Public Admin2

English for Students of
Public Administration 1
Khalid Ahmad Siddiq
Mohammad Asef Monsef
Editors:
Dr. Suzanne Griffin

Lisa Roegner
Toufiq Sarwarzada
Herat 2013
Project made possible by a grant from the United States Embassy Kabul
Herat University Press
English for Students of Public Administration 1
Authors: Khalid Ahmad Siddiq and Mohammad Asef Monsef

Edited by: Dr. Suzanne Griffin, Lisa Roegner, Toufiq Sarwarzada
First Edition: 2013
Cover Design: Hekmatullah Sarwarzada
Interior Design: Hekmatullah Sarwarzada
Printed by: Silver Star Printing Co.
Published by Herat University

Ghol Urdu Street, Herat, Afghanistan
Project made possible by a grant from the United States Embassy Kabul
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher.
For more information about the book send your inquiries to:
heratespproject@gmail.com
Preface
Introduction to the Herat University English for Specific Purposes Textbooks
The Herat English for Specific Purposes (ESP) textbooks are the first series of ESP
textbooks produced for Afghan university students in Afghanistan. The Herat ESP
Project was initiated in 2012 by a request of Herat University Chancellor Mir Ghulam
Osman Barez Hosseini to the Public Affairs Section of the United States Consulate
in Herat. The first ESP textbooks were completed and published under the leadership
of Chancellor Dr. Abdul Zahir Mohtasebzadeh. English language instructors in two
departments of Herat University - the English Language and Literature Department and
the English Language and Computer Learning Center produced the textbooks under the
guidance of Senior English Language Specialist Dr. Suzanne M. Griffin, ESP Editor
Mr. Toufiq Sarwarzada and English Language Fellow Lisa Roegner.
The project was initiated because Herat University English instructors and their
students had discovered that commercially available ESP textbooks were inadequate to
the needs of Afghan students in specific departments of the university. English instructors
began developing their skills as ESP materials writers in spring 2012, through a series of
workshops and individual mentoring sessions that focused on developing lesson plans
with sufficient detail to guide the classroom lessons for future ESP instructors. The goal
of their work was to help Herat University undergraduate students successfully read
the textbooks, journal articles and online resources written in English in nine discipline
areas: Computer Science, Economics, Engineering, Humanities, Journalism, Medicine,
Public Administration, Sciences and Sociology.
In autumn 2012 ten instructors combined their efforts and worked in teams
to develop their lessons into textbook materials while four instructors continued
to develop textbook materials individually. The instructors’ work was guided by a
leadership team that consisted of the department heads of the English Language and
Literature Department and the English Language Center, as well as the ESP Section
head and the ESP textbook editor in the English Language and Literature Department
and led by the American English Language Specialist. The English Department Head
of Herat Education University actively participated in the workshops and later joined
the leadership team. The project goal is to produce four books in each discipline area
by 2014.
The spring and autumn activities--workshops, consultant contracts for the English
Language Specialist and printing of the first textbooks--were supported by two grants
from English Language Programs Office in the Public Affairs Section of the United
States Embassy, Kabul. The second grant was administered by the United States
Consulate in Herat.
Dr. Suzanne Griffin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks are due to the following persons for support of the Herat University ESP
Project:
Chancellor Mir Ghulam Osman Barez Hosseini, Herat University (2009- Oct. 2012)
Chancellor Dr. Abdul Zahir Mohtasebzadeh (Oct. 2012- )
Stephen Hanchey, English Language Programs (ELP) Officer, Public Affairs Section
(PAS) United States (US) Embassy, Kabul
Professor M. Hanif Hamid - ELP Office, PAS, US Embassy Kabul
Mr. Bradford Hanson, US Consul, Herat (2011- Oct. 2012)
Ms. Lisa Roegner, English Language Fellow at Herat University and Herat Education
University - ESP Textbook Editor
Dr. Suzanne Griffin, Project Director, Senior English Language Specialist Consultant to
US Embassy, Kabul
Heads of the English Language and Literature Department:

Mr. Abdul Wahab Shams 2011- Summer 2012
Ms. Muzhgan Azizi Autumn 2012
Ms. Homaira Baher 2013
Professor Yarmand, English Department Head, Herat Education University

Mr. Najibullah Habibi, English Language Center Director, Herat University
Table of Contents Page
Unit 1. Public Administration and Politics 6
Unit 2. Public Administration and Law 12
Unit 3. Public Administration and Management 18
Unit 4. Public Administration as an Occupation 24
Unit 5. What is Public Policy? 29
Unit 6. The Policymaking Process 36
Unit 7. The External Power in Administration 42
Unit 8. Internal Power in Public Administration 47
Unit 9. The Machinery of the Government 53
Unit 10. The Administrative Architecture of the Afghan Government 59
Unit 11. Constitutional Laws 65
Unit 12. The Constitution of Afghanistan - The President's Qualification and Election 72
Unit 13. The Constitution of Afghanistan – The President's Responsibilities 77
Unit 14. The Constitution of Afghanistan The President's Qualification and Election 82
Unit 15. Constitutional Laws Related to the National Assembly 88
Unit 16. Constitutional Laws Related to the Loya Jirga 93
Unit 17. Constitutional laws related to the judiciary in Afghanistan 99
Unit 18. Constitutional Laws Related to the Judiciary in Afghanistan 105
Unit 19. Constitutional Laws Related to Administration in Afghanistan 111
Unit 20. The Constitution of Afghanistan National Assembly 117

1 Public Administration
and Politics
Figure 1
Figure 2
Introduction to the Lesson
Discuss the following questions in pairs.

1. What does politics mean?
2. What is the relation of public administration with politics?
3. Who can be a successful politician?
Unit 1 Public Administration and Politics 6

Vocabulary
Word meaning: Work in pairs: one student says the word and the other tells the meaning.
Words Meaning
Legal
Occupational
cluster
focus
employee
mortgage
contractor
policymaking
implementation
universal
advocate
legislator
propose
Collectively
spirit
institutionalized
functions
Managerial
encompass
context
exist
vary
insurance
operate
separate
critics
tragedy
legislation
chief executive
further
manifestation
voluntary
indicate
remedy

Listening
Listen to the text and fill in the blanks with the word in the list below:
policy government exist
policymaking without operates
indirect process insurance
private context
Political Definition of Public Administration

Public Administration cannot .................... outside of its political context. It is this ....................
that makes it public and makes it different from .................... administration, so the first
definitions of public administration focus on its political nature. Public Administration is
both direct and.................... . It is direct when ....................employees provide services to the
public as varied as mortgage...................., mail delivery and electricity. In is indirect when
government pays private contractors to provide goods or services to citizens. For example,
NASA .................... the space shuttle, but the shuttle itself was built by private corporations.
Public Administration is a phase in the public .................... cycle. Public policy-making never
ends. Thus, Public .................... and Public administrations are two sides of the same coin. One
decides, the other does. They cannot be separate because one side cannot exist ....................
the other. But because policymaking is a continuous , it cannot end with implementation.
Whenever the government does something, critics will suggest ways to do it better.
Before you Read
Brainstorm the relation of public administration with politics.
Write down your ideas in the space provided.
Share your ideas with the class and let other students comment on it.
Make notes here:

Reading
Read the text in your groups and compare the information about Public administration
and politics from the beginning of the lesson.
Political Definition of Public Administration:

Public Administration cannot exist outside of its political context. It is political context
that makes it public and makes it different from private or business administration, so the
first definitions of public administration focus on its political nature. Public Administration
is both direct and indirect. It is direct when government employees provide services to
the public as varied as mortgage insurance, mail delivery and electricity. It is indirect
when government pays private contractors to provide goods or services to citizens. For
example, NASA operates the space shuttle, but the shuttle itself was built by private
corporations.
Public policy-making never ends. Thus Public Policy and Public administration are two
sides of the same coin. One decides the other does. They cannot be separate because one
side cannot exist without the other. But because policymaking is a continuous process,
it cannot end with implementation. Whenever government does something, critics will
suggest ways to do it better.
The public interest is the universal label in which political actors wrap the policies and
programs that they advocate. Would any lobby (Any individual, group, or organization
that seeks to influence legislation or administration action), public manager, legislator,
or chief executive ever propose a program that was not “in the public interest”? Hardly!
Because the public interest is generally taken to mean a commonly accepted good,
the phase is used both to further policies that are indeed for the common good and to
obscure policies that may not be so commonly accepted a good.
Aftar You Read
A. Read the following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (F) if it is incorrect.
1. Public administration is indirect. ..........
2. It is the legal context that makes it public and makes it different from ..........
private or business administration.
3. Public policy making is not a process which ever ends. ..........
4. It is indirect when government pays private contractors to provide ..........
goods or services to citizens.
5. Public Administration can exist outside of its political context. ..........
B. Write the answers for the questions below from the text above.
1. Write the definition of "Public Interest?"
2. How Public Administration is defined in the text above?
Grammar
Sentence
A sentence is a group of words which include a subject and a verb and communicate a
complete thought. Form: Subject + Verb + Object/complement
Public Administration cannot exist outside of its political context.
Sentence exercise
Find out sentences with the same SVO structure in the text above. Write at least ten of
them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Now discuss those sentences with your partner. Underline the verb, subject and object/
complement of each sentence.
Activity
Using the given words in the chart write a paragraph about the relations of public
administration with politics.
insurance operate separate critics tragedy
legislation chief executive further manifestation voluntary

Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates.
Activity
Solve the word search box provided in the following. You can find as many words as 15
from the word list in the beginning of the lesson. The words could be found in either
vertical or horizontal lines.
E L H E S Q K Z F R E X X Q Z K H X F F
B G Q C N I X R L T X L T Q I L F C O E
C H A V Y C K Z A G N O K N C X K X F I
P Y B G M W O V W Z F E E Y O L P M E H
S R U I T B I M Y I W O E Z A G B X S C
L B O F S R W W P F V X C I T I Z E N E
S T K C P Z O X O A E B Y G R X I T R W
Z J U E E Z F M I C S G J B B C H A P F
I R Y B A S U Y U A N S N K B I T C C P
E E E A M S S T C I W E H R K O C O B W
R A M M I T I L K H D T I K Y I L V O I
U R S G L V O A T G H X M E P U J D B N
U L A G E L M G G V D L K N Y J O A I S
B S Q A K Y U M S W X T X L P D K L T U
V Y F L C O N T R A C T O R R Y K T H R
F H E I G X T K W L H P W P O K Y F U A
N N L Y S N K W D Y L B X Z P Q T I K N
G O M W W X N T J G M G Z J O G V B A C
P Z V H O T K I S Y H N Y H S L W R X E
L M H V J W V N X V K T Q L E I X Q I H
Writing
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section.

and Law
Figure 3
Figure 4
Discuss public administration. Use the following questions as discussion starters.
1. What is public administration?

2. What is the effect of public administration on government?
3. How can law and legislation affect public administration and government agencies?
Unit 2 Public Administration and Law 12

Vocabulary
Pair work to find word meanings: In pairs, one student says the word and the other states
the meaning.
Words Defination
Inherently
Execution
Public
Necessarily
Constitution
Amend
Legislation
Legally
Promulgate
Approval
Congress
Speaker
House of
Representatives
Governor
Mayor
Appropriation
Authority
Ultimately
Implementing
Turmoil
Constantly
Supreme Court
Opposition
Declared
Supporters
Generously
Judicial review
Substantive
content
Federal agencies
Illegitimate
Constitutional
provision
Legislative statute
Court decision
Executive directive
Listening
Listen to the text and fill out the blanks.

Congress execution public law Constitution Supreme Court
legislation regulations legislation promulgate violate
Public administration is inherently the....................eof a.................... . Every application of a
general law is necessarily an act of administration. Administration cannot exist without this
legal foundation. In the United States, the.................... of 1787 as amended is the law of the
land. All .................... l must conform to it or at the very least not ....................v it in a manner
obvious to the U.S. ....................t. The law that creates an agency or program is known as
its enabling .................... the law that legally "enables" a program to exist. In theory, no
government administrator can do anything if it is not provided for in the legislation or in
the rules and .................... r that the legislation allows the agency to.................... . And
how much government money can the presidents of the United States spend on his own
without the approval of the ....................? Not a penny!
Before You Read
Brainstorm the idea of public administration and law. Make a definition for it.
Make notes here:

Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information against the words that you
added to the text above.
Everything the president does, if it involves spending public money, must have a basis
in legislation. This concept is often difficult for people in less democratic regimes to
understand. Tip O'Neill, the former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, wrote
in a memoir, "I must have met Deng Xiaoping of China a half-dozen times, and every
time he would ask, 'The president has to go to you for his money?'" O'Neill always
answered this question the same way: "Yes, and the president had better not forget
it." And the same is true of governors and mayors who must go to their respective
legislative bodies for appropriations.
While many books have been written about the implementation of this or that
government program, there is ultimately only one thing that government is in essence
capable of implementing: the law. Of course, the law is often in turmoil. The legislative
basis of programs, or specific agency rules and regulations, is constantly being
challenged in court by those who opposes as well as those who support the program
involved. The opposition wants the enabling legislation declared unconstitutional
and the program destroyed, while supporters often want the program administered
even more generously. From the New Deal to the first months of the Barack Obama
Administration, a pattern has emerged with controversial legislation. After its passage,
opponents challenge its legality in court, hoping that the judicial branch will overturn
it. In effect, there is a new final phase to the legislative process: a judicial review that
confirms that the new law is constitutional.
While public administration is the law in action, the law of how, when, and
where these actions can be taken is called administrative law. In the American context
administrative law does not deal with the substantive content of agency policies and
practices. Instead, it focuses on the procedures that agencies use in exercising their
authority. For example, Congress requires federal agencies such as the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to notify the public when the agency is creating a new rule that
affects citizens. If the agency doesn't follow the specific guidelines on how and when
to notify the public, its new rules can be declared illegitimate by the court. In effect,
administrative law is the totality of constitutional provisions, legislative statutes, court
decisions, and executive directives that regulate the activities of government agencies.
After You Read
Read the text in your groups and compare the information about public
administration and law from the beginning of the lesson.

