Wastewater Engineering Lab Manual Revised (Submission)

VCB3073 / VDB3073 Wastewater Engineering
CONTENT
NO EXPERIMENT PAGE
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT IN THE LABORATORY 2
1 WASTEWATER SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION 3
2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS), MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED 8
SOLID (MLSS) & MIXED LIQUOR VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLID
(MLVSS)
3 BOD, COD & TOC 14
4 NITRATE, AMMONIA & PHOSPHORUS 22
5 ACTIVATED SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY TEST 26
6 TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN (TKN) 29
7 REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS 33
NO COMPUTER LAB PAGE

1 MODELING OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING GPS-X 37
2 COST ESTIMATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING 40
CADPETWORKS
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT IN THE LABS.
In all the laboratories there are certain poisonous, explosive, inflammable and
irritant substances. They vary in their degree of risk but at least 75% of them are
hazardous.
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Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
As well as chemical hazards there are bacteriological hazards from sewage, and
bacterial cultures.
Therefore, the following instruction will be followed:
1. Food and drink are not to be bought into or consumed in the labs at any
time, under all circumstances.
2. No smoking in the labs at any time.
3. Lab coat must be worn at all time.
4. All spillages must be reported immediately, whether solid / liquid and
cleaned up.
5. All accidents must be reported immediately; first aid will be given.
6. All large or small breakages must be reported.
7. Return all chemicals to the preparation room immediately after use. Do
not leave them lying around on the benches.
8. Take special care when handling acids and flammable liquids. Take
advice on how to avoid burns and risk of fire. Use safety glasses and the
fume cupboard if appropriate.
9. No mouth pipetting and hands must be washed before leaving the
laboratory.
SOME GENERAL POINTS

1. Keep your work area and your equipment clean and tidy.
2. When you have finished with samples solution or other materials either
return them to their proper place or dispose of them correctly.
3. Label all materials with the name, date and contents.
4. When disposing of broken glass keep it separate from paper waste and
put it in the special bins provided.
5. If you have any doubt ask the technician.
WASTEWATER SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION
Sampling
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Sampling is an extremely important consideration in properly characterizing wastewater

for biological phosphorus removal. Flow rate and wastewater quality change
continuously, and these changes may affect the ability of a wastewater treatment plant
to achieve consistent biological phosphorus removal. Obtaining samples that will actually
represent the wastewater flow throughout the months and years to come is difficult at
best. Diurnal fluctuations occur in concentration and flow volume; seasonal fluctuations
occur in concentration, flow volume, and temperature; and industrial contributions to the
collection system may cause wastewater characteristics to change on a short or long
term basis. Given the variable nature of wastewater and the necessity of attaining
consistent phosphorus removal, it may be necessary to collect samples that will
represent “average” characteristics and approximate characteristics under more extreme
conditions.
A desirable sampling method is to collect a 3 – 4hour composite sample. This will

provide data that may be considered representative of average wastewater
characteristics throughout the day while minimizing the sample holding time. A careful
review of flow monitoring records and reports generated by a facility over the past couple
of years will also be helpful in assessing the seasonal characteristics of the wastewater
throughout the year. If records reveal a wastewater that is highly variable in flow volume
and concentration, further analysis may be required. It is not unusual to find that a
particular facility may remove an adequate amount of phosphorus biologically during
certain times of the year, with chemical precipitation being required during times when
the wastewater characteristics are not as conducive to biological removal.
Preservation
Once a sample is taken, the constituents of the sample should be maintained in the
same condition as when collected. When it is not possible to analyze collected samples
immediately, samples should be preserved properly. Biological activity such as microbial
respiration, chemical activity such as precipitation or pH change, and physical activity
such as aeration or high temperature must be kept to a minimum. Methods of
preservation include cooling, pH control, and chemical addition, freezing is usually not
recommended. The length of time that a constituent in wastewater will remain stable is
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related to the character of the constituent and the preservation method used. The
Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater
(Environmental Protection Agency 1982)
Analysis Method
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit for each municipal
treatment plant dictates effluent limitations and monitoring requirements for that
particular plant. For evaluating plant performance regardless of size, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and flow should be
routinely monitored.
Secondary analysis may include Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, Temperature, Dissolved
Oxygen, Total Volatile Solids, Settleable Solids, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chlorine
Residual, Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Metals, COD, Oil and Grease, and Organic Priority
Pollutants are required.
Since COD is a better energy measurement than BOD5 (the 5-day BOD test) for
monitoring carbonaceous energy removal (Ekama et al. 1984), it is recommended that
COD be analyzed on a routine basis in plants designed to remove phosphorus. In
addition, if a plant is designed to remove phosphorus, phosphorus (total phosphorus and
orthophosphate) and nitrogen (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen) need to be
monitored more frequently in each basin of the treatment process. The recommended
routine analytical methods are summarized in Table 2.
Table 1: Required containers, preservation techniques, and holding times.
Maximum
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Parameter Container Preservative Holding Time

Bacterial Test
Cool, 4ºC 6 hours
Coliform, fecal and total P, G 0.008% Na2S2O3
Cool, 4ºC 6 hours
Fecal streptococci P, G 0.008% Na2S2O3
Inorganic Test
Acidity P, G Cool, 4ºC 14 days
Alkalinity P, G Cool, 4ºC 14 days
Ammonia P, G Cool, 4ºC 28 days
H2SO4 to pH < 2
Biochemical Oxygen Demand P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours

Carbonaceous
Bromide P, G None required 28 days
Cool, 4ºC
Chemical Oxygen Demand P, G H2SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Chlorine P, G None required 28 days
Chlorine, Total Residual P, G None required Analyze immediately
Cool, 4ºC
Color P, G 48 hours
Cyanide, Total and Amenable to P, G Cool, 4ºC 14 days
Chlorination NaOH to pH > 12
Fluoride P None required Analyze immediately
Hardness P, G HN03 to ph < 2 6 months
Hydrogen Ion (pH) P, G None required Analyze immediately
Cool, 4ºC
Kjeldahl and Organic Nitrogen P, G H2SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Metals
Chromium (VI) P, G Cool, 4ºC 24 hours
Mercury P, G HN03 to ph < 2 28 days
Metals, except above P, G HN03 to ph < 2 48 hours
Nitrate P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours
Cool, 4ºC
Nitrite - nitrite P, G H²SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Nitrite P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours
Cool, 4ºC
Oil and Grease G H²SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Cool, 4ºC
Organic Carbon P, G HCI or H²SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Filter immediately
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Orthophosphate P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours

