the Greek noun ἱστορία [historia], meaning learning. As used by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological factoring was a factor in the account…” History [excerpts from Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)
“In the course of time, however, the equivalent
Latin word scientia came to be used more regularly to designate non-chronological systematic accounts of natural phenomena; and the word history was reserved usually for accounts of phenomena (especially in human affairs) in chronological order.” History [excerpts from Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)
By its most common definition, the word history
now means, “the past of mankind”
The reconstruction of the total past of
mankind, although it is the goal of historians, thus becomes a goal they know full well is unattainable. History [excerpts from Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)
Only a small part of what happened in the past was ever observed. Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it; Only a part of what was remembered was recorded; Only a part of what was recorded has survived; Only a part of what has survived has come to the historians’ attention; Only a part of what is credible has been grasped; and Only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian. History
“the study of the beliefs and desires, practices, and
institutions of human beings” “also includes a look into the development of the Philippine culture through time especially with the influences of the colonial period that would eventually shape the present Philippine identity” WHY STUDY history?
An examination of the past can tell us a great deal
about how we came to be who we are. Looking at the past teaches us to see the world through different eyes – appreciating diversity of human perceptions, beliefs, and cultures. HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORIOGRAPHY Historical Method process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past Historiography (writing of history) imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by historical method SOURCES It is from historical sources that our history is studied and written, but in analyzing them several methodologies and theories were used by historians to properly study history and glean from the sources what is, for them, a proper way of writing history to enhance and disseminate national identity. SOURCES [excerpts from Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)
“The historian, however, has to use many materials that are not in books. Where these are archeological, epigraphical, or numismatical materials, he has to depend largely on museums. Where there are official records, he may have to search them in archives, courthouses, government libraries, etc. Where there are no private papers not available in official collections, he may have to hunt among the papers of business houses, the muniment rooms of ancient castles, the prized possessions of autograph collectors, the records of parish churches, etc.” SOURCES Primary sources Secondary sources Primary SOURCES Materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied. These people are either participants or eyewitnesses to the event. These sources range from sources range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, official documents (government or private), and even photographs. Primary SOURCES
must thus have been produced by a
contemporary of the events it narrates; does not however, need to be original in the legal sense of original (that is the very document) Primary SOURCES Formally there are 8 examples of these primary sources: 1. photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life 2. old sketches and drawings that may indicate the conditions of life of societies in the past 3. old maps that may reveal how space and geography were used to emphasize trade routes, structural buildup, etc. 4. cartoons for political expression or propaganda Primary SOURCES
5. material evidence of the prehistoric past like cave
drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient writings 6. statistical tables, graphs, and charts 7. oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of eyewitnesses or participants; the recordings are then transcribed and used for research 8. published and unpublished primary documents, eyewitness accounts, and other written sources Secondary SOURCES
The testimony of anyone who is not an
eyewitness – that is one who was not present at the event which he tells These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that had interpreted primary sources or had used them to discuss certain subjects of history EXTERNAL CRITICISM
Problem of authenticity/ genuineness
The historian checks the validity and originality of the evidence used for the reconstruction of a historical event or figure INTERNAL CRITICISM Problem of credibility The historian checks the validity of the content of a historical document or artifact by comparing it with existing historical evidence related to the same event or figure The character of the sources, the knowledge of the author, and the influences prevalent at the time of writing must be carefully EXTERNAL CRITICISM INTERNAL CRITICISM • Testing the Genuineness of • Determining the value the Source of the Source • Localizing it (time, place, • Interpretation of the author) source • Analyzing it (Recension and Restoration of Text) • Establishment of the facts COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (on Fox and SCOTT)
1. Which is the primary source and the secondary source
between the two readings? Explain 2. Do a credibility analysis of the sources. Who between the two authors is more credible to talk about the topic?
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