Comprehension exercise: Scanning:
Read the passage once again and try to find Reading Tip:
the benefits of law in an administration. Scanning is a reading strategy
Write it down in the following space. through which you look for
particular information in a
text!
Activity
Using the given words in the chart write a paragraph as the article about public
administration and law. At least ten of the words listed in box must be used.
Execution Public law Constitution Legislation Congress
Speaker Implementing Turmoil Opposition A judicial review
Grammar
Present Simple tense, Adverbs with ly endings.
Find out the words in the above text that ends with –ly and write them in space provided.
1. ............................. 4. .............................
2. ............................. 5. .............................
3. ............................. 6. .............................
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates from the reading passage.
After doing this activity, go to the actual text that your teacher dictated and circle the
mistakes you have made. Correct them afterwards.

Activity
Solve the crossword puzzle provided in the following.
Across
1. Judicial Examination
3. Parliament
4. The highest judicial
tribunal in a political unit (as
a nation or state)
7. The basic principles and
laws of a nation
9. To put (a law) in to action
or force
10. The presiding officer of
a deliberative assembly
12. Illegal
14. An official chief
executive or head of a city,
town
15. A formal meeting of
delegates for discussion
and usually action on some
question
Down
2. The exercise of the power
and function of making
rules (as laws)
5. Power to influence or
command
6. A state or condition of
extreme confusion
8. An act of setting opposite
or over against
11. The process of enforcing
a legal judgment
13. To change or modify for
the better
Writing
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Activity One using the adverbs
provided in Grammar Section.
and Management
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Use the following questions as discussion starters.
1. Who wants to be a manager and why?

2. What is the relation of public administration with managerial issues?
3. Who can be a successful manager?
Unit 3 Public Administration and Management 18
Vocabulary
Pair work to find word meanings: In pairs, one student says the word and the other
states the meaning.
Words Meanings
Management
Graduate
Cluster
Increasingly
Nonprofit
Aspect
Democratic
Republic
Monarchy
Agency
Represent
Federalist
Precise
Signification
Peculiarly
Doctorial
Regime
Perpetually
Bid
Interactive
Dynamic
Separation
Struggle
Influence
Mayor
Constantly
Enactment
Implement
Publicize
Confrontation
Mundane
Bureaucracy
Virtually
Numerous
Accomplish
Harmoniously
Listening
Listen to the text and fill out the blanks with the following words from the reading:
private graduate management allows republics
democratic constitutional represent aspect increasingly
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration:
Public administration is so much a branch of .................... that many ....................
schools of management (or business or administration) are divided into public and
...................., and now .................... nonprofit programs. Its legal basis ....................
public administration to exist, but without its management ...................., not much
of the public’s business would get done. In .................... states, whether they are
.................... or .................... monarchies, it is government agencies putting into
practice a legislative act that .................... the will of the people.
Before You Read
Brainstorm the following characteristics of public administration in managerial issues.

Rank them according to their efficiency? 1-2-3
Good
man
agem lic
Profes ent ts of Pub
sional spec
ial A
people ager
Man istration
Inexperie in
nced peo Adm
ple
Make notes here:

Reading
Public administration is so much a branch of management that many graduate schools

of management (or business or administration) are divided into public and private and
now increasingly nonprofit programs. Its legal basis allows public administration to exist,
but without its management aspect, not much of the public’s business would get done. In
democratic states, whether they are republics or constitutional monarchies, it is government
agencies putting into practice legislative acts that represent the will of the people.
According to Alexander Hamilton, writing in The Federalist, No. 72, “the administration
of government…in its most usual and perhaps most precise signification… is limited to
executive details, and falls peculiarly within the province of the executive department.” In
doctorial regimes similar agencies do the bidding of the people who hold power. But the
process is far more interactive and dynamic than any separation of powers diagram would
suggest. While the executive, legislative and judicial branches are separate and distinct
in the United States, all sides struggle to influence the others. A president, governor, or
mayor is constantly recommending new programs to the Congress, state legislature, or
city council. Modern government executives at all levels do not meekly sit back and merely
“execute” the will of the legislature. They actively compete to influence that will and to
fight for the enactment of programs they are anxious to implement. Because this can lead
to dramatic and highly publicized confrontations, the impression is often given that this is
what executives do: fight for new legislation, fight for the annual budget, and fight for or
against various interest groups. The reality is far less dramatic and more mundane. Most of
what an executive does is to manage existing programs, to run the bureaucracy. This work
is virtually visible to the public except when something goes wrong and the circus begins.
Public administration is a management specially referring both to the people responsible

for running an organization and to the running process itself the use of numerous resources
(such as employees and machines) to accomplish an organizational goal. Top managers
make the big decisions and are responsible for the overall success of the organization. Some
people have a gift for administration. We have all met such natural administrators. They
are not only perpetually organized but have a knack for getting people to work together
harmoniously. The administrative art is judgment, panache, and common sense.
After you Read
Comprehension exercise
Find the answers for the question given below.
1. What does Alexander Hamilton say about public administration?

2. How is public administration related to management?
Activity
Read the following definitions of the words and find the word in the text which
corresponds well to the definition.
1. National lawmaking body of a country C_ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. Group of people (gathered to advise, plan, etc.) C_ _ _ _ _ _
3. Only, just, simply ,and nothing more M_ _ _ _ _
4. Carry out according to terms and conditions (Law) E_ _ _ _ _ _
5. Mentally upset over possible misfortune or danger A_ _ _ _ _ _
6. Strong feeling or idea left by an experience I_________
7. Yearly allotment of funds, yearly distribution of money A_____b_____
8. A long discussion between group of people on an issue C_____
9. The opposite, the relation being reversed V___ _____
10. A special way of doing something K____
Grammar
Tense
Simple Present
FORM: Subject+ [VERB] + s/es
Examples:
1. Modern government executes at all levels.
2. Does modern government execute at all levels?
3. Modern government does not execute at all levels.
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action
can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.
Examples:
• I play soccer. Grammar Tip:
• She does not play tennis.
• Does he play chess? In Simple Present, for a subject of
• The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. third person singular the verb in the
• The train does not leave at 9 AM. sentence takes (s / es)
Sentence exercise:
Scan the text above and try to find six sentences that are in simple present tense. Write
them down in the provided space.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
3. .....................................................................................................................................
4. .....................................................................................................................................
5. .....................................................................................................................................
6. .....................................................................................................................................
Now discuss them with your partner. Underline the verb in simple present tense.
Pair work
Pass your book to your partner and let him comment on it. Then discuss your writing in
pairs.
Writing
Using the given words in the chart write a paragraph as the article about the relations
of public administration with managerial issues.
Council Legislation Execute Implement Various
Organizational Manage Responsible Ministerial Except
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates from the reading passage.
After doing this activity go to the actual text that your teacher dictated and circle the
Activity

4 Public Administration as
an Occupation
Figure 9 Figure 8
Figure 10
Introduction to the lesson
Discuss occupations. Use the following questions as discussion starters.
1. Do you have any occupation? If yes, what do you have? If no, then what occupation
would you like to have?
2. What category of occupations do you think public administration is a part of?
3. Can you relate a specific occupation to public administration? Give examples.
Unit 4 Public Administration as an Occupation 24

Vocabulary
states the meaning.
Words Defination
Employee
Occupational
Physician
Teacher
Carpenter
Plumber
Ministering
State
Police Officer
Forest Ranger
Institute
Incorporate
Institution
Sociology
Psychology
Medicine
Coalesced
Pioneering
Brain surgery
Profession
Engineer
Trade
Electrician
Manager
Local
Federal
Social Worker
Director
Scientist
Subject Matter
Political Science

Business
Administration
Anthropology
Forestry
Amorphously
Criminology
Listening
Listen to the text and fill out the blanks with words given in the box.
social workers sweeping occupational federal employees
managers ministering professions electrician
Public administration is whatever the public .......................... eof the world do. It anges from brain
surgery to street ........................ . Most of the people in this broad........................ category do not
eventhinkofthemselvesaspublicadministrators.Theyidentifywiththeirspecific............................
(physician, engineer, or teacher) and trades (carpenter,............................, or plumber). While
it is true that they may not be administrators in the sense of being............................, they
are nevertheless, whether they realize it or not,............................(in the sense of providing
services) to the public. In 2006, the United States had just under 18 million civilians working
for its local, state, and............................government. And only the smallest portion of them
police officers,.......................... s, or forest rangers, but they are also, unavoidably, public
administrators.
Before you Read
Brainstorm the idea of public administration as an occupation.
Public
Administration as an
Occupation It is whatever the
public employees of
the world do
Make notes here:

Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information against the words
that you added to the text above.
In 1995 Richard Klausner became the director of

the federal government's National Cancer Institute.
He then defiantly told the New York Times, "I am
not an administrator." He asserted that he was
"a scientist and a physician." But the Times was
not fooled by Dr. Klauzner. Its lengthy profile of
him was headlined "New Administrator Is 'Not an
Administrator.'" Administrators, even if they, like Dr.
Klauzner, are in denial, are still administrators.
Public administration as an Academic Field is

the study of the art and science of management
applied to the public sector. But it traditionally goes far beyond the concerns of
management and incorporates as its subject matter all of the political, social, cultural,
and legal environments that affect the running of public institutions. As a field of study,
it is inherently cross-disciplinary because if encompasses so much of political science,
sociology, business administration, psychology, law, anthropology, medicine, forestry,
and so on. Indeed, it can be argued that because public administration borrows so much
from other fields, what is left as its core is hardly worthy of being considered a legitimate
academic field at all. Yet, there is a center about which the parts of public administration
have coalesced. (See figure).
Read the text in your groups and compare the information about Public
administration and occupations from the beginning of the lesson.
Activity
Distinguishing the topic sentence (TS) and the controlling idea. Read the paragraph in
Activity Four and try to find the topic sentence. Write the TS on the space provided.
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Management".
Circle the controlling or main idea of the sentence. Discuss this in your groups.

Comprehension exercise
Find the answers for the question below. Write them down on space provided.
1. What did The New York Times write about Dr. Klauzner?
2. How is public administration defined as a field of study?
Discuss the answer you came up with your partner.
Grammar
Present Simple Tense

Adjectives with -al endings.
Activity
Find out the words in the above text that ends with –al and write them in space provided.
1. ..................................
2. ..................................
3. ..................................
4. ..................................
5. ..................................
6. ..................................
7. ..................................
8. ..................................
Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates from the text above.
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Activity Two using the adjectives
provided in Activity Eight.

5 What is Public Policy?
Figure 11
Discuss occupations
Discuss the concept of public policy. Use the following questions as discussion starters.
1. What is policy?
2. Are there any similarities and differences between decision making and policy?
3. How can you relate a public policy to public administration?
Unit 5 What is Public Policy? 29

Vocabulary
states the meaning.
Words Definition
Chaos
Structures
Status quo
Consist
Guidance
Broadest
Pyramid
Clerks
Consulate
Extent
Applicant
Community
Democracy
Maintain
Desirable
Revolutionary
Credential
Suspicious
Degenerate
Tyranny
Despots
Executive
Perverted
Policy vacuum
Leader
Instrument
Bureaus
Hierarchical
Overarching
Dozen
Embassy
Bottom

Street-level
bureaucrats
Sovereign
Monarch
Notion
Suppress
Universal
Antislavery
Perish
Demagogue
Dictatorial
Insulate
Hatch
Judicial
Terrorism
Listening
Listen to the text and fill out the blanks with the given words in the box.
bureaus policy vacuum embassies leaders instrument
consists chaos bottom pyramid hierarchical
bureaucrats applicant hierarchy
In the beginning, there was .......................... . Then came policy. It creates orderly structures
and a sense of direction. Public administration cannot exist in a.......................... . It must have
administrative structures that are directed by .......................... who wish to do something – if
only to maintain the status quo. Thus all of public administration is inherently an..........................
of policy – whether that instrument plays well, poorly, or not at all.
Any policy is a decision. A public policy is whatever a government decides to
do or not to do. It is what a government does in response to a political issue. A public
program..........................of all those activities designed to implement the public policy: Often
this calls for the creation of organizations, public agencies, and.........................., which in turn
need to create more policies that give guidance to the organization's employees on how to
put into practice the overall public policy.
Policy is........................... The broadest, most overarching policy is made at the top.
Then increasingly more focused polices must be made at every level on down. For example,
the president of the United States sits at the top of the foreign policymaking...........................
Dozens of layers below him sit thousands of clerks is the visa sections of hundreds
of..........................and consulates making policy – that is, making decisions – on who may
legally enter the United States. To be sure, policy at the.......................... is heavily impacted
by laws and regulations. But to the extent that these low-level officials – what Michael Lipsky
calls street-level..........................– have any discretion at all, they are making policy. And if
you are on the receiving end of that policy, whether as a visa..........................or a motorist
receiving a traffic citation from a police officer, the policy is as real to you as if it were coming
from higher levels in the policymaking.......................... .
Before you Read
Write down your ideas about public policy in the space provided by using at least 10
words from the list above. (Policy in simple words can be called to rules and regulations
in an organization or institution).
Make notes here:
Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information you came up with in the first
and second activity.
It is the sovereign who makes legitimate policy in a political community. In a traditional

society, the sovereign (meaning the monarch) is the sovereign (meaning the boss). In the
United States, the people are sovereign and government is considered their agent. In a
1916 speech, President Woodrow Wilson rhetorically asked, "Just is or the sovereignty of
self-governing people." This kind of sovereignty is generally referred to as a democracy.
But democracy is not a simple or constant concept. Instead, it is an evolving notion

regarding the relationship between the people and government. It started, like so many
things having to do with government, with the Greeks. Their democracy consisted of
rule by an elite group of male citizens, whose well-being was maintained by politically
suppressed women and a large slave population (which was not a desirable situation if you
were a woman and worse if you were a slave). The development of popular or universal
democracy in the eighteenth century led to revolutionary conceptions of democracy that
called for the placing of all power in the hands of the people – at first just white males. The
problem remained of constructing a state that could exercise that power not just in the
name of, but for all the people. This is what President Abraham Lincoln, a man with strong
antislavery credentials, was concerned about in his 1863 Gettysburg Address: "… that this
government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."…
The modern problem with "the people" is that so many nasty individuals have done
too many despicable things in their name. Eventually ….the term democracy has lost its
meaning – but not its vitality – in political debate.

