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Steels – Cast Irons
Structural steels (metallic
structures, welded structures);
steels for carburizing;
steels for QT, nitriding and surface
hardening;
steels for springs;
cast irons;
stainless steels (steels for molds,
injection molds components);
Schäffler diagram
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Fe‐C diagram
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Fe‐C diagram
F = insertion solid solution
of C in Feα…. properties;
A = insertion solid solution
of C in Feγ…. properties;
Ce = chemical compound
Fe3C (Fe carbide)…
properties;
P = mechanical compound
Fe+Ce… properties;
Le = mechanical
compound by solidifying
the liquid with 4,3%C at
1148°C… properties;
Equilibrium state for:
steels – cast irons…
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Fe‐C diagram
Color and dimensions of grains, depending of
temperature (just as a guide)
Elem. I.P. Fe‐C; Mn, Si, P, S;
Elem. A. Cr, Mo, V, W, Co;
Steels – Cast irons;
Carburizing steels 0…0,25%C;
QT steels 0,25….0,5%C;
Tools steels 0,6…1,4%C;
Si 0,35‐0,4%; Mn 0,5‐0,8% deoxidizing;
Si – increase the yield strength, decrease the cold deformability;
S – FeS (Fe+FeS – eutectic Tf=988°C) – cold fragility;
Mn – MnS (more avid for S than Fe) – decreases hot fragility;
P – Fe3P, dissolved in F increases Rm, Rp0,2, decreases A, Z, K (0,01%P increases
cold fragility threshold with 20‐25°C); 41/33 41
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Structural steels
Structural steels:
S235; S255; S275; S355;
Symbol (EN 10027‐1):
S – structural steel;
235 – yield limit (MPa; N/mm2);
E – steel for mechanical parts;
235 – yield limit (MPa; N/mm2);
Jx – impact limit energy;
+X – additional symbols;
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Cast iron
Fe‐G diagram:
C free in G;
hipoeutectic, eutectic, hipereutectic;
white cast iron….
grey cast iron…
pig cast iron…
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Cast iron
Fe‐G diagram:
white cast iron ….. base material for other, eventually tools…
ternary grey cast iron Fe‐C‐Si (Si graphite favoring element);
graphitizing degree depends also by the cooling speed;
lamellar G;
nodular G;
exploded G;
G … F matrix;
G … F‐P matrix;
G … P matrix;
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Cast iron
Fe‐G diagram:
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Fonte
Nodular graphite cast iron:
cast iron with lamellar G – stress concentrators;
cast iron with nodular G (sphere) – high resistance;
G is separated in shapes with maximum compactness by adding Mg, Ca, Ce;
these elements are anti‐graphite formation, increasing the tendency to whitening the
cast iron – adding Si, Ba, Al, increase number of centers of graphite formation;
0,03…0,07%Mg – G nodular;
nodular cast iron uses 60…80% of Rm and 30…50% A5 and Z of the base matrix;
ratio Rm/HB=0,26…0,36 (over those of lamellar G cast irons);
Rp0,2/Rm=0,7 superior to casted steels;
GJS‐600‐3
600 = minimum mechanical strength;
3 – fracture elongation;
crank shafts for automobile engines;
choke, roller mill cylinders, pumps, valves;
good resistance in corrosive environment;
good wear resistance and antifriction properties; 46/33 46
Ways to increase characteristics
Deforming, grains shape, high mechanical strength characteristics, starts to deform when stresses are
high (how much?)…… first grains deformed/last grains deformed (discuss defects types points ‐ linear –
plane…..
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Ways to increase characteristics
Non ferrous – cold working: increase mechanical strength characteristics by cold plastic
deformation
K n
n = hardening coefficient;
n = high for metals C.F.C. (Cu = 0,54), lower for C.V.C. (Ti = 0,05) capacity for cold
working hardening;
Polycrystalline materials have higher capacity because grains borders are obstacles in the
way of dislocation movement and continuing the plastic deformation;
(Attention! The effect is high in the first stages of the deformation);
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Ways to increase characteristics
Non ferrous – cold working: increase mechanical strength characteristics by cold plastic
deformation
If T>Trecryst in the same time is obtained also the
recrystallization polyedric grains recreate the
structure and the effect of cold hardening is lost
materials became plastic/tough/low mechanical
strength
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Ways to increase characteristics
Non ferrous – heat treatment: solution treatment + ageing
Ageing (natural or artificial ‐ tempering)
Problem: correct establish Theat
decomposing αss precipitates the rich phase (Cu
Alloys Al‐Cu (CuAl2 dissolves in α phase)
atoms move along small distances inside the
Rapid cooling αss (%Cu equal to considered
lattice α) lamellas or disks are formed (Guinier‐
alloy), diffusion blocked
Preston zones) distort the crystalline lattice
hardens
A si Z high;
Rm, Rp0,2, HV low
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Ways to increase characteristics
Non ferrous – heat treatment: solution
treatment + ageing
heating dissolving
αss
precipitate GP zones
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Ways to increase characteristics
Non ferrous – heat treatment: solution treatment + ageing
Effect of tempering time
Effect of precipitated
particles dimensions (GP
zones)
main hardening constituents:
CuAl2, Al2CuMg;
Mg2Si
MgZn2;
alloys from groups 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx
(Al‐Cu, Al‐Mg‐Si, Al‐Zn‐Mg);
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