Oxygen, Dissolved Probe G None required Analyze immediately
Cool, 4ºC
Phenols G H²SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Phosphorus (elemental) G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours
Cool, 4ºC
Phosphorus, total P, G H²SO4 to pH < 2 28 days
Residue, total P, G Cool, 4ºC 7 days
Residue, filterable P, G Cool, 4ºC 7 days
Residue, non – filterable Cool, 4ºC
(TSS) P, G 7 days
Residue, setteable P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours
Residue, volatile P, G Cool, 4ºC 7 days
*Adopted from Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines for handling and
preserving samples.
P = Plastic G = Glass
Table 2: Analytical Methods.
Parameter Method
BOD5 Standard Methods 5210
COD Standard Methods 5220
Total Phosphorus Standard Methods 4500–P
Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method

Orthophosphate
Standard Methods 4500–P
Preliminary Distillation; Titrimetic Method
NH3 + NH4+ - N
Standard Methods 4500–NH3
Devarda’s Alloy Reduction Method,
NO2- + NO3- - N
Standard Methods 4500
Semi-Micro Kjeldahl
TKN
Standard Methods 4500-Nitrogen (organic)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Standard Methods 2540-D
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) Standard Methods 2540-E
Alkalinity Standard Methods 2320
pH Standard Methods 4500-H+
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*Standard Methods refer to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater (American Public Health Association 1995)
EXPERIMENT 1
1.0 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS), MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS

(MLSS) & MIXED LIQUOR VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS (MLVSS)
OBJECTIVE
To calculate the non-filterable residue in water / wastewater using gravimetric method.
INTRODUCTION
Physical Characteristics
The most important physical characteristic of wastewater is its total solids content, which
is composed of floating matter, matter in suspension, colloidal matter, and matter in
solution.
Total Suspended Solids

Analytically, the total solids content of a wastewater is defined as all the matter that
remains as residue upon evaporation at 103°C to 105°C.Matter that has a significant
vapor pressure at this temperature is lost during evaporation, and is not defined as a
solid. Total solids, or residue upon evaporation, can be classified as either suspended
solids or filterable solids by passing a known volume of liquid through a filter. The filter is
commonly chosen so that the minimum diameter of the suspended solids is about 1
micron. The suspended solids fraction includes the settleable solids that will settle to the
bottom of a cone-shaped container (Imhoff cone) in a 60 minutes’ period. Settleable
solids are an approximate measure of the quantity of sludge that will be removed by
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sedimentation. The filterable solid fractions consist of colloidal and dissolved solids. The
colloidal fraction consists of the particulate matter with an approximately diameter range
of from 1 millimicron (m) to 1.The dissolved solids consists of both organic and
inorganic molecules and irons that are present in true solution in water. The colloidal
fraction cannot be removed by settling. Generally, biological oxidation or coagulation,
followed by sedimentation, is required to remove these particles from suspension.
Each of categories of solid may be further classified on the basis of their volatility at
600°C. The organic fraction will oxidize and will be driven off as gas at this temperature,
and the inorganic fraction remains behind as ash. Thus the terms volatile suspended
solids and fixed suspended solids refers, respectively to the organic and inorganic (or
mineral) content of the suspended solids. At 600°C, the decomposition of inorganic salts
is restricted to magnesium carbonate, which decomposes into magnesium oxide and
carbon dioxide at 350°C. Calcium carbonate, the major component of the inorganic salts,
is stable up to a temperature of 825°C. The volatile solids analysis is applied most
commonly to wastewater sludge to measure their biological stability.
Typical values of TSS of untreated domestic wastewater are as follow:
CONCENTRATION (MG/L)
Mixed Liquor Strong Medium Weak Suspended
Solids, total 1200 720 350
Solids & Suspended, total 350 220 100 Mixed Liquor
Volatile Fixed 75 55 20 Suspended
Volatile 275 165 80
Solids
Mixed liquor is a combination of sludge and water removed from the clarifier in the
wastewater treatment process and reintroduced into an earlier phase of the treatment
process. The mixed liquor contains microorganisms which digest the wastes in the raw
water.
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is a test for the total suspended solids in a
sample of mixed liquor. This test is essentially the same as the test you performed for
TSS in the last lab, except for the use of mixed liquor as the water sample. In addition,
the concentration of suspended solids found in the mixed liquor is typically much greater
than that found in the raw or treated water. MLSS concentrations are often greater than
1,000 mg/L, but should not exceed 4,000 mg/L.
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MLVSS, or Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, is a test for the amount of volatile
suspended solids found in a sample of mixed liquor. Volatile solids are those solids
which are burnt up when a sample is heated to 550°C.Most of the volatile solids in a
sample of mixed liquor will consist of microorganisms and organic matter. As a result,
the volatile solids concentration of mixed liquor is approximately equal to the amount of
microorganisms in the water and can be used to determine whether there are enough
microorganisms present to digest the sludge.
APPARATUS / SAMPLE
I. Dry oven
II. Analytical balance
III. Desiccator
IV. Dish tong
V. Measuring cylinder
VI. Filter paper
VII. Glass fiber filter
VIII. Furnace
IX. TSS filter pump
X. Aluminum pan
XI. Wastewater sample
XII. Distilled water
PROCEDURE
TSS- Total Suspended Solid

1) Label the aluminum pan so that it can be identified easily. Measure and record
the weight of the filter paper and the pan.
2) Clean the TSS filter pump using distilled water. Place a filter paper on top of the
filter holder.
3) Measure 50 mL influent and 100 mL effluent of wastewater using measuring
cylinder and pour them into the filter. Repeat this for 2 other samples. Rinse the
measuring cylinder using distilled water.
4) Switch on the pump to let pump out the wastewater sample. Add the distilled
water to make sure no suspended solids stick to the side of the filter.
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5) Once all the water is pumped out, remove the watch glass and place the filter
paper containing the solids on the pan. Put the pan and the filter paper in the
drying oven at 105˚C for 1 hour.
6) After the one hour, remove the pan and the filter from the drying oven and place
them in a desiccator for 10 minutes to cool down to room temperature.
7) Weight the pan together with the filter paper and solids. Tabulate the results.
MLSS and MLVSS