The founders of the United States were rightly suspicious of the so-called "pure"
democracy of the free male citizens of ancient Athens. As Aristotle had warned, "time
and again throughout history these pure democracies had been captured by demagogues
and had degenerated into dictatorial tyrannies." John Adams wrote in an 1814 letter,
"Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself.
There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide." This will-justified fear of
"the mob" led the founders to create a republic, a form of government one step removed
from democracy that presumably protects the people from their own passions.
While the founders specifically wanted governing structure that was insulated from
a pure democracy, they also wanted a governing arrangement that, unlike the city-
states of ancient Greece, could function over a large area. As James Madison wrote in
The Federalist, No. 14, "In a democracy the people meet and exercise the government in
person; in a republic, they assemble and administer it by their representatives and agents.
A democracy, consequently, will be confined to a small spot. A republic may be extended
over a large region." Yet the founders all knew that many republics in history, such as the
Roman republic, had been replace by despots. Consequently, when Benjamin Franklin was
asked what sort of government had been hatched at the Constitutional Convention of 1787,
he replied, "A republic, if you can keep it." He knew that "keeping it" was far from certain.
In a republic the legislature, whether parliament or Congress, is supreme. After all, it has
the greatest number of enumerated powers and the executive and judicial branches must
enforce its laws. As Madison wrote in The Federalist, No 51, "In republican government, the
legislative authority necessarily predominates." President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a press
conference on July 23, 1937, put it another way: "It is the duty of the president to propose
and it is the privilege of the Congress to dispose." Yet this system was perverted from World
War II until very recently. Because of the necessities of both hot and cold wars, the president
has been unusually strong vis-à-vis the congress. With the end of the Cold War and without
the need to rally behind wartime leader, the power relationship seemed to returning to its
"normal" condition at least, until September 11, 2001, and the war on terrorism.
After you Read
Activity
Read the text in your groups and compare the information about public policy
from the beginning of the lesson. While reading the passage, find the following
items:
a. The definition of Democracy by Wilson
b. Democracy by Lincoln
c. What is policy?
d. What did Aristotle believe about Democracy?
e. What is republic?
f. What are the most important branches of a republic government?
Word meaning in context
Circle the letter next to the best answer.
1. In the beginning there was chaos.

a. Darkness
b. Warfare
c. Disorder
2. Policy at the bottom is heavily impacted by laws and regulations.

a. Under
b. Lower level
c. low-level officials or street-level bureaucrats
3. The broadest, most overarching policy is made at the top.

a. Overhead
b. High
c. High-level officials
4. In the United States, the people are sovereign and government is considered their agent.
a. King or queen
b. Autonomous
c. Having the power of governing
5. The problem remained of constructing a state that could exercise that power not
just in the name of, but for all the people.
a. Making a building
b. Generating
c. Structure
6. Pure democracies had been captured by demagogues…

a. The leader of the people
b. Gaining power through use of arguments designed to appeal to a mass
public's sentiments
c. Follower
7. A republic may be extended over a large region.

a. A form of government that is elected by people of a country
b. Monarchy
c. Government
8. It is the privilege of the Congress to dispose.

a. Throw away
b. Reject
c. Apply and approve
Writing
Distinguishing Supporting sentences (SSs). Read the paragraph and underline the
supporting sentences for the topic sentence.
Topic Sentence: It is the sovereign who makes legitimate policy in a political community.
In a traditional society, the sovereign (meaning the monarch) is the sovereign (meaning
the boss). Management is one very important factor that is quite weak in many third-
world countries. In the United States, the people are sovereign and the government
is considered their agent. In a 1916 speech, President Woodrow Wilson rhetorically
asked, "Just is or the sovereignty of self-governing people." This kind of sovereignty is
generally referred to as a democracy.
Take the irrelevant sentence out of the paragraph and write it in the space provided.
Activity
A. Now write 4 supporting sentences for the mentioned topic sentence.
Topic Sentence: The major policymaking authority in Afghanistan's governmental

system is parliament.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
3. .......................................................................................................................................
4. .......................................................................................................................................
B. Discuss your supporting sentences in your groups.

Dictation
A. Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates.
B. After doing this activity go to the actual text that your teacher dictated and circle
the mistakes you have made. Correct them afterwards.
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section.

6 The Policymaking Process
Figure 12
1. What is policy?
2. Would you like to make policies for your country?
3. Are you good at making decisions? If not, why?
Unit 6 The Policymaking Process 36

Vocabulary
states the meaning in English.
Words Definition
Policy
Involve
Tangible
Illustrate
Conceptual
Agenda
Non-decision
Evaluation
Analysis
Revision
Intumesce
Institution
Enactment
Elective
Incorporate
Particular
Colleague
Influence
Aspects
Grasp
Intangible
Cycle
Succession
Identification
Implementation
Impact
Feedback
Termination
Consideration
Constituents
Advocate
Proposal

Entrepreneurs
Expertise
Staffer
Senator
Listening
Listen to the text and fill out the blanks with words given in the box.
tangible non-decision grasp illustrated aspects
cycle succession analysis agenda setting
Policymaking involves so many .................., so it is difficult to .................. it as one single
thing. Of course, it is not a .................. thing; it is a never ending intangible process.
This process can be .................. by the public policymaking ................... A conceptual
model that views the public policy process as moving through a .................. of stages:
(1) ..................(or identification of a policy issue), (2) policy decision or .................., (3)
implementation, (4) program evaluation or impact .................., and finally, (5) feedback,
which leads to revision or termination.
Before you Read
Brainstorm the policymaking process cycle. Which of these four issues must be the first,
second, third and fourth to be considered in policymaking process?
Implementation of a new program or

change in an old public program
Policy decision or non- decision
Criticism from citizens and formal program The Policymaking

evaluations Process Cycle
Agenda setting

Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information against the words
Policymaking involves so many aspects, so it is difficult to grasp it as one single thing.

Of course, it is not a tangible thing; it is a never ending intangible process. This process
can be illustrated by the public policymaking cycle. A conceptual model that views the
public policy process as moving through a succession of stages: (1) agenda setting (or
identification of a policy issue), (2) policy decision or non-decision, (3) implementation,
(4) program evaluation or impact analysis, and finally, (5) feedback, which leads to
revision or termination.
Agenda setting is the process by which ideas or issues intumesce through the various
political channels to come to consideration by a political institution such as a legislature
or court. Their constituents expect that they will seek the enactment into law of
the policies that they advocated in their campaigns for elective office. Additionally,
the administrative agencies of the government often generate legislative proposals.
Sometimes, these are incorporated into the executive’s legislative recommendations.
Agendas are often set by public policy entrepreneurs, political actors who take a
political issue and run with it. Thus certain senators might ,make particular issues their
own by sheer force of expertise that, if respected, “forces” colleagues to take cues on
the matter from them. Or a staffer might become such an expert on an issue that he or
she can heavily influence legislation dealing with it. Thus a public policy entrepreneur
can be anyone in the political environment whose expertise and actions can affect an
issue.
After you Read
Activity
Read the text in your groups and compare the information about the process of pubic
policymaking from the beginning of the lesson.
Activity
Distinguishing the topic sentence (TS) and the controlling idea. Read the paragraph in
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Decision Making".

Activity
Do you agree or disagree to statement that "Public policymaking is the totality of the
process by which a government decides to deal or not to deal with a particular problem
or concern". If you agree, why? And if you don’t, then why not?
Activity
corresponds to the definition.
1. Capable of being felt or touched, real, substantial T_ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. A temporally organized plan for matters to be attended to A_ _ _ _ _
3. Act of editing, act of making corrections R_ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. Become enlarged; bubble up I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. Order in which one person takes the place of another S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. The stage in the marketing management process when plans I_____________
are put into action
7. Information about the results of a certain procedure F_______
8. Any offer or other submission used as a basis for pricing a P_______
contract
9. Proficiency, skill; expert opinion E________
10. Member of parliament, legislator S______
Grammar
Suffixes:
Definition:-Suffixes are the letters that come after words and change their meanings.
I. Suffixes are located after verbs and can change them to nouns such as:
 ment: state = statement

 ation: examine=examination
 tion: invent=invention
 ance: assure=assurance
 ing: happen=happening
 y: unite=unity
Complete the chart below with these noun suffixes (ment, ation, tion, ual, ing,)

Verb Noun
illustrate
concept
implement
evaluate
terminate
considerate
constitute
enact
advocate
administrate
generate
recommend
incorporate
legislate
act
Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates about policymaking.
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section and use the noun
suffixes in Grammar Section.

7 The External Power in
Administration
Figure 13
Discuss the concept of power and authority. Use the following questions as
discussion starters.
1. What is the role of power in an organization?

2. According to you, is the way administrators behave with the people fair in Afghanistan?
3. If you get a job in an organization someday, what would you do?
4. Do you agree that administrators must shape themselves for the need of their
customers or consumers?
Unit 7 The External Power in Administration 42
Vocabulary
Pair work to find word meanings: In pairs, one student says the word and the
other states the meaning.
Words Definition
Meanings
Traditionally
Barrel
Influential
Campaign
Heavily
Constrain
Expect
Environment
Boundary
Facilitate
Performance
Likewise
Appropriate
Dimension
Demand
Stakeholder
Grows out
Checkbooks
Lobbyists
Contributions
Immense
Stray
Inextricably
Attempt
Transpire
Inhibit
Proximal
Articulate
Achieve
Bear
Client
Pertinent
Listening
Listen to the text and fill out the blanks with the given words in the box.
traditionally grows out children checkbook lobbyists

campaign immense expected constrain followers
Power – The External Perspective
Power is the ability or the right to exercise authority over others. ..................., according to
the founder of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong, "Political power...................
of the barrel of a gun." More recently, power has been residing in the...................of large
corporations and influential.................... Those with traditional power or the power
to make large...................contributions get to make or heavily influence public policy.
Whether they do it with a gun or a check is dependent on local conditions. The world
is organized into an...................hierarchy of power: Political leaders have power over
their..................., managers over their workers, and parents over their................... . We
are all subject to the powers that force us to work or school and................... us from
straying too far from what is................... .
Before you Read
Write down your ideas about "external forces that affect the internal structure of an
administration" in the space provided by using at least 10 words from the list above.
Since you have studied topic sentences and supporting sentences in previous lessons,
try to organize your ideas in the form of a paragraph.
Topic Sentence:
Supporting sentences:
Exchange your book with your partner and then reflect on what and how you have
written your ideas.
Your partner must make correction notes here:
Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information you came up with in
the first and second activity.

No organization can exist in a vacuum; each is set in a particular country and region to
which it is inextricably linked. This setting provides multiple contexts that influence how
the organization operates and how and what it produces.… An analysis of the external
environment is an attempt to understand the forces outside organizational boundaries
that are helping to shape the organization.
Chief executive of the jurisdiction
Outside auditors Agency clientele
Media
Legislature Agency Head
Courts
Political parties
Other agencies
Interest
Forces outside the institution's walls clearly have considerable bearing on that which
transpires within. The external environment can provide both facilitating and inhibiting
influences on organizational performance. Multiple influences in the immediate or
proximal environment form the boundaries within which an organization is able to
function; these influences likewise shape how the organization defines itself and how it
articulates what is good and appropriate to achieve.
Key dimensions of the environment that bear on the institution include the
administrative/legal, technological, political, economic, and social and cultural contexts,
the demands and needs of external clients and stakeholders, and relations with other
pertinent institutions.
After you Read
Read the text in your groups and compare the information about external power/
environment from the beginning of the lesson. While reading the passage, find the
following items:
a. The definition of power

b. Power by Mao Zedong
c. What is external environment?
Write them down:

Writing
Distinguishing the Concluding Sentence (CS). Read the paragraph in Activity Four and
underline the concluding sentence. Write the CS on the space provided.
How is this different or similar with the topic sentence? Discuss this in your groups.
Activity
Now write a concluding sentence for the given topic.
Idealism draws people into public administration because it provides them with
worthwhile – and exciting – things to do with their lives. Nowhere else can someone
without private wealth achieve such vast power so quickly. Even the children of the
very wealthy – such as the Kennedys and Rockefellers – tend to enter public service for
the same reasons other people do: because it's fun, it offers ego gratification, and, most
importantly, because it satisfies their dual desires to do good works and exercise power.
Discuss the concluding sentence in your groups.

