Surfactant

Samira et al [Imam 4] used pendant drop method to change IFT and the result is by using
concentration of nano from 0 to 2500 ppm can cause IFT reduction of 15.58 to 13 mN/m.
because the value of IFT decreased, then the oil recovery becomes 74 % after injection of nano
solution 1.2 pore volume. Another case using water flooding the oil recovery is 38%, and by
addition of surfactant to water injection the oil recovered is 74%.
Mustafa et al [Imam 1] observed that low surfactant concentration to nanoparticle the particle
surface coated with surfactant only in small fraction. Nanoparticles considerably increase the
emulsion viscosity, not only influence the stability and rheological (Pei et al,2015). Srinivasan et
al observed that the heavy oil viscosity get reduced compared to the regular viscosity reducers
using nano emulasion composed CuO nanoparticle and triton X 100.
James et al [Reza 2] investigate that by incremental concentration of silica nano, SDS has less
adsorption on the crushed carbonate sample. Its because incremental of hydroxyl groups
concentration in aqueous solutine and create hydrogen bond and an electrostatic bond. The result
of this investigation is the oil recovery is 51% by water injection, then by addition 5000 ppm of
SDS the oil recovery is 78.8%. the ultimate recovery by hydrophilic and hydrophobic is 82.3 and
85.6%.
Esteban et al [Reza 6] state that there are two factor to reduce the viscosity by the addition of a
liquid medium to transport the nanoparticles. First the liquid medium act as a partial extender of
oil, the last is when nano particle mixed with oil they get scattered in the medium and create
more space and foster greater contact with crude oil in the present of asphaltene (Franco et al).
SiO2 nanoparticle to resdistribution of n-C7 aggregates asphaltene remaining in liquid medium to
be smaller, then break the bonds and form visco elastic large network and inhibiting further
formation.
Suleimanov et al [Adri 5] investigate that nanoparticle concentration larger than 0.4 wt% nearly
remove the surfactant from the bulk aqueous phase and there is no free surfactant available. The
result is nano particle modified the flow character from Newtonian to non Newtonian
(pseudplastic) by using sulphanole surfactant and no wett ability alteration occurred by addition
of nano fluid. The oil recovery from homogenous porous medium is 51% OOIP and
heterogenous porous medium is 60% OOIP
Biswal et al studied about effect of nanoparticle at low surfactant concentration and the result is
the surfactant concentration is negligible but became pronounced at high concentration of
surfactant. Saheed et al [Lutfi 1] investigate that by incremental of the salinity of injected water
increases the contact angle, which result in lowe oil recovery but reduce IFT, its because
incremental of nano particle concentration reduce the oil recovery to fast coagulation that will
cause plug at the pore throat.
There are two factor why slightly hydrophobic nanoparticles were more efficient in recovery
enhancement than hydrophilic nano particle; first, the lower adsorption amount of nano particles
than to hydrophilic one at similar condition. Second, polymeric behavior of nano particles like
the nano particles able to increase the aqueous solution to a considerable degree [Lutfi 5]. Water
wet from core samples can be reached by measuring the Amott Harvey Wetting Index for sand
stones, and increase the temperature of low salinity brine [Najib 2]. The result is 1.00 wt% from
nanoparticle can get 15% oil recovery, this is higher than the nano fluid containing 0.25 wt%
SiO2, this reflect the synergic contribution of wettability alteration and reduce the mobility with
increasing viscosity.
Ebrahim et al [Najib 3] investigate the oil recovery using low salinity SiO2, and the result is
ultimate recovery 43% at 2.5 PV. The maximum recovery of low salinity water injection is
approximately 39% which is 61% higher than high salinity brine injection. Nanofluid flooding
not always increase the oil recovery because the various physical mechanism can cause particle
to be pent-up in the pores.