1) Prepare the wastewater sample with dilution factor of 1:50. 10 mL of wastewater
sample is then pipetted immediately into a flask. 490 mL of distilled water is then
added to the sample and the flask shaken properly. (Take note that volume of
wastewater sample used vary with the capacity of volumetric flask)
2) Repeat steps 1-7 from the TSS procedure above using microfiber filter. This is
because the normal filter will burn in an oven at 550°C. Prepare three samples of
50 mL for MLSS and another three samples for MLVSS.
3) For the MLVSS sample, after the first drying oven, place the pan into another
oven at 550°C for 1 hour and then place in the desiccator for 10 minutes to cool
down to room temperature.
4) Weight the pan is together with the filter paper and solids. This gives the MLFSS
value. Calculate MLVSS and MLSS using the formula given:
MLSS = MLFSS – MLVSS

MLVSS = Weight at 105°C – Weight at 550°C X Dilution Factor X 50mL or 100mL
RESULT
TSS- Total Suspended Solid

Vol. of Initial weight Final weight foil + Final weight foil + TSS Avg.
sample of foil + filter filter paper after filter paper after TSS
paper (mg) 105 °C (mg) 550 °C (mg)

MLSS and MLVSS
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Vol. of Initial weight Final weight foil + Final weight foil + MLSS MLSS,
sample of foil + filter filter paper after filter paper after (mg/L) Avg.
paper (mg) 105 °C (mg) 550 °C (mg) (mg/L)

CALCULATION
TSS (mg/L)
MLSS (mg/L)
MLVSS (mg/L)
DISCUSSION
1. Why do you need to filter distilled water through the filter pads and dry it before
uses in the TSS test?
2. Why do you need to dilute the biomass when measuring for Mixed Liquor
Suspended Solids (MLSS)?
3. Why do you need to rinse the filter funnel after pouring the liquid into the filter
funnel during filtration?
4. State TWO differences in measuring MLVSS and TSS.
i. MLVSS uses oven at 550 °C and TSS uses oven at 105 °C.
ii. MLVSS uses glass microfiber filter, TSS uses normal fibre filter.
5. Describe how you measure TSS, MLSS, and MLVSS in your methodology.
6. Plot the graph of Influent TSS and Effluent TSS vs time and comment on the
shape of the graph with respect to the times.
i. Also compare with the normal medium strength wastewater. Is the

average Influent TSS higher or lower? Why?
ii. Is the effluent TSS meeting the standard A or B?
7. What is the average concentration of MLSS, MLVSS in the anoxic and aeration
tank? Comment on the values. Compare with standard values (check Metcalf
and Eddy for extended aeration system. Give the page number).
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PRECAUTION
1. Avoid direct contact with pan using hand.
2. Avoid parallax error.
3. Make sure all apparatus is clean before experiment starts.
EXPERIMENT 2
1 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater sample.
INTRODUCTION
Biochemical oxygen demand, BOD is an indirect indicator of the amount of the organic
matter present in waste. In simple words, BOD is the amount of oxygen used by bacteria
to degrade the organic matter that present in the wastewater. When bacteria are placed
in contact with organic matter, the bacteria will utilize it as a food source. The organic
matter will eventually be oxidized to stable end products such as carbon dioxide and
water.
The most widely used parameter of organic pollution applied to both wastewater and
surface water is the 5-day BOD (BOD5). This determination involves the measurement of
the dissolved oxygen used by the microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of
organic matter. The results from the BOD test are now used:
(1) To determine the approximate quantity of oxygen that will be required to
biologically stabilize the organic matter present.
(2) To determine the size of waste treatment facilities.
(3) To measure the efficiency of some treatment processes.
(4) To determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits.
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Nitrates and Phosphates are plant nutrients that can lead to higher BOD levels. When
BOD levels are high, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels will decrease and it will cause fishes
and other aquatic life to die. Natural sources of organic matter include plant decay and
leaf fall. However, plant growth and decay may be unnaturally accelerated when
nutrients and sunlight are overly abundant due to human influence. Urban runoff carries
pet wastes from streets and sidewalks; nutrients from lawn fertilizers; leaves, grass
clippings, and paper from residential areas, which increase oxygen demand. Oxygen
consumed in the decomposition process robs other aquatic organisms of the oxygen
they need to live. Organisms that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen levels may
replace a diversity of more sensitive organisms.
The actual BOD test involves placing a sample of waste in a test bottle that includes
bacteria (seed), nutrients and dissolved oxygen. The test bottle is incubated for 5 days at
a constant temperature of 20 °C. The amount of dissolved oxygen used under these
conditions is known as the 5 days’ biochemical oxygen demand.
The presence of BOD in wastewater can be removed by two methods, which is oxidation
reaction and synthesis in the activated sludge or aeration tank.
Oxidation:
COHNS + O2 + bacteria CO2 + H2O + NH3 + other end products + energy
Synthesis:
COHNS + O2 + bacteria + energy C5H7NO2
The activated sludge process of wastewater treatment is based on providing intimate