Dictation
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section.

8 Internal Power in Public
Administration
Figure 14
1. What comes to mind when you hear the word ‘power’?

2. Would you like to be powerful or powerless?
3. Does an administrator need for power? If yes. why?
Unit 8 Internal Power in Public Administration 47

Vocabulary
Pair work to find word meanings: In pairs, one student says the word and the other states the
meaning in English.
Words Definition
Perspective
Intuitive
Antiquity
Equate
Unethical
Connivance
Specialization
Scarce
Instinctively
Donnas
Prevail
Discretionary
Potent
Credibility
Relativity
Constraint
Moral
Maintain
Astute
Intellectualize
Hesitated
Brutality
Manipulation
Subjugation
Compete
Attractiveness
Prima
Murder
Authority
Perceive
Coalition
Latent

Emphasize
Demand
Associations
Productively
Listening
Listen to the text and fill in the blanks with words given in the box.
intellectualizing astute Aristotle hesitated power
means intuitive as soon as
The external perspective: George Orwell, one of the most .................. political observers of the
twentieth century, was, however, very wrong about one thing. In his book 1984 he wrote that “power
is not a .................., it is an end” and that the object of power is power.” One sure thing about power is
that we all understand it. We learn about power in organization .................. we go to school. Most of
us have a pretty good .................. grasp of the basic concepts of organizational power by the time we
reach the third grade. So the newest thing about power in organization is not our understanding of it
but rather our .................. about it. Discussions of power and politics go back to .................. and other
writers from antiquity. All of political theory is concerned with the exercise of power. Ordinary people
as well as scholars have .................. to talk about power. For many, .................. is not a subject for
polite conversation. Many of us including Orwell have often .................. power with force, brutality,
unethical behavior, manipulation, connivance, and subjugation.
Before you Read
Brainstorm the cycle of the Typical Inside Forces on a Public Agency Manager. Does a
manager need to consider all of these requirements?
Budget Constraints
Employee (union) demands

Morale
Agency Head
Professional associations
Need to maintain or increase

productively
Demands of Critical units

Reading
The external perspective: George Orwell, one of the most astute political observers of
the twentieth century, was, however, very wrong about one thing. In his book 1984 he
wrote that “power is not a mean, it is an end” and that the object of power is power.” One
sure thing about power is that we all understand it. We learn about power in organization as
soon as we go to school. Most of us have a pretty good intuitive grasp of the basic concepts
of organizational power by the time we reach the third grade. So the newest thing about
power in organization is not our understanding of it but rather our intellectualizing about it.
Discussions of power and politics go back to Aristotle and other writers from antiquity. All of
political theory is concerned with the exercise of power. Ordinary people as well as scholars
have hesitated to talk about power. For many, power is not a subject for polite conversation.
Many of us including Orwell have often equated power with force, brutality, unethical
behavior, manipulation, connivance, and subjugation.
Internal Power Relationships

Power relationships are permanent features of organizations primarily because
specialization results in the creation of many interdependent units with varying sizes and
degrees of importance that compete with each other for scarce resources. Power is related
to dependence. Lower-level organizational members have an arsenal of weapons such
as expertise and personal attractiveness with which to make others dependent on them.
Servants who use their cleverness to take advantage of social betters are a stock-in-trade of
classic drama. This is an intellectualization of something we all know instinctively: that some
people are treated prima donnas or “get away with murder” in organizations because they
possess some special skill that gives them power in a specific context.
Other forms of power and influence often prevail over authority-based power for
example, control over scarce resources ( office space, discretionary funds, current and
accurate information, and time and skill to work on projects), easy access to others who
are perceived as having power (important customers or clients, members of the board of
directors, someone else with formal authority or who controls scarce resources), a central
place in a potent coalition, ability to work with organizational rules” ( knowing how to get
things done or to prevent others from getting things done), and credibility ( believing that
one’s word can be trusted).
Jeffrey Pfeiffer defines power as “the ability to get things done the way one wants them
done; it is the latent ability to influence people.” This definition offers several advantages for
understanding organization. First, it emphasizes the relativity of power. As Pfeiffer points
out, “power is context or relationship specific. A person is not ‘powerful’ or ‘powerless’ in
general, but only with respect to other social actors in a specific social relationship.”

After you Read
Distinguishing topic sentence (TS) and controlling idea. Read the paragraph in activity
four and try to find the topic sentence. Write the TS on the space provided.
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Power in Management".
Comprehension exercise
Write the summary of the main article in your own words.
Activity
corresponds well to the definition.
1. mutually dependent, relying on each other R_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. a military structure where arms and ammunition and other A_ _ _ _ _ _
military equipment are stored
3. any instrument used in fighting W_ _ _ _ _ _
4. amount of money set aside for a specific purpose F_ _ _
5. the trait of extreme cruelty B________
6. act of subjugating, act of bringing into submission S__________
7. lacking power, Weak P________
8. be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance P______
9. having the power to influence or convince P_____
Grammar Section
Suffix:
I. Suffixes that change adjective to noun are such as:
 ness: blind=blindness
 ship: hard=hardship
 hood: false=falsehood
 ity: timid=timidity
 dom: free=freedom
Complete the chart below with these noun suffixes (ness, dom, ity, ship,
hood,) Adjective Noun
Attractive
Friend
Wise
Stupid
Child
Happy
Scholar
Clear
King
Leader
Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates about internal power in
public Administration.
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Activity One and use the
Adjective suffixes in Grammar Section.

9 The Machinery of the
Government
Figure 15
1. What comes to mind when you hear the word ‘Machinery’?

2. What is the machinery of the government?
3. Does the machinery of the government consist of a national government or does it
also include local government? Give reasons for your answer.
Unit 9 The Machinery of the Government 53

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Consist
Adopt
Eventual
Everlasting
Contest
Trouble
Sentiment
Acknowledge
Tendency
Yield
Elemental
Reinvent
Relevant
Devolution
Risks
Mandate
Jurisdiction
Recognition
Fool
Well-known
Denounce
Heresy
Aptitude
Efficacy
Crucial
Debate
Metaphor
Analysis
Stakeholder
Benefits

Listening
Listen to the text and fill in the blanks with words given in the box.
consists arrangements national machinery deliver
mandated management jurisdictions
What is the Machinery of the Government?
The machinery of the government .......................... of all the structural ..........................

adopted by .........................., state, or local governments to .......................... their
legally .......................... programs and services. This of necessity includes the central
.......................... arrangements of government. In all the .........................., the organization
and eventual recognition of executive branch agencies is the everlasting ..........................
of Government Issue.
Before you Read
Brainstorm the relevant machinery of government performance. Do the changes

benefit the government?
Relevant machinery of government changes
Analysis of current and

future performance
Benefits of change
Costs and risks of

Costs and risks of change
Legal requirements
International
comparisons

Reading
What is the Machinery of the Government?

The machinery of the government consists of all the structural arrangements adopted by
national, state, or local governments to deliver their legally mandated programs and services.
This of necessity includes the central management arrangements of government. In all the
jurisdictions, the organization and eventual recognition of executive branch agencies is the
everlasting machinery of Government Issue.
Fine-Tuning the Machinery

In 1733 English poet Alexander Pope wrote the following:
For forms of the government let fools contest that which is the best administrated is best.
These two lines from his An Essay on Man became so well known that Alexander Hamilton,
in The Federalist, No. 68 (1788), took the trouble to quote them, denounce the sentiment as
“political heresy” and then go on to acknowledge, “Yet we may safely pronounce that the true
test of a good government is its aptitude and tendency to produce a good administration. “
Ever since, one test of governing efficacy has been Hamilton’s ideal of “good administration.”
The machinery that a government creates to work its will must be judged by the quality of
public administration that is yields. But many political analysts of Hamilton’s generation as well
as today would argue that no matter how good the quality, it is the quantity that is the crucial
thing.
But if so many good and wise people believed so strongly that government should be
“least” how and why did it grow so large? Has the machine grown too big for its most
elemental task of producing Hamilton’s “good administration”? The task of this chapter is
to examine the machinery of government and its effects on administrations good and bad.
Always remember, however, that most of the debate over reinventing government and the
best public management practices are not about fundamentally changing the nature of
governing institutions but about fine-tuning the machinery. To use a mobile metaphor: it’s not
about reinventing the automobile: it’s about getting more miles per gallon of fuel using fewer
and less-expensive parts.
After you Read
Distinguishing the Topic Sentence (TS) and the controlling idea. Read the paragraph in
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Machinery of life".

Comprehension exercise
How does metaphor about the automobile at the end of this reading help you
understand the main idea of this reading?
Activity
Read the following definitions of the words and find the word in the text which corresponds
to the definition.
1. choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans A_ _ _ _
2. Lasting forever or a very long time. E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. the right and power to interpret and apply the law J_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. To proclaim in a threatening manner D_ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. Belief or idea which is in opposition to established views H_____
7. Capacity or power to produce a desired effect E_ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. Of the greatest importance C______
9. The process of recognizing something or someone by remembering R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. A person who lacks good judgment F___
Grammar section
Suffix:
I. Suffixes can change nouns into adjective such as:
 able: fashion=fashionable
 ful: law=lawful
 like: man=manlike
 ish: fool=foolish
 some: trouble=troublesome
 less: risk=riskless

Complete the chart below with these noun suffixes (able,ful,like,ish,some,less)
Noun Adjective
Manage
Care
Hair
Child
Friend
Regret
Look
Predict
Fool
Help
Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates about the machinery of the
government.
Write ten sentences related to government and the machinery of government using
any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section and use the adjective suffixes in Grammar
Section.

10 The Administrative Architecture
of the Afghan Government
Figure 16
1. Do you know how our government works?

2. Do you agree with the present method of administration in Afghanistan?
3. If not, how would you compare the present situation with the past ones?
Unit 10 The Administrative Architecture of the Afghan Government 59

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Two term limit
National popular vote
Runoff election
Declare
Resignation
Impeachment
Interim
Appointing
Attorney general
National security
advisor
Central banker
Judges
National Assembly
Cabinet
Supreme Court
Consent
Commander-in-chief
Armed forces
Approved
Endorsed
Power to veto
Override
Chambers
Electoral law
Allocated
Proportion
Constitution
Non-transferable
Political parties
Proposal
Provincial council
Appointees
District council
Supreme Court
Islamic jurisprudence
Dominated
Judicial review
Listening
Activity
Listen to the reading of the text and fill in the blanks with words given in the box.
resignation
endorsed national runoff election declare
interim
National commander-in-
president national security Supreme Court
Assembly chief
two term limit
cabinet power to veto
emergency
Government Structure and Function
Executive Branch
Afghanistan’s president is the head of state. The president is directly elected to a five-year
term. There is a........................on the president. A candidate for president must receive
greater than 50 percent of the........................popular vote. If no candidate receives more
than 50 percent, then a........................ is held between the two candidates with the most
votes in the first round. Candidates for the presidency........................ two running mates who
will serve as their first and second vice presidents. In the event of the death,........................,
or impeachment of the president, the first vice president serves as........................until new
elections can be held.
In addition to appointing the vice presidents, the president of Afghanistan also has the
power to appoint........................ ministers, the attorney general, the central banker, a
national security advisor, ambassadors, judges, and certain members of the upper house of
the........................ . The president’s choice for cabinet ministers,........................ nominees
and several other high ranking government posts is subject to the parliament’s consent. The
president is the ........................ of the armed forces, and with the approval of the National
Assembly, has the power to declare war or a state of........................ .
The president and his administration have the power to propose legislation in the
National Assembly. All laws in Afghanistan must be approved by the National Assembly
and........................by the president, and the president has the........................any laws
approved by the legislature. However, the National Assembly can override the president’s
veto.

Before you Read
Brainstorm the Cycle of Typical Inside Forces on a Public Agency Manager.

Does a manager need to consider all of these requirements?
The Constitution
Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch
Wolesi Jirga The President and Stara Makama

(Parliament) Vice Presidents (Supreme Court)
Meshrano Jirga
Cabinet
(Senate)
Write down your ideas in the space provided. What do you think about all of these
institutions? Do you feel that they are well-organized? If not, why?
Reading
Legislative Branch (National Assembly)

The National Assembly is divided into two chambers: the Wolesi Jirga or "House of the
People" and the Meshrano Jirga or "House of Elders."
Wolesi Jirga
The Wolesi Jirga is the more powerful of the two houses of parliament and is made up
of no more than 250 members (the 2004 electoral law set the size of the house at 249
members). Each member is directly elected to five-year terms. Representatives are
allocated to each of Afghanistan’s 34 provinces in proportion to their population, with
each province having a minimum two seats. According to the Constitution, there must
be 68 female representatives (twice the number of provinces—about one quarter of the
members), and, according to the 2004 electoral law, each province must have at least
one female representative. In the 2005 elections, a single non-transferable vote system
was used in which each person cast a single vote for one candidate in their province. The
candidates who received the most votes in each province were seated in parliament. In
2005, there were no political party lists and all candidates ran as independents; however
some candidates were members of or backed by political parties. Currently, there
are over eighty registered political parties. Such a large number is not unusual in new
democracies.
Legislation can originate in either the National Assembly or the president’s

administration, and the proposal must first be introduced into the Wolesi Jirga. If it is
approved by the Wolesi Jirga, then it is sent onto the Meshrano Jirga for approval. If the
Meshrano Jirga rejects the proposed law, a two-thirds majority in the Wolesi Jirga can
override it. Furthermore, a two-thirds majority in the Wolesi Jirga can also override a
presidential veto.
Meshrano Jirga
The Meshrano Jirga is the "upper" house of parliament. It is the weaker of the two bodies,
and is indirectly elected. Thirty-four members (one from each province) are elected by
the provincial councils from among their own members to four-year terms. Another 34
members are elected by the district councils in each province from among their own
members to three-year terms. The remaining 34 members are appointed by the president
to five-year terms, and half of these appointees must be women. However, in 2005, the
district council elections for members of the Meshrano Jirga did not take place.
Judicial Branch
The Supreme Court consists of nine members appointed by the president and approved
by the Wolesi Jirga for a single period of ten years. Supreme Court justices must be legal
experts or experts in Islamic jurisprudence, and the Court has been dominated thus far
by conservative ulema (scholars). The Supreme Court does have some power of judicial
review.
After you Read
Skimming
Read the text above for main idea and
answer the questions below. Skimming
is a reading strategy used for getting
1. What is the role of the president? the main idea of a text
2. What is Meshrano Jirga?
3. What is Wolesi Jirga?
4. What is power to veto?
5. How does Afghan Supreme Court (Stara Mahkma) function?

