Thermodynamics

ME 2105
Credit: 4.0
Mixture of Gases
Presented By

Md. Shariful Islam

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
 A hypothetical gas which obeys the law pṽ = ṜT at all
pressures and temperatures is called ideal gas.
Real gases do not conform to this equation of state with
complete accuracy.

Ideal Gas From Avogadro’s law, when p = 760 mmHg = 1.013×

105 Pa, T= 273.15K and ṽ= 22.4 m3/kg mol
Ṝ = 8.3143 kJ/kg mol K
Since ṽ = V/n, where V is the total volume and n the
number of moles of the gas, then
pV=n ṜT

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 2

 To determine the properties of a mixture, we need to
know the composition of the mixture as well as the
properties of the individual components.
Mixture Generally, there are two ways to describe the
composition of a mixture:
of Ideal either by specifying the number of moles of each
component, called molar analysis (the ratio of the mole number
of a component to the mole number of the mixture is called the mole

Gases fraction, y(or x))

or by specifying the mass of each component, called
gravimetric analysis.
Sometimes composition of mixture is described in
volume basis

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 Consider a gas mixture composed of k
components. The mass of the mixture mm is the
sum of the masses of the individual components,
Mixture and the mole number of the mixture Nm is the sum
of the mole numbers of the individual components.
That is,
of Ideal
Gases

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 4

 The total pressure (P) of an ideal gas mixture is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures (pj’s) of
each individual component in the gas mixture at
the same temperature (T) and total volume (V) of
Dalton’s the mixture. For example,

Law

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 5

 The volume of an ideal gas mixture (V) is equal to
the sum of the component volumes (Vj’s) of each
individual component in the gas mixture at the
same temperature (T) and total pressure (P) of the
mixture. For example,
Amagat’s
Law

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 6

 A gravimetric analysis gives the mass fraction of
each component in the mixture, applicable to
solids, liquids, or gases. For example, the
gravimetric fraction of the i component, also called
Gravimetric mass fraction mf in a mixture is
& Volumetric

Analysis =

= =

It is to be noted that ∑ =1

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 7

 A volumetric analysis is frequently used to
describe mixture of gases. Suppose that two gases
A, B have been separated into compartments each
at P and T; the corresponding volume of each gas
is its partial volume. By applying pV=nRT to the
Gravimetric compartment,
& Volumetric
Analysis

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 8

 pm= p1+p2+p3+…..
Vm= V1+V2+V3+….
ρ m = ρ + ρ + ⋯
Properties of ∑ = + + +⋯
Mixture of x1= ∑ , x2= ∑ , and so on..
Gases p1= x1*p, p2= x2*p, and so on.. (From Dalton’s
Law).
x1+x2+x3+…….=1

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 9

 ⋯ Ṝ
 = or =
⋯
 = + +⋯
vm= =
Properties of ⋯
⋯
 =
Mixture of ⋯
⋯
Gases ℎ =
⋯
⋯
 =
⋯
⋯
 =
⋯

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 10

 At Constant Volume
− = −
− = −
Properties of − = +
Mixture of At Constant Pressure
Gases − = −
− = −
− = −

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 A gaseous mixture of N2, CO2, O2 and CH4
occupies in a vessel at the respective partial
pressures of 50, 100, 180 and 70 kPa. Find the
volumetric and gravimetric analysis of each
component. Also Find Rm and Mm.

Problem
-1

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 A mixture of ideal gases consists of 4 kg of nitrogen
and 7 kg of carbon dioxide at a pressure of 300 kPa
and a temperature of 20°C . Find
(a) the mole fraction of each constituent,
(b) the equivalent molecular weight of the mixture ,
Problem (c) the equivalent gas constant of the mixture,
(d) the volume and density of the mixture,

-2 (e) the partial pressures and the partial volumes, and

(f) the cp and cv of the mixture.
If the mixture is heated at constant volume to 40°C, find
the changes in internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of
the mixture.
Take γ for CO2 and N2 to be 1.286 and 1.4 respectively.
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 The gravimetric analysis of dry air is
approximately: oxygen = 23%, nitrogen = 77%.
Calculate:
(a) The volumetric analysis,
Problem (b) The gas constant,
(c) The molecular weight,
-3 (d) The specific volume at 1 atm, 15°C,
(e) The respective partial pressures, and
(f) How much oxygen must be added to 2.3 kg
air to produce a mixture which is 50%
oxygen by volume?

2/19/2020 Md. Shariful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET 14

 A 400 liter drum contains a gaseous mixture at
650 kPa and 37.8oC, whose volumetric
composition is 30% O2 and 70% CH4. It is
required to make the new volumetric composition
Problem of the mixture at the original pressure and
temperature to be 70% O2 and 30% CH4. How
many kilograms of the mixture must be bled and
-4 what mass of oxygen is needed to be added to the
original mixture.
(Assignment)

Submission Date:25/02/2020
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 Thank You

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