contact between the wastewater and biological active sludge. Such sludge is developed
initially by extend under conditions which favor the growth of organisms with special
ability to oxidize organic matter.
APPARATUS
I. BOD bottle, volume = 300 mL
II. Measuring cylinder
III. Pipette
IV. BOD Cap
V. Dissolved Oxygen probe equipped with a stirring mechanism
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REAGENT
I. Wastewater samples
II. Coke
III. Milk
IV. Distilled water
V. Aerated distilled water
VI. Glutamic acid, 150 mg
VII. Glucose, 150 mg
VIII. Nitrification Inhibitor
IX. BOD Nutrient Buffer Pillow
PROCEDURE
1. Divide the students by 3 groups:
Group 1: BOD of wastewater samples with and without nitrification inhibitor
Group 2: BOD of blank, coke and milk sample.
Group 3: BOD standard
2. For group 1, prepare six sets of samples and pour into the BOD bottles according
to the volume needed. (Influent samples: 30 mL; effluent sample 150 mL)
3. Add nitrification inhibitor for three sets of the samples.
4. For group 2, prepare a blank sample for correction in BOD calculation.
5. Dilute coke and milk samples to 1:1000. Use the volume sample of 2 mL, 5 mL or
10 mL. (depending on the number assigned)
6. Take 2 mL of seed from the influent of the activated sludge and add into the bottles
that contains coke or milk samples.
7. For group 3, dilute the sample to 1:1000 and put in the BOD bottle.
8. Take 2 mL of seed from the influent of the activated sludge and add into the bottle
that contains standard sample.
9. After all the samples were prepared, the initial DO for each sample was measured
by the DO probe that was equipped with a stirring mechanism.
10. The BOD bottles were then placed in the refrigerator at 20 °C temperature and left
for 5 days.
11. After 5 days’ incubation, the final DO is measured by using the DO probe.
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RESULT
Initial Final Dof – Seed / Avg.
Sample Bottle Vol. Of DO, DO, Seed Doi blank BOD BOD
ID sample Doi Dof (mL) (mg/L) correction (mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Blank
BOD
standard
Coke
Sample
Milk
Sample
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Sample 5
Sample 6
CALCULATION
To calculate the BOD value without seed correction:
BOD = Initial dissolved oxygen – Final dissolved oxygen – Blank correction

(Volume of sample / 300)
To calculate BOD value with seed correction and blank correction:
BOD = Initial dissolved oxygen – Final dissolved oxygen – (Seed & Blank correction)
(Volume of sample /300)
To calculate BOD value with seed correction and blank correction as well as
dilution:
BOD = Initial dissolved oxygen – Final dissolved oxygen – (Seed & Blank correction)
(Volume of sample / 300)
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Multiplied by dilution factor.
PRECAUTION
1. Make sure there is no bubbles in the BOD bottles.
2. Fill aerated distilled water slowly into the BOD bottles to prevent production of
bubbles.
3. Fill the stopper with distilled water to avoid oxygen from atmosphere entering the
BOD bottles.
DISCUSSION
1. Plot graph of TBOD vs time.
2. Plot graph of CBOD vs time.
3. Plot graph of NBOD vs time.
4. Plot graph of COD vs time.
5. Plot graph of TOC vs time.
6. Why seed microorganism is added in BOD test for milk and coke?
7. What does high BOD in milk and coke indicate?
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2.0 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
OBJECTIVE
To measure the chemical oxygen demand equivalent of the organic material in
wastewater that can be oxidized chemically using dichromate in acid solution.
INTRODUCTION
Chemical oxygen demand is widely used to characterize the organic strength of
wastewater and pollution of natural waters. It is the amount of oxygen that is required to
oxidize an organic compound (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) to CO 2 and water
under the influence of a strong oxidant (K2Cr2O7) in an acid environment (silver nitrate
used as a catalyst). Compared to the BOD test, the major advantage of this test is that it
requires a shorter time which is approximately 3 hours. The relationship between COD
and BOD can be established so that the BOD value can be estimated quickly. The
common relationship between these two parameters can be obtained by
BOD5 / COD for municipal waste water ≈ 0.5
APPARATUS
I. Refluxing unit – comprising the following:
Erlenmeyer flask – 250 mL capacity with standard joints
Condenser – double jacketed with standard joints
Hot plate
II. COD Reactor – set at 105 °C
III. Pipette
IV. Spectrophotometer
REAGENTS
I. Cleaning solutions:
Chromic acid
Sulfuric acid solution, H2SO4
II. Mercuric sulfate
III. Ferroin indicator
IV. Potassium dichromate solution, K2Cr2O7
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Universiti Teknologi Petronas
PROCEDURE
1) Measure 2 mL of wastewater sample and pour into a test tube containing
potassium dichromate.
2) Shake the test tube properly. When heat is produced, it indicates an exothermic
process.
3) This procedure is repeated by other groups for other samples.
4) All the test tubes together with a blank as an indicator were then put into the COD
reactor and left for 2 hours.
5) Take three readings and calculate the average of those readings using
spectrophotometer.
RESULT
Group No. Sample COD Avg. COD Total Avg. COD

PRECAUTION
1. Make sure the cover of the tube is closed properly.
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2 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the total organic carbon (TOC) in wastewater sample.
INTRODUCTION
TOC is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-
specific indicator of water quality. The TOC of the wastewater can be used as a measure
of its pollution characteristics and in some cases it has been possible to relate TOC to
BOD and COD values. The TOC test is also gaining in favor because it takes only 5 to
10 minutes to complete. If a valid relationship can be established between results
obtained with the TOC test and the results of the BOD test for a given wastewater, use
of the TOC test for process control is recommended.
APPARATUS
I. Vial
II. Wastewater Sample
III. TOC analyzer
PROCEDURE
1) Pour the wastewater sample in a vial.
2) Use TOC analyzers developed by Shimadzu to get TOC of the wastewater
sample through combustion catalytic oxidation method.
3) Heat the wastewater sample at 680°C in an oxygen-rich environment inside TC
combustion tubes filled with a platinum catalyst.
4) The carbon dioxide generated is cooled and dehumidified.
5) Detect the carbon dioxide generated by oxidation through combustion using an
infrared gas analyzer (NDIR).
6) Obtain the concentration of TC (total carbon) in the sample by comparing with a
calibration curve formula.
7) Oxidize the wastewater sample through sparging process.
8) Obtain the inorganic carbon (IC) concentration by detecting the carbon dioxide
produced with the NDIR.
9) Calculate the TOC concentration by using formula: TOC = TC - IC
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EXPERIMENT 3
3.0 NITRATE, AMMONIA & PHOSPHORUS
OBJECTIVE
To measure the amount of nitrate, ammonia and phosphorus content in the wastewater.
INTRODUCTION
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is typically used to monitor and to some extent control
information regarding the rate of aerobic biological activity. Adding ammonia and nitrate
measurements will paint a much more complete picture of the state and health of the
treatment process. Phosphorus measurement is done to determine the effectiveness of
biological phosphorus removal.
APPARATUS
I. Pipette
II. Micropipette
III. Cuvette
IV. Spectrophotometer
V. Volumetric flask
VI. Vial
VII. Measuring Cylinder
REAGENTS
I. NitraVer5 powder
II. Mineral Stabilizer
III. Polyvinyl Alcohol
IV. Nessler Agent
V. Potassium persulfate powder pillow
VI. 1.54 N NaOH
VII. PhosVer3 powder pillow
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PROCEDURE
NITRATE
1) Add 10 mL of the sample into a cuvette with a packet of NitraVer5 powder.
2) Shake the cuvette for 1 minute.
3) Keep the cuvette stand still for another 5 minutes.
4) Place a blank cuvette into spectrophotometer for zero calibration.
5) Insert the cuvette with sample into the spectrophotometer.
6) Observe and take the reading from the spectrophotometer.
AMMONIA
1) Dilute the wastewater sample with dilution factor of 1:10 using volumetric flask.
2) Measured 25 mL of diluted sample using measuring cylinder.
3) Add 3 drops of mineral stabilizer and 3 drops of polyvinyl alcohol to the sample.
4) Mix the sample.
5) 1 mL of Nessler reagent is added to the sample.
6) Mix the sample for 1 minute.
7) 10 mL of the sample is placed into the cuvette.
8) Repeat step 2 to step 7 using distilled water for zero calibration.
9) Insert the cuvette with distilled water sample into spectrophotometer for zero
calibration.
10) Insert the cuvette filled with sample into spectrophotometer.
11) Observe and take the reading.
PHOSPHORUS
1) Dilute the wastewater sample with dilution factor of 1:5 using volumetric flask.
2) Add 5 mL of diluted sample into a vial together with potassium persulfate powder
pillow.
3) Mix the sample inside the vial using a vibrator.
4) Leave the sample in an oven with 110 °C for 30 minutes to digest.
5) Cool down the sample by leaving it at the room temperature.
6) Add 2 mL of 1.54 N NaOH into the sample.
7) Mix the sample. Insert it into spectrophotometer for zero calibration.
8) Take out the sample and add a pack of PhoVer3 powder pillow.
9) Mix the sample for two minutes.
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10) Take the reading of sample using spectrophotometer between 2 to 8 minutes.
RESULT
Samples
Nitrate, NO3- Ammonia, NH3- Phosphorus, PO3-