Scanning exercise
Find these items for the text above.
1. Number of members of parliament

2. Female members of Wolesi Jirga
3. The role of Meshrano Jirga
4. The period of supreme court members
5. The number of elected members of Meshrano Jirga
Comprehension exercise
Do you think the government of Afghanistan is well structured for its development? If
yes, how? and if not, why?
Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down what s/he dictates about the Legislative Branch
of the government from the text above.
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section.

11 Constitutional Laws
Figure 17
Figure 18
1. What does come to your come to your mind when you hear the word ‘Constitution’?
2. Why is it necessary to have a constitution in a country?
3. Should the country have to follow constitutional laws? Why?
Unit 11 Constitutional Laws 65

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Article
Republic
Unitary
Independent
Indivisible
Sovereignty
Deprived
Citizenship
Exploitation
Asylum
Implementation
Defend
Abide
Treaties
Declaration
Smuggling
Narcotics
Utilization
Investment
Enterprises
Ecological
Monetary
Craftsmanship
Settlement
Nomad
Sacred
Religious
Ceremonies
Followers
Provisions
Contrary
Territorial
Integrity
Capability
Oblige
Prosperous
Protection
Conventions
Non-aggression
Neighborliness
Mutual
Properties
Capital
Domestic
Issuance
Financial
Husbandry
Herder
Archeological
Artifacts
Reading
Read the five following Constitutional Laws and paraphrase them in your own
words in the box.
Article One Ch. 1. Art. 1

Afghanistan is an Islamic Republic, independent, unitary and indivisible state.
Article Two Ch. 1, Art. 2

The religion of Afghanistan is the sacred religion of Islam. Followers of other religions
are free to perform their religious ceremonies within the limits of the provisions of law.
Article Three Ch. 1, Art. 3

In Afghanistan, no law can be contrary to the sacred religion of Islam and the values of
this Constitution.

Article Four Ch. 1, Art. 4
National sovereignty in Afghanistan belongs to the nation that exercises it directly or
through its representatives. The nation of Afghanistan consists of all individuals who
are the citizen of Afghanistan. The word Afghan applies to every citizen of Afghanistan.
None of the citizens of the nation shall be deprived of his Afghan citizenship. Affairs
related to the citizenship and asylum are regulated by law.
Article Five Ch. 1, Art. 5

Implementation of the provisions of this constitution and other laws, defending
independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and ensuring the security and
defense capability of the country, are the basic duties of the state.
Now read the rest of Constitutional Laws of Afghanistan then discuss each of them
with your teacher and classmates:
Article Six Ch. 1, Art. 6

The state is obliged to create a prosperous and progressive society based on
social justice, protection of human dignity, protection of human rights, realization of
democracy, and to
ensure national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and tribes and to provide
for balanced development in all areas of the country.
Article Seven Ch. 1, Art. 7

The state shall abide by the UN charter, international treaties, international
conventions that Afghanistan has signed, and the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights. The state prevents all types of terrorist activities, production and smuggling of
narcotics.
Article Eight Ch. 1, Art. 8

The state regulates the foreign policy of the country on the basis of preserving
the independence, national interests, territorial integrity, non -aggression, good
neighborliness, mutual respect, and equal rights.
Article Nine Ch. 1, Art. 9

Mines, underground resources are properties of the state. Protection, use,
management, and mode of utilization of the public properties shall be regulated by law.
Article Ten Ch. 1, Art. 10

The State encourages and protects private capital investments and enterprises
based on the market economy and guarantee their protection in accordance with the
provisions of law.
Article Eleven Ch. 1, Art. 11
Affairs related to the domestic and external trade shall be regulated by law in
accordance with the needs of the national economy and public interests.
Article Twelve Ch. 1, Art. 12

De Afghanistan Bank is the central and independent bank of the state. Issuance of
currency, and formulation and implementation of monetary policy of the country are
the mandates of the central bank in accordance with law. Structure and operation of
this bank shall be regulated by law.
Article Thirteen Ch. 1, Art. 13

The state shall formulate and implement effective programs for development of
industries, growth of production, increasing of public living standards, and support to
craftsmanship.
Article Fourteen Ch. 1, Art. 14

The state shall design and implement within its financial resources effective
programs for development of agriculture and animal husbandry, improving the
economic, social and living conditions of farmers, herders, settlement and living
conditions of nomads. The state adopts necessary measures for housing and
distribution of public estates to deserving citizens in accordance within its financial
resources and the law.
Article Fifteen Ch.1. Art. 15

The archeological artifacts are the state property. The state is obliged to adopt
necessary measures for safeguarding archeological artifacts, proper exploitation of
natural resources, and improvement of ecological conditions.
After you Read
Read these following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (F) if it is incorrect.
1. In Afghanistan, law can be contrary to the sacred religion of Islam and the ............
values of this Constitution.
2. Followers of other religions are free to perform their religious ceremonies ............
within the limits of the provisions of law.
3. The state prevents all types of terrorist activities, production and smuggling ............
of narcotics.
4. Affairs related to the internal and external trade shall be regulated by law in ............
accordance with the needs of the international economy and public interests.
5. The state adopts necessary measures for housing and distribution of public
estates to deserving citizens in accordance within its financial resources and ............
the law.

Activity
From the above Constitutional Laws choose an article and write about it individually.
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Constitutional Law".
Comprehension exercise
Write the relation of Public Administration
with Constitution in an organized shape of Paragraph
a paragraph. is a group of related sentences
Use the words in Activity Two. that talks about one single idea.
Grammar
Suffix:
I. Suffixes that change adjective to verb are such as:
 ize: legal=legalize -------- familiar=familiarize
 en: fast=fasten -------- loose=loosen
Complete the chart below with these verb suffixes (ize,en)
Adjective Verb
Fast
Real
Private
Hard
Thick
Broad
Writing
Dictation

Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Activity One and use the verb
suffixes in Activity Seven.

12 The Constitution of Afghanistan –
The President's Qualification and
Election
Figure 19
Figure 21
Figure 20
1. Who can be a president of a country?

2. What qualification should a president have?
3. Do you think a good president should obey and follow the law of a country?
4. Do you know any of the articles of Afghanistan constitution concerning the
president's qualification and election? If yes, share it with the rest of the class. (or)
According to the constitution, how is the president selected in Afghanistan? What are
his/her main responsibilities?
Unit 12 The Constitution of Afghanistan – The President's Qualification and Election 72

Vocabulary
states the meaning in English that is provided in the vocabulary list below.
Words Definition
Conducts
Accordance
Candidacy
Absence
Elected
Expired
Majority
Supervision
Referendum
Citizenship
Deprivation
Authorities
Provisions
Declare
Resignation
Presidential
Election
Announcement
Independent
Commission
Qualification
Convicted
Civil rights
Before you Read
A. Brainstorm about the role and responsibilities of a president in a society; and the
process in which he/she can be elected. Add your information in the spaces provided.

Qualification
The President
Process of
Election
B. Write down your ideas in an organized structure of a complete paragraph. Carefully

state your topic sentence with a controlling idea and support them with further
sentences. Use the space provided here for jotting down your ideas, and then write the
paragraph in your notebooks.
C. After writing the paragraph, exchange your notebook with your partner to comment
on its structure and content. Discuss your writings in pairs.
Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information you brainstormed in
Activity Three.
The President's Qualifications and Election

Article Sixty Ch. 3, Art. 1
The President is the head of the state of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and
conducts his authorities in executive, legislative, and judiciary branches in accordance
with the provisions of this Constitution.
The President is responsible to the nation. The President shall have one Vice

President. The President on his candidacy shall declare the name of the Vice President
to the nation. The Vice President in the absence, resignation, and or death of the
President, acts in accordance with the provisions of this constitution.
Article Sixty-One Ch. 3, Art. 2

The President is elected by receiving more than 50% of the votes cast through free,
general, secret, and direct voting. The presidential term is expired at the first of (Jawza)
of the fifth year after the elections. Elections for the new president are held within
thirty, to sixty days before the end of the presidential term. If none of the candidates
succeeds to receive more than 50% of the votes in the first round, a run-off election
shall be held within two weeks. In this round, only two candidates with the highest
number of votes will participate. In the run-off, the candidate who gets the majority of
the votes shall be elected as the President.
In case of death of one of the candidates before the first or second round, or prior to
the announcement of the results of elections, new elections shall be held in accordance
with the provisions of law. The elections for the post of president shall be held under
the supervision of the Independent Commission supervising of the Elections. This
commission shall be established to supervise all kinds of elections and referendums in
the country, in accordance with the provisions of law.
Article Sixty-Two Ch. 3, Art. 3

Presidential candidates should possess the following qualifications:
1- Should be citizen of Afghanistan, Muslim and born of Afghan parents, and should
not have citizenship of another country.
2- On the day of becoming a candidate, his age should not be less than forty years.
3- Should not have been convicted of crimes against humanity, criminal act, or
deprivation of the civil rights by a court.
No one can be elected as president for more than two terms.

The provision of this article is applied to the Vice President as well.
Unofficial Translation. Please refer to official Pashtu and Dari texts(Constitution) for accuracy.
After you Read
Review the reading text above in order to answer the questions below.
1. Do you think the present government is following the articles in this chapter? If yes,
how? If no, why?
2. In article Sixty-Two there are some points listed, what do they overall declare?
3. Based on the provided excerpt from the chapter 3 of the Afghan Constitution, what
did you discover about the president's qualifications and election?

Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down his or her dictation of Article No. 68 from the
Further Reading part at the end of Lesson Thirteen.
Read Article No. 62 and change its structure

from list to a complete, well-structured
paragraph in your notebooks. After writing, Peer Review
exchange it for peer review. means to let your friend or partner
to comment on your work.

13 The Constitution of Afghanistan
The President's Responsibilities
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
1. Do you think a good president should obey and follow the duties specified in
constitutional law?
2. In your point of view, what should be the president's main responsibilities?
Unit 13 The Constitution of Afghanistan – The President's Responsibilities 77

Vocabulary
states the meaning in English that is provided in the vocabulary list below.
Words Definition
Resumption
Chief justice
Observe
Territorial integrity
Ceasefire
Convening
Dismissal
Credential
Bi-lateral and
international treaties
Oath of allegiance
Sacred
National sovereignty
Fundamental rights
Contingent
Inaugurating
Diplomatic
Decrees
Honorary titles
Before you Read
A. Brainstorm about the role and responsibilities of a president in a society; and the
process in which he/she can be elected. Add your information in the spaces provided
The President
Responsibilities
B. Write down your ideas in an organized structure of a complete paragraph. Carefully state your
topic sentence with a controlling idea and support them with further sentences. Use the space
provided here for jotting down your ideas, and then write the paragraph in your notebooks.
78
on its grammar and content. Discuss your writings in pairs.
Reading
Now read the entire text below and check the information you brainstormed in
Before you Read.
The Afghan Constitution – The President's Responsibilities
Article Sixty-three Ch. 3, Art. 4

The President-elect, prior to resumption of his/her duties, performs the following oath of
allegiance in the presence of members of the National Assembly and the chief justice:
“In the name Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate
In the name Allah Almighty, in the presence of you representatives of the nation of
Afghanistan, I swear to obey and safeguard the provisions of the sacred religion of Islam, to
observe the Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan and supervise their implementation;
to safeguard the independence, national sovereignty, and the territorial integrity of
Afghanistan and the fundamental rights and interests of the people of Afghanistan, and with
the assistance of God and the support of the nation, to make great and sincere efforts for the
happiness and progress of the people of Afghanistan.”
Article Sixty-Four Ch. 3, Art. 5

The power and duties of the President are as follows:
1- Supervising the implementation of the Constitution.
2- Determining the fundamental policies of the state.
3- Being the Command -in-Chief of the armed forces of Afghanistan.
4- Declaration of war and ceasefire with the approval of the National Assembly.
5- Taking the required decision during defending of territorial integrity and protecting of the
independence.
6- Sending contingents of the armed forces to foreign countries with the approval of the
National Assembly.
7- Convening Loya Jirga except in a situation stated in Article Sixty -eight f this Constitution.
8- Declaring the state of emergency and ending it with the approval of the National Assembly.
9- Inaugurating the National Assembly and the Loya Jirga.
10- Accepting resignation of the Vice President.
11- Appointing of Ministers and the Attorney General with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga,
and acceptance of their dismissal and resignation.
12- Appointing the head and members of the Supreme Court with the approval of the Wolesi
Jirga.
13- Appointment, retirement and acceptance of resignation and dismissal of judges, officers
of the armed forces, police, national security, and high-ranking officials in accordance with
the law.
14- Appointment of heads of diplomatic missions of Afghanistan in foreign countries and
international organizations.
15- Accepting the credentials of diplomatic missions in Afghanistan.
16- Signing of laws and legislative decrees.
17- Issuing credential letter for the conclusion of bi-lateral and international treaties in
accordance with the provisions of law.
18- Reducing and pardoning penalties in accordance with law.
19- Issuing medals, and honorary titles in accordance with the provision of law.
20- Appointment of the Governor of De Afghanistan Central Bank with the approval of the
Wolesi Jirga.
21- The establishment of commissions for the improvement of the administrative condition of
the country, in accordance with law.
22- Exercising other authorities in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
After you Read
1. Do you think that the current president performs the responsibilities specified for
him in the constitution?
2. What is Article sixty-four about?
3. Based on the provided excerpt from the chapter 3 of the Afghan constitution, what
do you think about the president's responsibilities?
Activity
Read the paragraph that you have written in activity three and four. Now compare it
with the articles of the Constitution both in Activity Four and in Further Reading part at
the end of this lesson. Do they match or they are different? Discuss it in your groups.
Speaking
Have three students in your class campaign for the

elections.
After listening to them, the rest of the students in the
class should pose questions and compare their speech
to the articles of Chapter 3 of our Constitution. Discuss
your choice in groups, then vote.
Writing Image by: iStockphoto, Konstantinos Kokkinis
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down his or her dictation of Article No. 69 from the
Further Reading part at the end of the lesson.

