I.

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Arrangment:
Elements Tested
-Name of Test/Reagent used
-Test Compound
-Observations

1. Carbon & Hydrogen

-Carbon & Hydrogen Test/Lime water
-CuO and Glucose
-There were formations of white precipitate, the lime water became cloudy to clear yellow color
2. Oxygen
-Ferrox Paper Test/5% KCNS, 5% FeCl3, Methanol
-Acetone, Benzene, Ethyl Alcohol, Kerosene
-No color change was observed
3. Nitrogen
-Soda Lime Test/NaOH.CaO solid mixture
-Urea
-Have an unpleasant smell, the solution became purple to clear, the red litmus paper turned
blue
4. Halogen
A. Beilstein Test/ CuO
-Chloroform
-the flame emitted a green color after the wire was dipped to the chloroform and heated
again
B. Silver Nitrate Test/5% AgNO3,5% HNO3
-HCl
-There were formations of white precipitate that gathered together to form balls of
precipitate after some time
5. Sulfur
-Lead Acetate Test/5% Lead Acetate
-5% Albumin(egg white)
-The solution became brown and there were formations of brown precipitate.

II. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

1. Test for Carbon and Hydrogen

- When the CuO and C6H12O6 mixture was heated, formation of CO2 was observed. The gas
reacted with Lime water (Ca(OH)2) and produced precipitates CaCO3 and H2O. CaCO3 was an
indication of the presence of carbon and H 2O for the presence of hydrogen.
2. Test for Nitrogen
 - When Urea in Soda Lime was heated, the urea dissolved in the soda lime and there was a
formation of vapor. This vapor was Ammonia, which indicates the presence of Nitrogen and
is a basic compound. Ammonia turned the red litmus paper to blue.
3. Test for Halogen
- For the Beilstein Test, the green flame is an indication of the presence of Chlorine. For the
Silver Nitrate Test, the precipitate formed by the addition of the silver nitrate indicates the
presence of Chloride.
4. Test for Oxygen
- There were no reactions between the test compounds and the ferrox paper.

5. Test for Sulfur

- The solution became brown and it indicates the formation of Lead Sulfide.

CONCLUSION:

Qualitative analysis is the analysis of the elements present in a given compound. It focuses on
finding the elements and ions present in the compound rather than study as to how much they
are present. The elements carbon and hydrogen are easily detected because they are
predominant elements in organic compounds. For nitrogen, sulfur and halogens, detection is
difficult because of the non-polar nature of organic compounds. It is necessary to convert these
elements to inorganic ions before making qualitative tests.

QUESTIONS

1. What are the chemical reactions involved in the test for carbon and hydrogen?
- Carbon and Hydrogen are detected by heating glucose with copper (II) oxide strongly, where
carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen to water. The presence of carbon dioxide
is indicated by the formation of white precipitate of calcium carbonate when the gaseous
products are passed through the solution of lime water. The presence of hydrogen was
indicated by the droplets formed in the upper part of the tube.

2. What is the role of CuO in the reaction?

- Copper (II) oxide is the oxidizing agent that oxidizes the organic compound to form carbon
dioxide and water.

3. Write the structural formula of hexane, naphthalene, butanol and benzoic acid.
Hexane –C6H14
Naphthalene – C10H8
Butanol – C4H9OH
Benzoic Acid – C7H6O2
4. What chemical reactions are involved in the soda lime test?
- The chemical reaction involved in the soda-lime test is an exothermic reaction as it releases
energy during the reaction. Soda lime also involves acid base reaction and it also absorbs
carbon dioxide. The given substance is mixed with double the amount of soda- lime and
heated in a test tube. The vapors of ammonia indicate the presence of nitrogen. Ammonia is
a basic compound, so it turns red litmus paper to blue.

5. What compounds are responsible for the results in:

a. Beilstein Test
- Chloroform
b. Silver Nitrate Test
- Silver Nitrate
c. Lead Acetate Test
- Lead Acetate