Time

DISCUSSION
1) Describe how you measure ammonia, nitrate and phosphorus.
2) Plot ammonia, nitrate and phosphorus vs time of day. What is the average values
of each parameter?
3) How is ammonia degraded in the aeration tank?
4) What is the byproducts of nitrification?
5) How do you remove nitrate produced in Q4?
6) Why there is some nitrate in the raw wastewater?
7) What is nitrification?
8) What is denitrification?
9) Why is it undesirable to discharge ammonia into the rivers?
10) Why is it undesirable to discharge nitrate to the rivers?
22
EXPERIMENT 4
6.0 ACTIVATED SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY TEST
OBJECTIVE
 To observe and measure the rate and characteristics of the separation of solids.
 To determine the length of time required for the sludge to settle.
INTRODUCTION
Activated sludge is a process dealing with the sewage and industrial wastewater
treatment. Atmospheric air or pure oxygen is forced into raw sewage combined with
organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of sewage. In
all activated sludge plants, once the wastewater has received sufficient treatment,
excess mixed liquor is discharged into settling tanks and the treated supernatant is run
off to undergo further treatment before discharge. Part of the settled material, the sludge,
is returned to the head of aeration system to re-seed the new wastewater entering the
tank. This is called Return Activated Sludge (R.A.S). Excess sludge which eventually
accumulates beyond what is returned is called Wasted Activated Sludge (W.A.S)
The settleability test is often used with all kinds of activated sludge plants to find the
amount of solids in aeration units. The results help the operator to decide when to waste
sludge and to find the rate of sludge return. The activated sludge settleability test can be
run in a 1000ml graduated cylinder or in any clear, wide mouthed container. The
container should be ruled off into 10 units such as centimeters, milliliters or inches. The
sample is poured into the cylinder or jar up to the top mark and is allowed to settle.
Readings are taken from time to time to find settling rates. The sample should be
allowed to settle for about 30 minutes.
Turbidity is a measure of suspended matter that interferes (absorption or scattering) with
the passage of the light through water. Thus the factor that affects the scattering of the
light would affect its measurement. The influential factors include:
· Number, size and shapes of the particles.
· Refractive index of particles
· Wavelength of the incident ray from the instrument.
· Characteristic and the quality of the measuring device.
23
Turbidity measurements are very important as a guide to quality as well as an essential

parameter for proper control and operation of treatment plants. As, colloidal particles
have dimensions greater than the average wavelength of white light, they interface with
the passage of light.
APPARATUS
I. 1000 mL measuring cylinder
II. 1000 mL beaker
III. Stopwatch
IV. Turbidity meter
V. Wastewater sample
VI. Floc tester
REAGENT
I. FeCl3, Ferum (II) Chloride
II. Al2(SO4)3, Aluminium Sulfide (Alum)
PROCEDURE
1) Collect 1000 mL of the sludge sample place into the 1000 mL beaker.
2) Add 30% Alum or Ferric sulfide to the sludge sample. (Each sample has different dosage
of Alum or Ferric sulfide)
3) Mix the sample at 150 rpm for 1 minute using Floc Tester.
4) Transfer the sample into the 1000 mL measuring cylinder.
5) Measure the height difference of the solid has been settled every 30 seconds.
6) Record the reading in the table.
7) Once 3 consecutive constant readings are achieved, repeat step 5 and 6 by changing the
duration for measuring height difference for 1 minute, 2 minutes and 5 minutes.
8) Measure the turbidity of the supernatant of sludge sample using turbidimeter.
24
RESULT
Concentration
Jar No. Vol. of Coagulant (mL) Turbidity (NTU)
(mg/L)

30% Alum or Ferric Chloride

Cylinder, 1000ml = 33.5 cm
No coagulant (RAW)
Jar
Time, sec Volume h(cm) Time, sec Volume h (cm)