Activity
Step 1: Read article No. 64 in your groups and write them on flip charts then paste
them on the walls around the class.
Step 2: Let other groups see those posters and discuss those commandments while
circling around the class.
Step 3: Write your comments on slips and paste them on the posters.
Step 4: Now the representatives of each group should respond to the comments of
other student or defend their views.

The President's Qualification and
Election
Figure 30
Figure 31
1. What does come to your mind when you hear the word ‘Government’?
2. Do you like to work in government? Why or why not?
3. As an administrator, how can you be useful for your government?
Unit 14 The Constitution of Afghanistan The President's Qualification and Election 82

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Chairmanship
Appointed
Approval
National Assembly
Qualification
Membership
Prior
Safeguard
Honestly
Maintenance
Corruption
Fiscal
Contradictory
Treason
Adopt
Ethnic
Reputation
Convict
Humanity
Criminal
Deprivation
Provision
Swear
Territorial
Dignity
Elimination
Devise
Regulations
Spirit
Recess
Void
Partisan

Listening
Listen to your teacher reading the following text and fill in the blanks with words given
in the box.
integrity swear honestly duties presence
provisions religion safeguard assigned
Prior to taking office, the minister performs the following oath in the ....................... of the
President:
In the name of Allah, the merciful and compassionate:
“I....................... in the name of God Almighty to support the ....................... of the sacred
....................... of Islam, follow the Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan, protect
the rights of citizens, and ....................... the independence, territorial ....................... and
national unity of Afghanistan, and consider God Almighty present in performing all my
responsibilities, and ....................... perform the duties ....................... to me.”
Reading
Activity
Read the following Constitutional Laws and Paraphrasing
paraphrase them in your own words in the box. is strategy of writing in which you
express something that is written
Article Seventy one Ch. 4, Art. 1 or said using different words,
The government consists of the ministers
especially in order to make it easier
who work under the Chairmanship of the
to understand.
President. Ministers are appointed by the
President and shall be introduced for approval to the National
Assembly.
Article Seventy-two Ch. 4, Art. 2

The person, who is appointed as the Minister, should have the following qualification:
1- Should be a citizen of Afghanistan.

2- Should have higher education, work experience and a good reputation.
3- His age should not be less than thirty -five.
4- Should not have been convicted of crimes against humanity, criminal act, or deprivation
of the civil rights by a court.
Article Seventy-three Ch. 4. Art. 3

The Ministers can be appointed from within and without the National Assembly. If a
member of the National Assembly is appointed as a minister, he loses his membership
in the National Assembly, and is replaced by another person in accord with the
provisions of law.
Now read the article below and check the information against the words that
you added to the text above.
Article Seventy-four Ch. 4. Art. 4

Prior to taking office, the minister performs the following oath in the presence of the
President:
In the name of Allah, the merciful and compassionate:
“I swear in the name of God Almighty to support the provisions of the sacred religion of
Islam, follow the Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan, protect the rights of citizens,
and safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan,
and consider God Almighty present in performing all my responsibilities, and honestly
perform the duties assigned to me.”
Article Seventy-five Ch. 4. Art. 5

The government has the following duties.
1. Execute the provision of this Constitution, other laws, and final orders of the courts.
2. Protect the independence, defend the territorial integrity, and safeguard the interests
and dignity of Afghanistan in the international community.
3. Maintenance of public law and order and elimination of administrative corruption.
4. Prepare the budget, regulate financial affairs, and protect public wealth.
5. Devise and implement programs for social, cultural, economic, and technological
progress.
6. Report to the National Assembly at the end of the fiscal year about the tasks
accomplished and about the main plans for the new fiscal year.
7. Perform other duties as recognized by this Constitution and other laws to be duties of
the government.
Article Seventy-six Ch. 4, Art.6

In order to implement the main policies of the country, and regulation of its duties, the
government shall devise and approve regulations.
These regulations should not be contradictory to the text and spirit of any law.
Article Seventy- seven Ch. 4, Art. 7

As heads of administrative units and members of the government, the ministers perform
their duties within the limits determined by this Constitution and other laws. The
Ministers are responsible to the President and the Wolesi Jirga for their particular duties.
Article Seventy-eight Ch. 4. Art. 8
If a Minister is accused of crime against humanity, national treason or criminal act of a
crime, the case shall be referred to a special court in accordance with the article 134 of
this constitution.
Article Seventy-nine Ch. 4, Art. 9

In cases of recess of the Wolesi Jirga, the government can adopt legislation in an

emergency situation on matters other than those related to budget and financial
affairs. The legislative decrees become laws after they are signed by the President. The
legislative decrees should be submitted to the National Assembly in the course of thirty
days beginning from the first session of the National Assembly. In case of rejection by
the National Assembly, the legislations become void.
Article Eighty Ch. 4, Art. 10

The Minister during the course of their work cannot use their posts f or linguistic,
regional, ethnic, religion and partisan purposes.
After you Read
Read these following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (IF) if it is incorrect.
1. Government doesn’t have to prepare the budget, regulate financial ...............

affairs, and protect public wealth.
2. The government consists of the ministers who never work under the ...............
Chairmanship of the President.
3. Government has to perform other duties as recognized by this ...............
Constitution and other laws to be duties of the government.
4. A president should not be less than thirty -five. ...............
5. The Ministers can be appointed from within but not without the
National Assembly. ...............
Read the following definitions of the words and find the word in the text which
corresponds to the definition.
1. The quality of being worthy of esteem or respect D_ _ _ _ _ _

2. One who fervently supports a specific group or cause P_ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. Of public funds, of or pertaining to money matters F_____
4. Betrayal, the offense of trying to overthrow one’s government T_ _ _ _ _ _
or harm its leader
5. To declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true S_ _ _ _
6. The typical or most important quality or mood of something S_____
7. Of different racial and social groups, of people from different E_____
countries
8. Of or pertaining to land, regional, and national T__________

Grammar Section
Suffix:
I. Suffixes that change verb to adjective are such as:
 ive: act=active -------- except=exceptive
 less: fear=fearless -------- rest=restless
 able: read=readable -------- do=doable
Complete the chart below with these adjective suffixes from the reading.(ive, less, able)
Verb Adjective
Writing
Dictation
Comprehension exercise: Write the relation of the constitution with the government
in your own words. Use the words in Activity Two.
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section and use the
adjective suffixes in Grammar Section.

15 Constitutional Laws Related to
the National Assembly
Figure 27
Figure 28 Figure 29
1. What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘National Assembly’?
2. Would you like to be a member of the National Assembly? Why or why not?
3. What will you do if you become the member of the National Assembly?
Unit 15 Constitutional Laws Related to the National Assembly 88

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Credentials
Pertaining
Commission
Composition
Interpellation
Disagreement
Satisfactory
Confidence
Justifiable
Passage
Majority
Particular
Endorsed
Promulgation
Domain
Judicial affairs
Explicit
Submission
Listening
Listen to your teacher reading the following text and fill out the blanks with words
given in the box.
Islamic legislative manifestation judgment casting

relinquish accordance
The National Assembly of the ........................... Republic of Afghanistan as the highest
........................... organ is the ........................... of the will of its people and represents
the whole nation. Every member of the National Assembly takes into ...........................
the general welfare and supreme interests of all people of Afghanistan at the time of
........................... their vote.
A person, who is appointed as a member of the Meshrano Jirga, shall ...........................
his membership in the respective council, and another person replaces him in
........................... with the law.

Before you Read
A. Brainstorm about the role and responsibilities of the National Assembly and its
member. Add your information in the spaces provided.
Qualifications of
NA member
National Assembly
NA Authorities

state your topic sentence with a controlling idea and support them with further
sentences. Use the space provided here for jotting down your ideas, and then write the
paragraph in your notebooks.
on its structure and content. Discuss your writings in pairs.
Reading
Now read the article below and check the information against the words that
Article Eighty-six
Credentials of members of the National Assembly are reviewed by independent
commission for supervision of the elections in accordance with law.
Article Eighty-seven
In the beginning of the legislative period, each one of the two houses elects one of its
members as the Chairperson, and two people as the first and second Vice Chairperson,
and two people as the secretary and assistant secretary for a period of one year.
These individuals constitute the administrative board in their respective houses. The
duties of the administrative boards are determined in the regulations pertaining to the
internal duties of each house.
Article Eighty-eight
Each house of the National Assembly sets up commissions to study the topics under
discussion in accordance with its internal regulations.
Article Eighty-nine
The Wolesi Jirga has the authority to set up a special commission if one -third of its
members put forward a proposal to inquire about and study government actions. The
composition and procedure of this commission is specified in the internal regulations of
Wolesi Jirga.
Article Ninety-one
Wolesi Jirga has the following special authorities:
1. Deciding on interpellation of each of the ministers in accordance with the provisions
of article 92 of this constitution.
2. Taking the final decision about the state's development programs and state budget,
in case of a disagreement between the Wolesi Jirga and the Meshrano Jirga.
3. Approval of the appointments according to the provisions of this constitution.
Article Ninety- two

Wolesi Jirga, based on a proposal by one -tenth of all members, can interpellate each of
the Ministers. If the responses given are not satisfactory, Wolesi Jirga shall consider the
issue of vote of no confidence.
Vote of no confidence on a Minister should be explicit, direct, and on the basis of well-
founded reasons.
This vote should be approved by a majority of all members of the Wolesi Jirga.
Article Ninety-three
Any commission of both Houses of the National Assembly can question each of the
Ministers about specific topics. The person questioned can provide verbal or written
response.
Article Ninety-four
Law is what both Houses of the National Assembly approve and the President endorses
unless this Constitution states otherwise. In case the President does not agree to
what the National Assembly approves, he can send the document back with justifiable
reasons to the Wolesi Jirga within fifteen days of its submission. With the passage of
this period or in case the Wolesi Jirga approves a particular case again with a majority
of two-thirds votes, the bill is considered endorsed and enforced.
Article Ninety-five
Proposal for the promulgation of a law can be initiated by the government, or members
of the National Assembly, and in the domain of regulating the judicial affairs through
the Supreme Court by the government.

After you Read
Comprehension exercise: Write the relation of public administration with the National
Assembly in your own words. Use the words in Activity Two.
Writing
Activity
A. From the above Constitutional Laws, choose an article and paraphrase it individually.
B. Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "The Authorities of National Assembly".
Dictation
Activity

the Loya Jirga
Figure 32
Figure 33
1. What is the Loya Jirga?

2. Who are involved in the Loya Jirga or who can work in the Loya Jirga?
3. What are the differences between the Loya Jirga and the National Assembly's
responsibilities?
Unit 16 Constitutional Laws Related to the Loya Jirga 93

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Manifestation
Chairperson
Provincial
Session
Convene
Amend
Provision
Prosecute
Accordance
Deputy
Secretary
Prejudice
Gather
Council
Justice
Chief
Supreme
Court
Quorum
Explicitly
Except
Demand
Secrecy
Sovereignty
Discrimination
Sheriff
Before you Read
Brainstorm about the functions and missions of the Loya Jirga in Afghanistan.
Add your information in the spaces provided.

