SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON

RURAL MIGRATION

(SYNOPSIS)

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF STUDY AND

RESEARCH IN LAW

SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:-

Arpan Manjash Ekka Dr. J. K. Pattnaik

4TH SEMESTER

Section- B

Roll no.- 674

 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

In a layman’s term, migration means permanent shifting from a part of region to another, be it
from one village to another, one city to another, one country to another, even from village to
city, and in some cases vice versa. Migration, both through its drivers and its impacts, is
closely linked to Food and Agriculture Organization goals of fighting hunger, achieving food
security and promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. While much of the
international attention is on international migration, migration between countries is part of a
bigger picture that includes both international and domestic migration flows. Migration to,
from and between rural areas (rural migration) is an important component of these migration
flows. Rural migration is closely linked with agricultural and rural development in a
bidirectional relationship: agricultural and rural developments affects migration and are
themselves affected by migration.

However, its positive impact could be through the improved efficiency of labour markets.
Migration is also viewed as a response to job opportunities and wage incentives, and to
communication or information linkages between places through which incentive differentials
become known. Empirically lack of employment opportunities is found to be more important
than low wages for out migration. On the other hand, place specific wage rates play a
significant role along with distance, population, employment opportunities; etc. Brown
identified three stages of internal migration, in the first stage, the Early Migrants, who were
moved towards modernization, as their origin pushed and oriented towards opportunities of
the informal, small scale enterprise labour market, in second stage, migration increased with
development. Migration of more well to do social classes is governed by educational and
medium sector employment opportunities but migration by less well-off social classes
maintains its origin push motivation. Rural to urban flow increased with development. And,
in third stage migration took place at the advanced level of development.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sharma (1997) and Karan (2003) observed that entrenched rural poverty, high population
densities and growth rates, skewed access to productive resources and slow economic growth
are among the drivers of migration from Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal and some
places in Andhra Pradesh.
Connell et al 1976 and Mosse et al 2002) mentioned that historically poor Journal of
Economic and Social Development 52 households migrate extensively searching for
livelihoods in several regions of India and the recent studies reconfirmed the fact that
migration is a significant livelihood strategy for poor households in several regions of India.

Development economists such as Lewis (1954) and Fei and Rains (1964) considered rural
urban migration essential for the economic development of developing countries.

GAP IN LITERATURE

1. The major gap in the literature of rural migration is unemployment.

2. The modern generation do not intend to take up farming and face the risks on
unsupportive weather and droughts.
3. The gap of awareness is also a major issues as the policies and facilities that the
government has come up with for them are not made aware to them

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

FUNCTIONALISM THEORY

The functionalist perspective is based largely on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile
Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to functionalism, society is a
system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance
and social equilibrium for the whole. For instance, in the present situation the people mostly
migrating are from rural areas are the ones who are in search for a livelihood and there is not
much job opportunities in rural areas hence they tend to move to cities or even to other more
privileged villages where some factories have been set up and are looking for labour power.
Meanwhile in cities and in other industrial areas people with capitals are looking for people
to work in their factory and this labour force is provided by the people mostly of rural areas
(in Jharkhand these are generally the areas where mostly tribal people reside). This way these
sectors of society work together to maintain equilibrium and prevent social problems like
unemployment and sudden breakdown of production.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

Since the time when Jharkhand was a part of Bihar, a significant increase has been seen in the
rate of villagers migrating to other villages or cities. In past 5-6 years, the rate has been very
rapidly increased. In this research work the author aims to discuss about every possible
reason for the kind of migration, how is it effecting and how can the disadvantages be
suppressed.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this research through studying a group of people of a specified village
is to find:

 The causes for people to migrate. The dominating cause.

 Advantages and disadvantages of migration.
 Solutions to tackle the disadvantages.
 The major group of people migrating.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Due to increasing number of population and also increase in unemployment, the people from
rural areas tend to migrate to cities majorly for some or the other job opportunities so that
somehow they can earn their living. The modern generation is not willing to take up farming
as they do not feel themselves competent enough to deal with the risks. It may also be that
they are either not or are not made aware of the programs and facilities that the government
has come up with for the farmers. Basically the migration process work on two basic factors-

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Universe and population of Study: the study will be conducted in rural majorly tribal
areas of Jharkhand.
 Research Design: can either be based on sample of population of personal interview
which will be collected by the method of questionnaire or In-Depth Interview (IDI)
 Sample Method: Random Sampling Method.
  Sample Size: not less than 30 families. Not yet specified.
 Method of Data Collection: Primary Method. Collecting responses.

CHAPTERIZATION

Chapter I – Introduction, Review of Literature & Research Methodology

Chapter II – Findings and Analytical

Chapter III - Conclusion and Suggestion

REFERENCES

 Brown Lawrence (1991): ‘Place, Migration and Development in third World’ London
Routledge.
 Connell, J.B, Das Gupta, Laish Ley & M. Lipton (1976): “Migration from Rural
Areas: The Evidence from Village Studies, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
 Fei, John CH and Rain S.G. (1964): Development of Labour Surplus Economy:
Theory and Policy’ The Economic Centre, Yale University.
 Karan, A, (2003): Changing Patterns of migration from rural Bihar, in Migrant
Labour and Human Rights in India, Iyer, G.(ed) New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.
 Lewis A.W. (1954): ‘Economic Development With Unlimited Supplies of Labour’
Machester School.
 Sharma A.N. et.al. (2000): Dynamics of Employment, Poverty and Human
Development in Rural Bihar, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi (Memio).