CREATIVITY

IS THE P WER
DREAM BIG TO C O N N E C T
AIM HIGH THE SEEMINGLY
UNCONNECTED
NEVER GIVE UP
alinaimanarif
4.1
Thermionic
emission
is the process of
emission of electrons
from a heated metal’s
surface.
"To the electron -- may
it never be of any use
to anybody." -- JJ.
Thomson's

cathode simple
ray A beam of electrons tube of
moving at high speed
in a vacuum. cathode ray

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 The properties of cathode rays:
Negatively charged
o ws
particles (electron) ad
rp sh k in etic
sh a +
cast e n e rgy
nd ery
es a l at v ed
h t lin Trav
e
s p e
ig h
hig
stra
el in
Trav

c e
c en
e s
or
f l u
us e
ca Deflected by electric and
magnetic fields

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 Factors that influence
the rate of thermionic
emission:
EFFECT ON THE RATE OF THERMIONIC
FACTOR
EMISSION
Temperature of the When the temperature of the cathode
cathode increases, the rate of thermionic emission
increases.
Surface area of the A larger surface area of the cathode increases
cathode the rate of thermionic emission.
Potential difference The rate of thermionic emission is unchanged,
between the anode when the potential difference increases, but
and cathode. the emitted electrons accelerate faster towards
the anode.
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 STRUCTURE OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

to avoid the air particles

or molecules collide with
emits the electron beam
electrons

to heat up
the
filament

heats up the cathode

Transmission of energy in cathode ray:

Electrical energy → Kinetic energy + light energy + heat energy

1 2 v = velocity of electron
mv = eV
2 V = Potential difference between Anode and Cathode (EHT)
e = Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C
2eV m = mass of 1 electron = 9 x 10 -31 kg
v=
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 The properties of electron streams in a
Maltese cross cathode ray tube GO

6 V heater is
switch
on a shadow
of cross is
seen

The shadow is formed by the light rays from the heated filament

CONCLUSION: light rays travel in a straight line

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 The properties of electron streams in a
Maltese cross cathode ray tube GO

a green
shadow
of cross is
3 kV EHT seen
switch on

The shadow is formed by the cathode rays

Electrical energy → Kinetic energy + light energy + heat energy

CONCLUSION: cathode rays cause fluorescence

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 The properties of electron streams in a
Maltese cross cathode ray tube GO
using
Fleming’
s left
hand
rule

North pole (bar a green

magnet) is
shadow
brought close to
the cathode rays
distorted
(move downwards)

CONCLUSION: cathode rays can be deflected by

magnetic field

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 Deflection tube GO

The cathode
ray deflected
upwards

CONCLUSION: cathode rays Negatively charged

cathode rays can be deflected by electric field

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 Uses of
Cathode ray oscilloscope GO

Vertical scale = Y-gain control

The uses of
cathode-ray
Period = time for 1
complete oscillation
oscilloscope
Frequency, are:
1 1.To measure a D.C
f=
T or A.C voltage
2.To measure a
short time intervals
3.To display the
Horizontal scale = Time base waveform
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Cathode ray oscilloscope
Display wave
forms and
measuring voltage
from a DC source
electronic using a
CRO

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Cathode ray oscilloscope
Display wave
forms and
measuring voltage
Type of power from a DC source
Time-base switched Time-base switched using a
electronic
off
supply connected
to Y-input of CRO on CRO

No
input

DC
power supply

AC
power supply
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 example What is the value of the dc voltage if the Y-gain
control is 1 V/div ?
Measuring Potential Difference using the CRO

4 Time-base switched off

3
2
1
1 V /div

!"
dc voltage = 4 div x
#$%
=4V

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 example What is the value of the dc voltage if the Y-gain
control is 1 V/div ?
Measuring Potential Difference using the CRO

4 Time-base switched on
3
2
1
1 V /div

!"
dc voltage = 4 div x
#$%
=4V

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 example Calculate the peak voltage and
peak to peak voltage.
Measuring Potential Difference using the CRO
Y-gain = 3 V/div

peak voltage
= 4 div x
!"
#$%
1
Vp
= 12 V
Vpp

peak to peak voltage

!"
= 8 div x = 24 V
#$%
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 example Y-input of an CRO setting at
Solve problems based on the CRO display
20 V/div and 5 ms/div

peak voltage
!" #
Vp 1
5 ms / div
= 4 div x $%&
= 80 𝑉

peak to peak voltage

Vpp = 8 div x
!" #
$%&
= 160 𝑉

Period (T) Frequency

' () , ,
= 8 div x = = = 25 𝐻𝑧
$%& - .." 0 ," !"
= 40 𝑚𝑠 = 4.0 𝑥 10*+ s
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 The length between the two crests is 3 cm.
example
(Given 1 division = 1cm)
Solve problems based on the CRO display
time-base is set to 5 ms/div
Period (T)
' ()
= 3 div x
$%&
1
= 15 𝑚𝑠 = 0.015 s