Loya Jirga
Functions Missions
Reading
Read the following Constitutional Laws and paraphrase them in your own words in the box.
Ex: Article Twenty-two
Any kind of discrimination and privilege between the citizens of Afghanistan are prohibited.
The citizens of Afghanistan whether men or

women have equal rights and duties before the
law without any discrimination or prejudice
Article One Hundred and ten Ch. 6. Art. 1

Loya Jirga is the highest manifestation of the people of Afghanistan.
Loya Jirga consists of the following:
1- Members of the National Assembly.
2- Chairpersons of the provincial, and district councils, The ministers, Chief Justice
and members of the Supreme Court, can participate in the sessions of the Loya Jirga
without the right to vote.
Article One Hundred and eleven Ch. 6. Art. 2

Loya Jirga is convened in the following situations:
1- To take decision on the issues related to independence, national sovereignty,
territorial integrity, and supreme interests of the country.
2- To amend the provisions of this Constitution.
3- To prosecute the President in accordance with the provisions of Article 69 of the
Constitution.
Article One Hundred and twelve Ch. 6. Art. 3
The Loya Jirga in its first session elects from its members a chairperson, a deputy chair,
and a secretary, and an assistant secretary
Article One Hundred and thirteen Ch. 6. Art. 4

The quorum of the Loya Jirga for voting is completed by the majority of members. The
decisions of the Loya Jirga are taken by a majority of the present members except in
cases as explicitly stated in this Constitution.
Article One Hundred and fourteen Ch. 6. Art.56

Discussions of the Loya Jirga are open except when one –fourth of its members demand
their secrecy, and the Loya Jirga accepts this demand.
After you Read
Read the following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (F) if it is incorrect.
1. The Loya Jirga doesn’t consist of the members of the National ...............
Assembly.
2. Members of the Loya Jirga gather to amend the provisions of this ...............
Constitution.
3. The Loya Jirga in its first session elects from its members a ...............
chairperson, a deputy chair, and a secretary, and an assistant.
4. The Loya Jirga doesn’t accept one-fourth of its members demand. ...............
5. The quorum of the Loya Jirga for voting is completed by the
majority of members.. ...............
Activity
From the above Constitutional Laws choose an article and write your opinion about it
individually.
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Representative".

Activity
Comprehension exercise: Write the relation of the Constitution with the Loya Jirga in your
own words. Use the words in Vocabulary Section.

Activity
Read the following definitions and match them with the correct words.
A. The number of people who must be present at a
meeting before business can be conducted.
B. The trait of keeping things secret
C. Unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis 1. Deputy
of prejudice 2. Prosecute
D. A partiality that prevents objective consideration of 3. Justice
an issue or situation 4. Supreme
E. Assemble; gather 5. Convene
F. To bring judicial proceedings against a person and 6. Quorum
to administer them until the conclusion of the court 7. Discrimination
proceedings. 8. Sheriff
G. Equality, rightness, fairness; support of what is good
9. Secrecy
and right
H. Having the most power or authority 10. prejudice
I. Someone authorized to exercise the powers of sheriff
in emergencies
J. a body serving in an administrative capacity
Grammar Section
Examples of prefixes:
re- (to repeat or undo an action): reconstitute,
rerun, reenter Grammar Tip
pre- (before): preview, preregister, prediction A prefix is a word form that attaches
in/non/un- (negative, not, or undo): inactivity, to the beginning of another word or
untie, non-perishable, nonfat word root that alters or specifies its
meaning.
Activity
Complete the chart below with these prefixes from the reading and your own words
(re, pre, in, non, un, dis, im, ex, semi)
Verb Adjective

Writing
Write ten sentences using any of the words listed in Vocabulary Section and try to use
the prefixes you provided in Grammar Section.

17 Constitutional laws related to
the judiciary in Afghanistan
Figure 34
Figure 36
Figure 35
1. Who has information about the Judiciary branch in Afghanistan?

2. What does the Judiciary consist of?
3. What kind of eligibilities should a member of the Supreme Court have?
Unit 17 Constitutional laws related to the judiciary in Afghanistan 99

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Appeal Courts
Approval
Provision
Dismiss
Qualifications
Ethics
Reputation
Convict
Sentence
Deprivation
Occupy
Nonpartisanship
Plaintiff
Defendant
Convention
Eligibilities
Observance
Permissible
Circumstances
Jurisprudence
Expertise
Deeds
Crime
Humanity
Righteousness
Honesty
Lawsuit
Incorporeal
Decree
Treaties

Listening
Listen to your teacher and fill in the blanks with words given in the box.
observance circumstances constitution approval dismissed
head appointed permissible
Article One hundred and seventeen Ch. 7. Art. 2
The Supreme Court is composed of nine members who are .......................... by the
President for a period of ten years with the .......................... of the Wolesi Jirga with
.......................... of the provisions of last paragraph of the Article 50 and article 118
of this Constitution. The appointment of the members for the second term is not
.......................... . The President appoints one of its members as the .......................... of
the Supreme Court. Members in no way can be .......................... from their service until
the end of their term, except .......................... stated in Article 127 of this ..................... .
Before you Read
Brainstorm about the authorities of the Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama). Add
your information in the spaces provided.
Authorities of the
Supreme Court
Activity
Read the following Constitutional Law and paraphrase it in your own words in the box.
Article One hundred and sixteen Ch. 7. Art. 1

The judicial branch is an independent organ of the state of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama), High
Courts, Appeal Courts, Structure of authorities which are determined by law.
The Supreme Court as the highest judicial organ, heads the judiciary organ of the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Reading
Article One hundred and seventeen Ch. 7. Art. 2

The Supreme Court is composed of nine members who are appointed by the
President for a period of ten years with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga with
observance of the provisions of last paragraph of the Article 50 and article 118 of this
Constitution. The appointment of the members for the second term is not permissible.
The President appoints one of its members as the Head of the Supreme Court.
Members in no way can be dismissed from their service until the end of their term,
except circumstances stated in Article 127 of this Constitution.
Article One hundred and eighteen Ch. 7. Art. 3

A member of the Supreme Court should have the following qualifications:
1- The age of the Head of the Supreme Court and its members should not be lower
than forty at the time of appointment.
2- Should be citizen of Afghanistan.
3- Should have higher education in law or in Islamic jurisprudence, and should have
enough expertise and experience in the judicial system of Afghanistan.
4- Should enjoy high ethics and reputation of good deeds.
5- Should not have been convicted of crimes against humanity, crimes, and sentenced
of deprivation of his civil rights by a court.
6- Should not be a member of any political party during the term of official duty.
Article One hundred and nineteen Ch. 7. Art. 4

Members of the Supreme Court take the following oath in the presence of the
President before occupying the post:
“In the name Allah, the Merciful and the Compassionate
I swear in the name of God Almighty to support justice and righteousness in
accord with the provisions of the sacred religion of Islam and the provisions of this
Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan, and to execute the duty of being a judge
with utmost honesty, righteousness and nonpartisanship.”
Article One hundred and twenty Ch. 7. Art. 5

The authority of the judicial organ is to attend to all lawsuits in which real individuals
or incorporeal including the state stand before it as plaintiff or defendant and in its
presence is expressed in accord with provisions of the law.
Article One hundred and twenty one Ch. 7. Art. 6

The Supreme Court on only by request of the Government and or the Courts
can review the laws, legislative decrees, international treaties, and international

conventions, for their compliance with the Constitution. The Supreme Court shall have
the authority of the interpretation of the Constitution, laws, and legislative decrees.
Article One hundred and twenty two Ch. 7. Art. 7
No law, under any circumstance, can transfer a case from the jurisdiction of the
judicial branch to another organ as has been determined in this Constitution. This
provision does not apply to establishing special Courts stated in Articles 69 and 78 and
127 of this Constitution and military courts. The structure and authority of these courts
are regulated by law.
Article One hundred twenty three Ch. 7. Art. 8

With observance of the provisions of this Constitution, the rules related to the
structure, authority, and performances of the courts and the duties of judges are
regulated by law.
After you Read
Activity
Read these following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (F) if it is incorrect.
1. A case can be transferred from the jurisdiction of the judicial ..................
branch to another organ as has been determined in this Constitution.
2. A member of the Supreme Court should execute the duty of being ..................
a judge with utmost honesty, righteousness and nonpartisanship.
3. A member of the Supreme Court should have higher education in ..................
Literature or in Islamic jurisprudence.
4. The President appoints one of its members as the Head of the ..................
Supreme Court.
5. The appointment of the members for the second term is not ..................
permissible.
Activity
Write your opinion individually about authorities and responsibilities of the Appeals
Court.
Now write a topic sentence on the subject of "A good judge".
Comprehension exercise: Write the relation of Constitution with the Judiciary Branch
in your own words. Use the words in Activity Two.

Activity
A. A legally binding command or decision

entered on the court record
B. An action which constitutes a serious
offence against an individual or the state and is
punishable by law
1. Appeals Court
C. The branch of philosophy concerned with the
2. Eligibility
law and the principles that lead courts to make
3. Jurisprudence
the decisions they do
4. Convict
D. Claimant, person who brings a lawsuit to
5. Crime
court
6. Ethics
E. Case in a court of law brought by one party
7. Lawsuit
against another, legal claim
8. Convention
F. Qualification, competence, fitness
9. Plaintiff
G. Prove someone guilty of a crime, a person
10. Decree
serving a sentence in a jail or prison
H. Set of moral principles or values
I. A large formal assembly political
J. Any court of law that is empowered to
hear an appeal of a trail court or other lower
tribunal.
Grammar
Obligation Sentences
We use (have to / has to, must, should, and ought to) to express obligation.
Obligation sentences are divided into two parts.
1. Strong obligation (have to/ has to, must)

2. Mild obligation (should and ought to ) used for suggestion and advice
Activity
In the following sentences fill in the blanks with these words. (Must, have to, has to,
and should).
1. The counselor ........................... be present on time in court.

2. If you want to prove your innocence, you ........................... have sufficient evidence.
3. My friend has an exam tomorrow. She ........................... study hard.
4. Does she ........................... take her identification when she travels to Germany?
5. You ........................... have a driving’s license to drive; otherwise, you will be accused
of a crime.
the Judiciary in Afghanistan
Figure 37
1. Can an administrator work in the Judiciary Branch? If yes, in which position?

2. While processing criminal cases, what provisions should be applied?
3. What kind of validities is required for a case to be proven innocent?
Unit 18 Constitutional Laws Related to the Judiciary in Afghanistan 105

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Compliance
Case
Budget
commit
secrecy
Instances
clarification
Promotion
Sect
Valid
Proposal
Attorney
Reward
Consultation
Demand
Trial
accused
appointment
Oblige
Enforceable
Punishment
Discovery
Prosecution
Conduct
Interpreter
Pension
Before you Read
Brainstorm about the authorities and responsibilities of the Appeals Court. Add
your information in the spaces provided.

Authorities of the
Appeals Court
Listening
Listen to your teacher and fill in the blanks with words given in the box.
authority positions constitution approves committed
trial financial dismissed
Article One Hundred and twenty five Ch. 7, Art. 10
The budget of the judicial branch is arranged in ........................... with the government
by the Supreme Court and presented to the National Assembly by the government as
part of the state budget. Implementation of the budget of the judicial branch is the
......................... of the Supreme Court.
Article One Hundred and twenty six Ch. 7. Art. 11

Members of the Supreme Court enjoy official ........................... benefits for the rest of
their lives provided they do not occupy state and political ........................... .
Article One Hundred and twenty seven Ch. 7. Art. 12

When more than one - third of the members of the Wolesi Jirga demand the
........................... of the Chief Justice, or a member of the Supreme Court due to a crime
........................... during the performance of duty, and the Wolesi Jirga ...........................
of this demand by a majority of two - thirds votes, the accused is ........................... from
his post and the case is referred to a special court. The setting up of the court and the
procedures of trial are regulated by law.
Reading
Activity
Article One Hundred and twenty four Ch. 7. Art. 9
Other officials and administrative personnel of the judicial branch are subject to the
provisions of the laws related to the officials and other administrative personnel of the
state, but their appointment, dismissal, promotion, pension, rewards and punishments
are regulated by the Supreme Court in accordance with the law.
Activity
Now read the rest of the text.
Article One Hundred and twenty eight Ch. 7. Art. 13

In the courts of Afghanistan, trials are open and everyone is entitled to attend trials
within the bounds of law. The court, in situations which are stated in the law or in situations
in which the secrecy of the trial is deemed necessary, can conduct the trial behind closed
doors, but the announcement of the court decision should be open in all instances.
Article One Hundred and twenty nine Ch. 7. Art. 14

The court is obliged to state the reasons for the decision it issues. All specific
decisions of the courts are enforceable, except for capital punishment, which is
conditional upon approval of the President.
Article One Hundred and thirty Ch. 7. Art. 15

While processing the cases, the courts apply the provisions of this Constitution and
other laws. When there is no provision in the Constitution or other laws regarding ruling
on an issue, the courts’ decisions shall be within the limits of this Constitution in accord
with the Hanafi jurisprudence and in a way to serve justice in the best possible manner
Article One Hundred and thirty one Ch. 7. Art. 16

Courts will apply Shia school of law in cases dealing with personal matters involving
the followers of Shia Sect in accordance with the provisions of law. In other cases if
non clarification by this constitution and other laws exist and both sides of the case are
followers of the Shia Sect, courts will resolve the matter according to laws of this Sect.
Article One Hundred and thirty two Ch. 7. Art. 17

Judges are appointed with the recommendation of the Supreme Court and approval
of the President. The appointment, transfer, promotion, punishment, and proposals
to retire judges are within the authority of the Supreme Court in accordance with the
law. The Supreme Court shall establish the General Administration Office of the Judicial
Power for the purpose of better arrangement of the administration and judicial affairs
and insuring the required improvements.
Article One Hundred and thirty three Ch. 7. Art. 18

When a judge is accused of having committed a crime, the Supreme Court shall
inquire about the case involving the judge in accordance with the law. After listening

to his defense, when the Supreme Court regards the accusation to be valid, it shall
present a proposal about the judge’s dismissal to the President. After the Presidential
approval, the accused judge is dismissed from duty, and punished in accordance with
the provisions of the law.
Article One Hundred and thirty four Ch. 7. Art. 19

Discovery of crimes is the duty of the police and investigation and prosecution are
conducted by the Attorney’s Office in accordance with the provisions of the law. The
Attorney’s Office is part the Executive branch, and is independent in its performances.
The structure, authority, and activities of the Attorney’s Office are regulated by law.
Discovery and investigation of crimes related to the armed forces are regulated by a
special law.
Article One Hundred and thirty five Ch. 7. Art. 20

If parties involved in a case do not know the language in which the trial is conducted,
they have the right to understand the material and documents related to the case
through
an interpreter and the right to speak in their mother language in the court.
After you Read
A. Read these following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (F) if it is
incorrect.
1. Implementation of the budget of the judicial branch isn’t the .................
authority of the Appeals Court.
2. In the courts of Afghanistan, trials are open and everyone is .................
entitled to attend trials within the bounds of law.
3. All specific decisions of the courts are enforceable without any .................
exception.
4. The appointment, transfer, promotion, punishment, and proposals .................
to retire judges are within the authority of the Appeals Court in
accordance with the law.
5. The Attorney’s Office is part ofthe Executive branch, and is .................
independent in its performances.
B. write your opinion individually about authorities and responsibilities of High Courts.

