steel M5 CARLITE AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.3 mm
NUM_MATER =15 - Steel M6 CARLITE AKSteel catalog; thickness 0.35 mm
REMANENCE is the value of remanence at t=0 in Tesla (it is used if L_SSI<=0);
DyLossKoef is a fitting coefficient for dynamic losses. It is used for fitting core losses to test
data. If DyLossKoef=1.d0 then catalog losses for the chosen steel are reproduced. DyLossKoef
is also used for switching between DHM and SHM:
if DyLossKoef  0 then Dynamic hysteresis model (DHM) is used;
if DyLossKoef  0 then Static hysteresis model (SHM) is used;
L_SSI is a linear inductance (in mH) used in the steady-state initialization.
Commonly, it can be calculated as L_SSI=FLUX/CURR*1000 (mH), where FLUX and
CURR (specified in the first data card) are the coordinates in the current-flux plane for the linear
representation during the steady-state phasor solution. If L_SSI  0 then results of the steady-
state initialization are ignored, and the values of H(0)=0 and B(0)=REMANENCE are used for
the model memory initialization. If, in addition, REMANENCE=0, then a demagnetization
procedure with 100 reversals is first carried out and its results are entered in the model memory.
If REMANENCE  0, as well as if L_SSI > 0 then the model memory is provided with a
first-order reversal curve (FORC), which passes through the point with coordinates (H(0), B(0)).
If after the steady-state phasor solution the point (H(0), B(0)) is beyond the major loop then the
coordinate B(0) is shifted to the nearest major loop branch, and a warning message is printed on
the screen and written into the lis-file. Then the modeling continues.
For the first and third cards with inductor parameters, there are three options in number
format:
1) the free floating-point format, when numbers are separated by commas, for example:
1.0, 1.0, 1.0 { 1st of 3 possibilities for DHM card # 1 is free-format floating

2) the fixed-width, floating point format, 3E8.0, when numbers are separated by spaces, for
example:
1.0 1.0 1.0 { 2nd of 3 possibilities is narrow fixed floating 3E8.0

3) the fixed-width, floating point (wide) format, 3E16.0, when numbers are separated by spaces,
for example:
1.0 1.0 1.0 {3rd of 3 possibilities is wide fixed
{floating 3E16.0

For the second card with inductor parameters, MEMORY and NUM_MATER there are two
options in number format:
1) the free-format integers, when numbers are separated by commas, for example:
1, 5 { 1st of 2 possibilities for DHM card # 2 is free-format integers

2) the fixed integer format 2I8, when numbers are separated by spaces, for example:
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1 5 { 2nd of 2 possibilities is fixed integer data; use 2I8

From this point and to the end of the Manual, we provide the guides for the users who want
to create their own material file. In this case, the user should set 0 for parameter NUM_MATER
in the second data card. In the next, additional card, he should specify the name of the text file
with data of his steel, for example:
In the second data card, the user should set 0 for parameter NUM_MATER. In the next,
additional card, he should specify the name of the text file with data of his steel, for example:
1.0 1.0 1.0 { 1st of 3 DHM data cards assumes narrow, 3E8.0 format
1 0 User-defined steel { Optional request text follows 2 integers
dc78user.dat ! { Extra card names file for user steel data
1.0 200.0 0.0 { 3rd of 3 DHM data cards assumes narrow, 3E8.0 format

Then the information about the static major loop, the saturation curve, and model parameters
are read from the file with the specified name, which should be prepared by the user and put in
the working directory. When using static hysteresis model, apart from major loop and saturation
curve, the file should contain parameters of vector y = [y1,…, y9] in (7) of [1] and parameters 1,
d1, d2, e1, e2 in (9) of [1]. When using dynamic model, the file should also contain the resistivity
of the steel, the sheet thickness, and polynomial coefficients of function G(B), which is
represented in the form

a10  a11B  a12 B    a1m B for B    0,
2 4 2m
G( B )  
a20  a21B  a22 B    a2n B for B    0.
 2 4 2n

where m and n should not exceed 4; δ = sign(dB/dt).

It should be noted that the quality of the modeling and stability of the modeling process
depend on the quality of data prepared. Therefore, the user should be guided by the following
rules when preparing the file for User Steel:
- the number of points on the major loop and saturation curve should be large enough, but
should not exceed 101 and 31, respectively;
- the tables describing major loop and saturation curve should not contain segments with
negative, infinite (vertical) or zero (horizontal) slopes (this can result in instability of the
integration);
- the first and last points of the major loop ascending branch (MLAB) should be symmetric
about the origin;
- ascending and descending branches should not cross each other (descending branch is
obtained by mirroring ascending branch);
- the first point of the saturation curve should coincide with the last point of the major loop
ascending branch;
- the last segment of the saturation curve determines the final slope of this curve (the slope
in the deep saturation);
- zero values of any parameters should be specified explicitly.
The structure of the file for User Steel (using Steel М4 as an example) is described below.
The texts, which follow symbol “” are explaining comments (they should not be entered in the
file). The numbers written in a line are separated by spaces.

43  The number of points on the Ascending Branch of the Major Loop (ABML)
-520.0000 -1.8011  the first (lowest) point of the MLAB (A/m vs. T)
-492.7646 -1.7982
-461.4126 -1.7938
… … … …
469.0574 1.7935
485.8100 1.7962
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520.0000 1.8011  the last (highest) point of the MLAB

31  The number of points on the saturation curve
520.0000 1.8011  the first point of the saturation curve (A/m vs. T)
587.6156 1.8088
659.7818 1.8166
… … … …
15102.2569 2.0174
20000.0000 2.0251
26147.5721 2.0329  the last point of the saturation curve
 The next 2 lines contain the components of vector x = [x1,…,x9].
6.45350895973259 7.55838976147661 9.50599059977501 -1.24354283324067
3.82162689160923 -0.247717287118834 -9.08174391476178 2.29484293584525 0.0
0.87 10. 5. 0.32 0.25  parameters 1, d1, d2, e1, e2
0.48d-6 0.27d-3  steel resistivity (Ω∙m) and the sheet thickness (m)
4 0.352 0.13368 -0.3112 0.24688  n+1, a20,…,a2n
4 0.352 0.03342 -0.0778 0.06172  m+1, a10,…,a1m.

If the user does not have his own parameters of static hysteresis model, he can use the above
model settings for steel М4 as a first approximation. The DHM settings for each of the steels are
individual.

[1] S. E. Zirka, Y. I. Moroz, N. Chiesa, R. G. Harrison, and H. Kr. Hoidalen, "Implementation of

inverse hysteresis model into EMTP – Part I: Static model," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2224-2232, Oct. 2015.

Comparison of the Type-96 DHM with the DHM based on MODELS

The new version of the DHM has been tested and compared regarding speed with the old
DHM (Type-94) version based on MODELS. For this purpose, the model shown in Fig. 1 was
employed. This is a physical Cauer circuit consisting of 11 pi-sections, in which the DHM
inductors were either of the old Type-94 type or new Type-96 DHM inductors.
DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM DHM

Fig. 1. ‒ Tested case.

In both cases, parameters of the models were the same and the modeling was carried out
during 10 periods of a sinusoidal 50-Hz voltage, with time step of 1.E-6 sec. The following are
excerpts of lis-files, which characterize the simulation:
A) Old Type-94 model
Timing figures characterizing central processor (CP) solution speed. CP sec Wait sec Real sec
Data input time (through blank card ending branches) .... 0.031 0.000 0.031
Node renumbering and phasor solution .... 0.063 0.000 0.063
After phasor solution, but before time-step loop .... 0.000 0.000 0.000
Integration of equations (time-step loop) .... 272.953 0.000 272.953
---------------------------
Totals 273.047 0.000 273.047
B) New DHM inductors
Timing figures characterizing central processor (CP) solution speed. CP sec Wait sec Real sec
Data input time (through blank card ending branches) .... 0.000 0.000 0.000
Node renumbering and phasor solution .... 0.031 0.000 0.031
After phasor solution, but before time-step loop .... 0.094 0.000 0.094
Integration of equations (time-step loop) .... 0.547 0.000 0.547
---------------------------
Totals 0.672 0.000 0.672
As can be seen from the times spent within the time-step loops, the new DHM
implementation is 499 times faster for the case considered.