CALCULATION
1) 30% dosage, D = 300 mg/ml x Volume of Alum or Ferric Chloride
2) Concentration = D / (1+volume of Alum or Ferric Chloride) L
3) Height = 0.0335 x volume of solid settled.
4) Interface subsidence velocity, V= (H0 – HC2) / tC2
H0 = Initial height
HC2 = Height at cross section of 2 tangent lines
tC2 = Time at cross section of 2 tangent lines
25
DISCUSSION
1) Plot graph of height of settlement vs time for each sample.
2) Plot a graph of interface subsidence velocity vs dosage.
3) Identify the optimum dosage of Alum or Ferric Chloride.
4) The initial solids concentration Co is 3000 mg/L and thickened solids
concentration, Cu is 12,000 mg/L, with total flow of 3800 m3/day. Design the size
of an activated sludge settling tank based on the optimum dosage of Alum or
Ferric Chloride by using the formula given:
Athickening = Qtu / Ho
Aclarification = Qc / V
For extra information, please refer to:
Tchobanoglous, G., David, H.S., Tsuchihashi, R., Burton, F., Abu, M.O., Bowden,
G., & Pfrang, W. (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and resources
recovery, 5(1), 362-363. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education.
PRECAUTION
1) Make sure the total volume after mixing sample and Alum or Ferric Chloride is
1000 mL. If the volume of coagulant is large, volume of wastewater sample
should be less than 1000 mL.
2) Record the initial height immediately once the wastewater sample is poured into
the measuring cylinder.
3) Avoid parallax error.
4) Do not shake the measuring cylinder or table to avoid disturbance towards the
settlement.
26
EXPERIMENT 5
7.0 TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN (TKN)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the TKN value of blank as well as influent sample.
INTRODUCTION
TKN is the total concentration of organic nitrogen and ammonia. The
original TKN method was developed by the Danish chemist Johan Kjeldahl in 1883.
Today, TKN is a required parameter for regulatory reporting at many plants but is also
used to provide a means of monitoring plant operations.
Nitrogen is one of the five major elements found in organic materials such as protein.
This method is used to determine the amount of protein in samples taken from a wide
variety of organisms. The central basis used in this procedure is the oxidation of the
organic compound using strong sulfuric acid. As an organic material is oxidized, the
carbon it contains is converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen is converted into
water.
The nitrogen, from the amino groups found in the bonds of polypeptide chains is
converted to ammonium ion, which dissolves in the oxidizing solution, and can be later
converted to ammonia gas. TKN analysis is the worldwide standard for calculating the
protein content.
APPARATUS & Reagent

I. Digestion unit, K-435 VII. Sulfuric acid
II. Scrubber B-414 VIII. Selenium tablets
III. Auto kjeldhal unit K-370 IX. Distilled water
IV. 300 ml sample tubes X. Sodium Hydroxide
V. Pipettes (10,25,50,100ml) XI. Distillation unit
VI. Vial XII. Boric acid
27
XIII. pH meter
PROCEDURE
1) Add 15 mL of prepared sample into the vial.
2) Add 20 mL of sulfuric acid to the vial. The concentration of sulfuric acid is
approximately 98%.
3) Add 10 selenium tablets into the vial.
4) Put the vial into digestion unit K-435 for 1-hour digestion.
5) Cool down the sample for 45 minutes to 1 hour.
6) Add 50 mL of distilled water to the vial.
7) Add 70 mL of sodium hydroxide to the vial. (From distillation unit)
8) Add 60 mL of boric acid to a separate conical flask and place in the distillation unit.
9) Collect the distillate after 3 minutes.
10) Measure the initial pH using pH meter.
11) Titrate the solution until it reaches pH value of 4.65.
12) The volume of sulfuric acid used is recorded.
13) TKN is calculated using the formula below:
TKN = (V1 – V2) / (V0) x C x 14.01 x 1000
Where
V1 = volume of acid for sample titration (mL)
V2 = volume of acid used for blank titration (mL)
V0 = volume of the sample (mL)
C = molarity of the acid used for filtration (0.15M H2SO4)
14.01 = Relative molar mass of nitrogen
RESULT
Vials V1 (mL) V2 (mL) TKN (mg/L) pH Initial pH Final

DISCUSSION
1) What is the purpose of the digestion process?
2) What is the purpose of distillation?
3) Why titrate the solution until it reaches pH value of 4.65?
28
4) Why sulfuric acid is added to the sample?

5) Why sodium hydroxide is added to the sample?
6) Why boric acid is added to the sample?
7) Why 10 selenium tablets are added?
PRECAUTION
1) Use tongs to hold the vial after distillation as the vial is very hot.
2) Handle the sulfuric acid with cautious as it is very concentrated.
3) Titrate the sample slowly to ensure it reaches exactly pH value of 4.65.
29
EXPERIMENT 6
8.0 REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL
OBJECTIVE
 To determine the optimum pH to remove heavy metal.
 To determine the optimum dosage of alum to remove heavy metal.
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic
weights or atomic numbers. The earliest commonly known heavy metals are iron,
copper, tin and precious metals such as silver, gold and platinum. Some heavy metals
are either essential nutrients (typically iron, cobalt and zinc) or relatively harmless (such
as ruthenium, silver and indium) but can be toxic in large amounts or certain forms.
Heavy metals are relatively scarce in the earth’s crust but are present in many aspects
of modern life. Therefore, it is important to remove it from the wastewater to avoid
harmful effects towards environment.
APPARATUS & Reagent

I. Zinc or Copper VIII. Syringe
II. Pipette IX. Jar test equipment
III. Small beaker X. Lime
IV. Measuring Cylinder XI. Turbidity Meter
V. Vial XII. pH meter
VI. Beaker XIII. Cuvette
VII. Sodium Hydroxide XIV. Conical flask
PROCEDURE
1) Take the zinc or copper wastewater sample and pour into the jar.
2) Assign each group to change different variables as followed:
Jar
Group Variables
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (variation of pH) pH 2 4 6 8 10 12
Alum
2 (variation of alum dosage) 0.15 0.5 1 2 3 5
Dosage
30
pH 6 6 6 6 6 6
3 (fixed pH; variation of alum dosage)
Alum
0.15 0.5 1 2 3 5
Dosage
pH 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11
4 (variation of pH, fixed alum dosage)

Alum
1 1 1 1 1 1
Dosage
5 (variation of nanozeolite dosage) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
3) Measure the initial pH for each beaker.

4) Add sulfuric acid solution to lower pH and lime solution to increase the pH.
Record the volume used to adjust pH value. Add alum into the jar and rapid mix
for 1 minute (150rpm).
5) For group 3, check final pH after alum is added. If the value is more than 6, add
sulfuric acid; if the value is less than 6, add lime.
6) For group 5, add nanozeolite and mix rapidly for 1 minute (150rpm).
7) Mix slowly the sample at 50rpm for 20 minutes to let it flocculates.
8) Leave the sample to settle for 20 minutes.
9) 20mL of supernatant is collected and put in conical flask.
10) For group 2, filter the supernatant using syringe and put in the conical flask.
11) Add powder pillow into conical flask and invert several times to dissolve the
powder completely.
12) Pour 10 mL of the solution into cuvette as blank sample.
13) Add 0.5 mL of cyclohexane using plastic dropper to another 10mL of sample.
14) Mix the sample for 30 seconds and pour into cuvette.
15) Measure the turbidity of the sample using turbidity meter.
16) Use blank sample as zero concentration, then measure the concentration of the
sample using spectrophotometer.
17) If the concentration is more than 3 mg/L, dilute the sample. Repeat step 11 to 15
until the result is less than 3 mg/L.
18) For group 1 and 2, dilute the sample first before proceed to step 11 to 15.
19) Record the heavy metal concentration.
31
RESULT
Vol. of H2SO4 Vol of volume of pHi pHadj Zn pHf Final Turbidity
sample / Lime H2SO4, coagulant concentration Zn (NTU)
(mL) Lime (mL) (Dilution conc.
(mL) Factor) (mg/L)

DISCUSSION
1) Plot graph of heavy metal concentration and turbidity vs dosage for each sample.
2) Explain the results of each group.
32
VCB3073 / VDB3073 Water &Wastewater Engineering
COMPUTER LAB 1
1.0 MODELING OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING GPS-X
OBJECTIVE
 To determine the model system using GPS-X.
 To determine the effluent quality of a complete mix activated sludge system
using GPS-X.
 To determine the maximum influent flow rate, Q to meet effluent standard A limits
of:
BOD = 20 g O2/m3
TSS = 50 g/m3
COD = 50 g N/m3
TKN = 5 mg/L
INTRODUCTION
GPS-X is a modular, multi-purpose computer program for the modeling and simulation of
municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. GPS-X models can be applied to
solve many different problems and can be used by a wide range of users:
• Design
• Operations
• Operator Training
• Cost Savings Investigations
• Research/Teaching
• Management and Strategic Planning
PROCEDURE
1. Start GPS-X software.
2. Press grid button to show the grid line on the worksheet.
3. Drag the wastewater influent icon into the worksheet.
33
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
4. The grit chamber is also dragged into the worksheet from the preliminary
treatment tab.
5. Depending on the group, choose complete mix activated sludge system or
oxidation ditch.
6. Secondary circular clarifier is dragged into the worksheet from the clarification
and settling tab. After that, the sand filter is dragged from the tertiary treatment
tab.
7. Drag the discharge icon from the tools tab.
8. Connect all the icons and label them based on their specifications.
I. Place the cursor over the connection point of the influent arrow. The cursor
will change to a white block arrow.
II. With the white block arrow, click and drag to the inlet of another object. Once
the cursor turns to a green block arrow, release the mouse buttion. A
connection pipe will be drawn. If an unacceptable connection is attempted,
the block arrow will change to a red circle with a line through it.
9. Change the influent composition by following the steps below:
I. Right-click on the influent object, move to the Composition sub-menu and
select Influent Characterization menu-item.
II. A data entry form will appear on the screen.
III. Change the waster characteristics accordingly:
Total COD = 430g COD/m3
Total TKN = 40g N/m3
TSS 238.9 = g/m3
BOD5 = 232.7 g O2/m3
Influent flow = 2000 m3/d)
10. After that, click simulation tab to simulate STP model.

11. Drag the influent flow to the blank input control window. Right-click on the influent
object and select flow data. In the flow data entry form, drag the influent flow
variable to the blank input control area above the layout. Click ‘Accept’ button on
the bottom right-hand corner of the from to accept the changes.
34
12. Plot four graphs by dragging COD, BOD, TTS and TKN into the right window
from the variable of discharged icon.
13. Set the time to 20 days (complete mix activated sludge system) or 50 days
(oxidation ditch) so that there is enough time for the results to stabilize into a
straight line.
14. Click the start button and record the data into the graph.
15. For objective 3, vary the flow rate until one of the parameter meets the standard
limit. Plot the graphs and analyze the result.
RESULT
Extract the graph and data.
DISCUSSION
1) Explain the process of the system.
2) What is the maximum flow rate to meet standard A effluent limit?
35
COMPUTER LAB 2
2.0 COST ESTIMATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING

CADPETWORKS
OBJECTIVE
 To identify the cost of using complete mix activated sludge system.
 To determine the cost using different sludge age.
INTRODUCTION
Activated Sludge Process
Activated sludge refers to biological treatment processes that use a suspended growth
of organisms to remove BOD and suspended solids. The process requires an aeration
tank and a settling tank.
In addition, support equipment, including return pumps, waste pumps, flow

measurement devices for return and waste, as well as equipment to provide aeration
(mixers and/or blowers) is also required.
Primary effluent (or plant influent) is mixed with return activated sludge to form mixed
liquor. The mixed liquor is aerated for a specified length of time. During the aeration the
activated sludge organisms use the available organic matter as food producing stable
solids and more organisms. The suspended solids produced by the process and the
additional organisms become part of the activated sludge. The solids are then separated
from the wastewater in the settling tank. The solids are returned to the influent of the
aeration tank (return activated sludge). Periodically the excess solids and organisms are
removed from the system (waste activated sludge). Failure to remove waste solids will
result in poor performance and loss of solids out of the system over the settling tank
effluent weir.
There are a number of factors that affect the performance of an activated sludge
treatment system. These include:
 temperature
36
 return rates
 amount of oxygen available
 amount of organic matter available
 pH
 waste rates
 aeration time
 wastewater toxicity
To obtain desired level of performance in an activated sludge system, a proper balance

must be maintained between the amounts of food (organic matter), organisms (activated
sludge) and oxygen (dissolved oxygen).
Complete Mix Activated Sludge
In complete mix aeration the influent and the returned sludge are mixed and applied at
several points along the length and width of the basin. The contents are mixed, and the
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) flows across the tank to the effluent channel. The
oxygen demand and organic loading are uniform along the entire length of the basin.
PROCEDURE
1. Start CapdetWorks in the desktop.
2. Access the drawing board edit menu by right-clicking on white space anywhere
on the drawing board.
3. Choose ‘Display Grid’ from the displayed items. The drawing board grid will be
displayed on the active sheet.
(Note: Skip step 2 and 3 if display grid is already displayed)
4. Drag-and-drop the required unit processes from process tool bar to the drawing
board. Ensure that the Process Tool Bar is visible. If not, select the ‘Process Tool
Bar’ Menu item in the options drop-down menu to display tool bar on the left side
of the drawing board.
5. Click on the ‘Preliminary Treatment’ Pane slat to reveal the Preliminary
Treatment unit processes.
37
6. Click and drag the ‘Influent Wastewater’ process icon from the Process Tool Bar
to the drawing board.
7. Follow step 5 and 6 for:
A ‘Preliminary Treatment’ object (Preliminary Treatment Pane).
A ‘Primary Clarification’ object (Preliminary Treatment Pane).
A ‘Complete Mix Activated Sludge’ object (Suspended Growth Pane).
An ‘Ultra-violet Disinfection’ object (Disinfection Pane).
8. After all the objects have been placed on the drawing board, connect them to
define the flow stream.
9. Place the cursor over the connection point of the influent arrow. The cursor will
change to a white block arrow.
10. With the white block arrow, click and drag to the inlet of another object. Once the
cursor turns to a green block arrow, release the mouse buttion. A connection pipe
will be drawn. If an unacceptable connection is attempted, the block arrow will
change to a red circle with a line through it.
11. Specify the particulars of the process and design requirements by following steps
below:
 Influent flow
I. Right-click on the influent object to bring up influent object’s edit
menu.
II. Select ‘Edit Influent Wastewater Parameters’ from the listed items.
III. Right-click on MGD beside ‘Average Flow’.
IV. Select ‘m3/d’
V. Follow similar procedure for ‘Maximum Flow’
VI. In the associated entry fields, enter 50000 for average flow and
100000 for the maximum flow.
VII. Click ‘Accept’ to save these changes and close the window.
 Complete mix activated sludge

I. Right-click on the ‘Complete Mix Activated Sludge’ object to bring
up object’s edit menu.
II. Select ‘Edit Complete Mix Activated Sludge Parameters’ from the
listed items.
III. Change the ‘Design SRT’ to 3 days.
38
IV. Click ‘Accept’ to save these changes and close the window.
 Secondary Clarifier
I. Right-click on the ‘Secondary Clarifier’ object to bring up object’s
edit menu.
II. Select ‘Edit Secondary Clarifier’ Parameters’ from the listed items.
III. Change ‘Effluent Suspended Solids’ to 15mg/L.
IV. Click ‘Accept’.
12. Design layout 1 by selecting ‘Estimate Cost of Current Layout’ from the ‘Cost
Analysis’ drop-down menu.
13. The costing bar now displays a summary of the estimated cost for this layout
given the design criteria entered.
14. Change ‘Design SRT’ to 6 days by following the procedures of complete mix
activated sludge in step 11.
15. Redesign layout by selecting ‘Estimate Cost of Current Layout’ from the ‘Cost
Analysis’ drop-down menu. The redesigned layout is layout 2.
16. Analyze the cost estimation by selecting ‘Compare Estimates of All Layouts’ from
the ‘Cost Analysis’ drop-down menu.
17. Click the graph button to produce graphs for comparison of each parameter.
RESULT
Extract the graph and data.
DISCUSSION
1) Compare the difference in price for layout 1 and layout 2.
2) Explain the reasons for the price difference of layout 1 and layout 2.
39

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VCB3073 / VDB3073 Wastewater Engineering

NO COMPUTER LAB PAGE

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT IN THE LABS.

Therefore, the following instruction will be followed:

SOME GENERAL POINTS

WASTEWATER SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION

Sampling is an extremely important consideration in properly characterizing wastewater

A desirable sampling method is to collect a 3 – 4hour composite sample. This will

Table 1: Required containers, preservation techniques, and holding times.

Parameter Container Preservative Holding Time

Biochemical Oxygen Demand, P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours

Orthophosphate P, G Cool, 4ºC 48 hours

Table 2: Analytical Methods.

COD Standard Methods 5220

Total Phosphorus Standard Methods 4500–P

Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method

Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) Standard Methods 2540-E

Alkalinity Standard Methods 2320

pH Standard Methods 4500-H+

1.0 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS), MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Total Suspended Solids

Typical values of TSS of untreated domestic wastewater are as follow:

TSS- Total Suspended Solid

MLSS and MLVSS

MLSS = MLFSS – MLVSS

TSS- Total Suspended Solid

MLSS and MLVSS

i. Also compare with the normal medium strength wastewater. Is the

1 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

To determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater sample.

The activated sludge process of wastewater treatment is based on providing intimate

To calculate the BOD value without seed correction:

BOD = Initial dissolved oxygen – Final dissolved oxygen – Blank correction

To calculate BOD value with seed correction and blank correction:

Multiplied by dilution factor.

2.0 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

Group No. Sample COD Avg. COD Total Avg. COD

2 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)

3.0 NITRATE, AMMONIA & PHOSPHORUS

10) Take the reading of sample using spectrophotometer between 2 to 8 minutes.

Nitrate, NO3- Ammonia, NH3- Phosphorus, PO3-

6.0 ACTIVATED SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY TEST

Turbidity measurements are very important as a guide to quality as well as an essential

30% Alum or Ferric Chloride

Time, sec Volume h(cm) Time, sec Volume h (cm)

7.0 TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN (TKN)

APPARATUS & Reagent

4) Why sulfuric acid is added to the sample?

8.0 REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL

APPARATUS & Reagent

3) Measure the initial pH for each beaker.

1.0 MODELING OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING GPS-X

• Cost Savings Investigations

• Management and Strategic Planning

Total COD = 430g COD/m3

Total TKN = 40g N/m3

TSS 238.9 = g/m3

BOD5 = 232.7 g O2/m3

Influent flow = 2000 m3/d)

10. After that, click simulation tab to simulate STP model.

2.0 COST ESTIMATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING

In addition, support equipment, including return pumps, waste pumps, flow

To obtain desired level of performance in an activated sludge system, a proper balance