Activity
A. Financial benefit paid after a person has stopped
working
B. Force or compel somebody to do something 1. Compliance
C. The state of an organization that meets prescribed 2. Prosecution
specifications 3. Attorney
D. Finding; revelation 4. Sect
E. The institution and conduct of legal proceedings 5. Oblige
against a defendant for criminal behavior 6. Enforceable
F. Grant a right or claim to something 7. Entitle
G. Someone who mediates between speakers of different 8. Interpreter
languages 9. Pension
H. A professional person authorized to practice law 10. Discovery
I. Able to be put into practice
J. A subdivision of a larger religious group.
Grammar
Verb patterns
1. Gerund
2. Infinitive
Gerund: The - ing- form of a verb which functions the same ways as a noun is called gerund.
Or a gerund is the - ing - form of a verb used as a noun.
For example:
I enjoy music.
I enjoy listening to music.
I enjoy listening to music.
In the first example music is a noun and in the second example listening is a gerund.
Infinitive: The infinitive is (to) plus verb Or the stem of a verb is called infinitive.
For example:
I want coffee.
I want to drink coffee.
She decided to go.
Activity
In the following sentences fill in the blanks with gerund or infinitive.
1. The dean of the faculty suggested (to cancel/cancelling) the Mid-Term Exam.
2. In the courts of Afghanistan, trials are open and everyone is entitled (to attend/
attending) trials within the bounds of law.
3. My friend had an exam yesterday. He decided (studying/ to study) hard.
4. They don’t know how (to prosecute/ prosecuting) a case.
5. The prosecutor needs (considering/ to consider) the evidence.
Administration in Afghanistan
Figure 38
Figure 39
1. What are the main responsibilities of public administration or a public administer?

2. What levels is Public Administration practiced at?
3. Does administration require principles? If yes, what are the principles?
Unit 19 Constitutional Laws Related to Administration in Afghanistan 111

Vocabulary
Words Definition
Head
Preserve
Expedite
Participation
Provincial council
Proportion
Ballot
Domain
Involve
Opportunity
Set up
Municipal
Implementation
Centralism
Delegate
Promote
Take part
Secure
Target
Affairs
Cooperation
Nomads
Municipalities
Administer
Mayor
Establish
Listening
Listen to your teacher and fill out the blanks with words given in the box.
delegate participation provincial residents preserving
expediting proportion elects
Article One Hundred and thirty seven Ch. 8. Art. 2
The government, while ....................... the principle of centralism, shall .......................
certain authorities to local administration units for the purpose of ....................... and
promoting economic, social, and cultural affairs, and increasing the ....................... of
people in the development of the nation.
Article One Hundred and thirty eight Ch. 8. Art. 3

In every province a provincial council is to be formed. Members of the ....................... council
are elected in ....................... to the population by free, direct, secret ballot and general
elections by the ....................... of the province for a period of four years in accordance with
the law. The provincial council ....................... one of its members as Chairman.
Before you Read
Brainstorm about the principles of administration. Add your information in the spaces
provided.
Effeciency
Principles in
Administration
Reading
Activity
Article One Hundred and thirty six Ch. 8. Art. 1
The Administration of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan shall be based on central

and local administrative units in accordance with the law. The central administration
is divided into a number of administrative units, each of which shall be headed by a
minister.
The local administrative unit is a province. The number, area, parts, and structures
of the provinces and the related administrations are regulated by law on the basis of
population, social and economic conditions, and geographic location.

Activity
Now read the entire text below and check the information against the words that
Article One Hundred and thirty seven Ch. 8. Art. 2

The government, while preserving the principle of centralism, shall delegate
certain authorities to local administration units for the purpose of expediting and
promoting economic, social, and cultural affairs, and increasing the participation of
people in the development of the nation.
Article One Hundred and thirty eight Ch. 8. Art. 3

In every province a provincial council is to be formed. Members of the provincial
council are elected in proportion to the population by free, direct, secret ballot
and general elections by the residents of the province for a period of four years
in accordance with the law. The provincial council elects one of its members as
Chairman.
Article One Hundred and thirty nine Ch. 8. Art. 4

The provincial council takes part in securing the developmental targets of the state
and improving its affairs in a way stated in the law, and gives advice on important
issues falling within the domain of the province. Provincial councils perform their
duties in cooperation with the provincial administration.
Article One Hundred and forty Ch. 8. Art. 5

In order to organize activities involving people and provide them with the
opportunity to actively participate in the local administration, councils are set up in
districts and villages in accordance with the provisions of the law. Members of these
councils are elected by the local people through, free, general, secret and direct
elections for a period of three years. The participation of nomads in these councils is
regulated by law.
Article One Hundred and forty one Ch. 8. Art. 6

Municipalities shall be set up in order to administer city affairs. The mayor and
members of the municipal councils are elected by free, general, secret, and direct
elections. The affairs related to municipalities are regulated by law.
Article One Hundred forty two Ch. 8. Art. 7

For the purpose of the implementation of the provisions, and ensuring the values
of this constitution, the state shall establish the required departments.

After you Read
Read these following sentences put (T) if the sentence is correct and (F) if it is incorrect.
1. The central administration is divided into a number of .................
administrative units; all shall be headed by the president.
2. In every province a provincial council is to be formed. .................
3. The provincial council elects out of its members a Chairman. .................
4. Provincial councils perform their duties in cooperation with the .................
provincial administration.
5. In the local administration, members of these councils are elected .................
by the local people through, free, general, secret and direct elections
for a period of three years.
From the above Constitutional Laws choose an article and write your opinion
about it individually.
Now write a topic sentence for the topic of "Meritocracy".
Activity
A. A legally binding command or decision A.

A person appointed or elected to represent
others
B. Slip of paper on which a vote is written
C. The political policy of concentrating power in
1. Centralism
a central organization
2. Municipal
D. An urban district having corporate status and
3. Target
powers of self-government
4. Mayor
E. The highest-level group of physical entities
5. Ballot
F. Relating or belonging to or characteristic of a
6. Domain
municipality
7. Proportion
G. A type of activity existing among two or more
8. Delegate
elements of a system when they are engaged in
9. Cooperation
a mutually beneficial exchange
10. Municipalities
H. A reference point to shoot at
I. Ratio; part, portion; rate; dimension, size
J. Elected official acting as executive head of a
town or city

Activity
Comprehension exercise: Write the relation of the Constitution with administration in
your own words. Use the words in Vocabulary Section.
Grammar
Phrasal verbs:
What is a phrasal verb?
A phrasal verb is a verb formed from two (or sometimes three) parts: a verb and an adverb
or preposition.
These adverbs and prepositions are often called particles when they are used in a phrasal
verb.
Most phrasal verbs are formed from a small number of verbs (for example, get, go, come,
put and set) and a small number of particles (for example, away, out, off, up and in).
Phrasal verbs sometimes have meanings that you can easily guess which is called literal
phrasal verb (for example, sit down or look for).
However, in most cases their meanings are quite different from the meanings of the verb
they are formed from which is called idiomatic phrasal verb. For example, put off can mean
'to cause a delay'.
Activity
In the following sentences put these phrasal verbs which correspond well. (Postpone,
put up (2x), go out (2x), look forward to, and run out of).
1. The administrator came in and the director ....................................... .

2. Parliament representatives ....................................... the meeting.
3. My friend who works as a civil servant .......................................for the night.
4. I have always been ....................................... studying public administration.
5. We didn’t put enough wood on fire, so it ....................................... .
6. In presidential elections, the nominees ....................................... their photos on the walls.
7. Hurry up! We are ....................................... time.

National Assembly
Figure 38
Figure 39
Introduction to the lesson:
1. What do you know about the National Assembly of Afghanistan? Share it with your
classmates.
2. Does anyone intend to be a member of the National Assembly?
3. Do you know what some of the qualifications for a member of the NA are?
Unit 20 The Constitution of Afghanistan – National Assembly 117

Vocabulary
Pair work to find word meanings: In pairs, one student says the word and the other states
the meaning in English that is provided in the vocabulary list below.
Words Definition
Organ
Manifestation
Welfare
Casting their vote
Relinquish
Accordance
Obtain
Citizenship
Humanity
Chairperson
Ratification
Abrogation
Decrees
Loan
Modification
Treaties
Secretary
Assistant
Inquire
Proposal
Composition
Appointment
Before you Read
A. Brainstorm about the role and responsibilities of a member of the National

Assembly in a society.
Add your information in the spaces provided.

Member of National Role and
Assembly Responsibilities

state your topic sentence with a controlling idea; support them with further sentences;
and conclude with a very proper concluding sentence. Use the space provided here for
jotting down your ideas, and then write the paragraph in your notebooks. Underline
the topic and concluding sentences.
C. After writing the paragraph, exchange your notebook with your partner to
comment on its grammar and content. Discuss your writings in pairs.
Reading
Activity
Now read the entire text below and check the information you brainstormed in Activity Three.
The Afghan Constitution – National Assembly (Chapter 5)
Article Eighty one Ch. 5. Art. 1

The National Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the highest legislative
organ is the manifestation of the will of its people and represents the whole nation.
Every member of the National Assembly takes into judgment the general welfare and
supreme interests of all people of Afghanistan at the time of casting their vote.
Article Eighty-two Ch. 5, Art. 2

The National Assembly consists of two houses: Wolesi Jirga (the House of People) and
Meshrano Jirga. (House of Elders).
No one can become member of both houses simultaneously.

Article Eighty-five Ch. 5, Art. 5
A person who is nominated or appointed as a member of the National Assembly should
have the following qualifications in addition to those considered by voters.
1. Should be the citizen of Afghanistan, or has obtained the citizenship of the state of
Afghanistan at least ten years before becoming a candidate.
2. Should not have been convicted by a court for committing a crime against humanity,
a crime, or sentenced of deprivation of his civil rights.
3. Members of Wolesi Jirga should be Twenty Five years old at the date of candidacy,
and members of the Meshrano Jirga should be Thirty Five years old at the date of
candidacy or appointment.
Article Ninety Ch. 5, Art. 10

The National Assembly has the following authorities:
1. Ratification, modification, or abrogation of laws and or legislative decrees.
2. Approval of plans for economic, social, cultural, and technological development.
3. Approval of state budget, permission for obtaining, and granting loans.
4. Creation, modification of administrative units.
5. Ratification of international treaties and agreements, or abrogation of the
membership of Afghanistan to them.
6. Other authorities specified in this Constitution.
After you Read
1. What are the major authorities of the National Assembly?

2. How can a person become a member of the National Assembly?
3. Based on the provided excerpt from Chapter 5 of the Afghan Constitution, what did
you discover about the National Assembly?
Activity
Read the paragraph that you have written in Activity One and Three. Now compare it
with the articles from Chapter 5 of the Afghan Constitution. Do they match or they are
different? Discuss it in your groups.
Speaking
Let three of the students in your class tell you about their
future plans as a member of the National Assembly. After
giving your speech, try to find supporters through talking
to each student individually.
Whoever finds more supporters s/he will be a member of
the National Assembly. Image by: By Paul Grabowicz

Writing
Dictation
Listen to your instructor and write down his or her dictation of Article No. 95 from
Afghan Constitution.
Activity
In your groups, make posters of the ideal member of National Assembly that you wish
to have. Write all the characteristics that you need for the best member. Then present it
to the class.
Posted By Kristina Tsipouras At Friday, April 02, 2010, retrieved from http://bostonweekends.
blogspot.com/2010/04/first-friday-open-art-galleries-of-450.html on 23rd Dec, 2012, 10:21am

Bibliography
Shafritz, J. M. Russell, E. W. Borick, C. P. (2011). Introducing Public Administration (7th

ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Understanding War. (n. d.). Government Structure and Function. Retrieved October 22,
2012, from https://www.understandingwar.org/afghan-government
Afghan Loya Jirga, (2004). The Constitution of Afghanistan. Kabul: Afghanistan.
Government Printing Office.
List of images in the book
The numbers correspond with the unit number in the book.

Retrieved http://ricacevedo.blogspot.com/2012/10/is-
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English for Students of

Mohammad Asef Monsef

Dr. Suzanne Griffin

English for Students of Public Administration 1

Authors: Khalid Ahmad Siddiq and Mohammad Asef Monsef

Published by Herat University

Introduction to the Herat University English for Specific Purposes Textbooks

Heads of the English Language and Literature Department:

Professor Yarmand, English Department Head, Herat Education University

Unit 1. Public Administration and Politics 6

Unit 2. Public Administration and Law 12

Unit 3. Public Administration and Management 18

Unit 4. