The Nyaya Darsana

. one of the six orthodox schools of indian philosophy

. Gautama ba Akspada(eki bentor 2 to nam) er founder
. Nyaya er mane logic ba torkoshastra, the science of reasoning
. Nyaya Darshana te knowledge ke define koraa hoy upolobdhi ba conciousness diye
. Nyaya bishash kore je knowledge diye subject ar object dutoi bojha jay
. shob knowledge holo kono na kono object er udvas.
. ekta lamp jemon or shamne ja thake takei prokash kore, temon i knowlegde er
shamne jai object
ashe tai prokashito hoy(mane shei object ke puro puri bojha jay knowlegde er dara,
ar tar thekeo
knowledge pai)
. knowledge valid hote pare abar inivalid hote pare
. valid knowledge kono ebject ke ekdom accurately prokash kore, object ta jemon,
thik temon bhabei
. Nyaya throey of corrospomdence mene chole (corrospomdence mane shadrishho), kono
knowledge tokhoni
valid jokhon realityr sathe tar shadrishho thakbe
. kono knowledge amader soul e toiri hoy jokhon amader soul kono non-soul (object)
er
shongshporshe ashe
. knowledge amader soul er ekta baheri boishisto jeta object ta theke generate hoy
. knowledge ta jodi sound hoy (juktijukto ba thik ba shustho hoy) tahole knowledge
ta valid
. jodi sound na hoy tahole knowledge ta invalid
. for example:
. jono shustho drishti shompunno bekti jodi kono balish er rong shada dekhe
tajole shie knowledge ta valid but jodi kono joundice wala lok jodi balish
tar rong holud
dekhe tahole knowledge ta invalid
. valid knowledge object er sathe shadrishho maintain kore, ei knowledge er upor
base kore
kono ectivity successfull hoy
. invalid knowledge object er sathe shadroshho thake na, tai er upor base kore kono
activity
successful hoy na
. for example:
. agun kath poray, gorom kore, alo daye, jodi na daye tahole sheta agun na
. knowledge holo kono object er udvas, sheta valid ki na sheta porer proshno,
knowledge er
validity shei object er reality er sathe knowledge er shadrishher upor depend kore
. knowledge er validity test korar jonno onek tool achhe Nyaya darsana te
. nyaya darsana te bole kono valid knowledge er utsho holo (pramanas bole eder)
. perception (upolobdhi)
. inference (onuman)
. comparison (tulona)
. shakho proman
. invalid source of knowledge er modhhe pore:
. memory
. doubt
. hypothetical reasoning (onuman mulok jikti)
. memory ekdom thi hoyna shob shomoy, memory change o hote pare
. doubt holo knowledge e onishchoyota
. error holo kono object ke bhul bhabe bojha, realityr sathe shadroshho na thaka
. ar hypothetical reasoninig ashol knowledge noy, bhul torko
. exapmle:
. kono dori ke tumi dori hisebei dekho, tahole sheta valid knowledge
. kono dori dekhe jodi tumi sure na how je ota dori na shap, sheta holo doubt
. jodi tumi dori dekhe mone korar cheshta koro je dori kemon dekhete hoy,
sheta memory
. jodi dori dekhe tomar mone hoy shap, tahole sheta error
. valdi knowledge er source gulo ebar dekhbo
. perception(upolobdhi):
. shob theke important source
. goutama perception ke define korechhe ei bhabe:
kono valid knowledge jeta srishti hoy amader sence organ kono object er
shongsporshe ashle
. ei defination ta yogic ba spritual perception je exclude kore jetar
jonno
sence organ ar object er shongsporsho lagena
. Vishvanatha perception ke define korechhe ei bhabe:
immediate knowledge, jeta onno kono knowledge er sahajjo na niyei pawa
jay
. perceotion 2 prokar er hote pare, loukik(ordinary) ba
oloukik(extraordinary)
. ordinary perception: jete reallityr direct experience theke pawa jay chokh, nak,
touch taste
er dara
. extraordinary perception pete gele pratibha lage, samanyalaksanapratyaksa ar
jnanalaksanapratyaksa lage
. Nayay darsana te 2 to perception er stage achhe:
. nirvikalpa(indeterminate): jokhon kono object ke just upolobdhi kora hoy
puro puri na bujhe
. savikalpa(determinate): jokhon object take puro puri bojha hoy
. shomosto laukika ar alaukika perception holo savikalpa(determinate perception)
but eder puropuri bojhar age
ekta indeterminate stage obossoi thake.
. Vatsayana bolechhen jodi kono object ke amra naam diyei upolobdhi korte pari,
tahole amader
diterminate perception achhe, jodi naam diyei upolobdhi na korte pari tahole
indeterminate perception
. kintu Jayanta Bhatta bolechhen indeterminate perception ja upolobdhi kore tar
sathe nam er kono
shomporko nei, but determinate oi eki jinish upolobdhi kore kintu nam er sathe
. arekta stage achhe jetar naam Pratyabhijna, jokhon keu upolobdho kono jinish ke
memoryr dara abar chinte pare na
. Anumana(inference): emon kono knowledge jeta pete agoe kono knowledger pryojon.
ei knowledge ta (mana) onno ager kono
knowledger(anu) pore ashe
. 5 ta systamatic step achhe right knowledge gain korar"
.proposition, ekta statement jeta prove korte hobe
. reson, argument jeta prove korbe proposition ta
. example, oi proposition ta je true tar udahoron
. application, mane, proposition ta compare kore dekha
. conclusion
. anuman 2 prokar er hoy:
.inference on self: svarthanumana, jokhon oi formal procedure ta lage na, ar
atmost last 3 te step lage na
. inference on others: parathanumana, jeta te 5 ta setep i lage
. upamana or comparison:
. ekta object ebong word jeta shie object ta bojhay, tader modhhe
relationship er knowledge ke bole upamana
. similarity jachai kora hoy jei object take judge kora hobe ebong ar already
jana ono object er modhhe
. verbal testimony:
. kono bishash joggo bektir kotha kono object er knowledge er upor, tar
meaning
. eta 2 dhoroner hoy:
 . vedic: mane ved er kotha, jei gulo ekdom perfect mana hoy, karon oi
gulo bhogoban er kotha
. non-vedic
. the Nyaya theory of causation:
. eke define kora hoy ei bhabe: same cause prosuces same effect, ar same
effect is produced by the same cause
. kono effect er modhhe tar cause kono bhabe lukiye nei
. ei jinish gulo follow kore:
. cause obossoi effecte er age ashte hobe
. oporibostito
. unconditional
. 5 dhoroner accidental antecedents achhe
. mere accidental anteceent. example: oi lok tar jamar rong lal
. are durer kono cause ashol cause na. example: shei lok tar baba kono bhabe
dayi na
. the co-effect of a cause are not casually related
. eternal substences are not unconditional antecedents
. unnecessary things like the donkey of the man
. 3 dhoroner cause achhe:
. samavayi: material cause, example: kaporer suto
. Asamavayi: colour od the thread
. Namitta: efficient cause, kapor ta je baniyechhe
. the individual soul:
. soul holo ashol fundamental quality of consciousness, jeta ashole ekta accidental
property soul er
. soul holo ahole gyani, soul i real enjoyer, the real active agent and an eternal
substance
.