Frequency
, ,
=
-
= ".,'
= 66.67 𝐻𝑧

When the frequency of the Frequency double (2 times)

wave is double, what is the ∴ Period decrease (2 times)
length between the two !
crests? Length = = 1.5 cm
"
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 4.2
material that has electrical
semiconductor conductivity that is between that
of a conductor and an insulator
characteristic Example of
semiconductor
has good electrical
as insulator at s are:
conductivity at a) Silicon
b) Germanium
c) Boron
d) Tellurium
e) Selenium

Comparison between energy gap in insulator, semiconductor and conductor

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 free electrons carry negative charge
n g
es s o f ad d i holes carry positive charge
a p r o c n t o f
am o u
m all e s
a s
r it i
u
imp iconductor
se m
g
a
n
to
do p i
3P BAGI
5N APA
3 à trivalent
P à p-type
Doping material à B = Boron
5 à pentavalent A = Aluminium
N à n-type G = Gallium
Doping material à A = Antimony I = Indium
P = Phosphorus Role of doping material à atom receiver
A = Arsenic Majority charge carrier à holes
Role of doping material à atom donor Minority charge carrier
Majority charge carrier à free electrons
à free electrons
Minority charge carrier à holes
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 n-type p-type
Combination of p-type semiconductor with n-type
semiconductor with produce a semiconductor Diode

Anode (+) cathode (-)

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 Semiconductor
diode is to allow
current to flow
through it in one
direction
only
HOW?

Depletion layer
neutral region which has no charge
carriers and poor
conductor of electricity

The wider the depletion layer,

no current flow
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 Forward current flow
one
bias direction

n-type semiconductor is connected to

negative dry cell
Depletion layer is narrow
(resistance diode decrease)
Current flow
Bulb light up

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Current only flow Reverse
in one
direction bias

n-type semiconductor is connected to

positive dry cell
Depletion layer is wide
(resistance diode increase)
No Current flow
Bulb not light up
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Rectification is a process to convert an alternating Half wave
current into a direct current by using a diode
rectification

B C

E
D

current will only flow in the first half-cycle when the diode in
forward bias (A à B à C à D à E)
The current is blocked in the second half-cycle when the diode is in
reverse bias (E à D à C à B à A)
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Rectification is a process to convert an alternating FULL
current into a direct current by using a diode Half wave
rectification

In the first half, the In the second half, the

current flows from current flows from
P→B→D→Q Q→C→A→P
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 When the current pass through the resistor and
es o f
o r capacitor, the capacitor is charged and
e us
it stores energy.
Th
a c
a p When there is no current pass through the
c resistor and capacitor, the capacitor
discharge
The energy from it is used to produce voltage across the
resistor.
As a result it produces a smooth dc output

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 To amplify the current
transistor or act as a switch
4.3

npn transistor pnp transistor

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 Transistor as a current amplifier

Current
Small I B à bigger IC A m p l if i c a ti o n :
when I B = 0, IC = 0 #$&
=
I B ≠ Ic #$'

IC > I B
To limit
I E > IC > I B the I B

I E = IC + I B

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 Transistor as a potential divider

V1
V
V2

%( %)
V1 = V V2 = V
%( & %) %( & %)

V1 + V2 = V
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The uses of transistor LIGHT
CONTROLLED
SWITCH

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The uses of transistor LIGHT
CONTROLLED
SWITCH

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 HEAT CONTROLLED SWITCH
1 4 I flow
C
Temperature ↑ 5
Resistance of
↑
is
activated
2
R ↑ VB ↑ 6
∴ IB flow
3 Transistor is
on is on

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 SOUND AMPLIFIER
Sound waves with higher
5 amplitude is produced

2 Capacitor
allows the varying IC flow
current flow it
IB changed
4

3
1 converts
audio (sound) signal à electrical
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 has one or more input signals but only
Logic
4.4 one output signal
Gate
1.Logic gates as switching
circuits in electronic
systems
2.Input and output signal of he
logic gates can be either
high (logic 1) or
low (logic 0).

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AND SYMBOL:
Gate

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
X= A•B
TRUTH TABLE: CIRCUIT:

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OR SYMBOL:
Gate

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
X= A +B
TRUTH TABLE: CIRCUIT:

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 To inverse the
input signal
NOT SYMBOL:
Gate

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
X= A
TRUTH TABLE: CIRCUIT:

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 NAND Gate NOR Gate
SYMBOL:

BOOLEAN
EXPRESSION: X= A • B X= A + B
TRUTH TABLE:

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 COMBINATIONS OF LOGIC GATES
example
1

TRUTH TABLE: INPUT OUTPUT

A B P Q Y
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
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 COMBINATIONS OF LOGIC GATES
example
2

TRUTH TABLE: INPUT OUTPUT

A B R S Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
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 GREAT THINGS

Awesome
NEVER
came from
COMF ORT
Physics ZONES
is around you

a n a r i f
alinaim

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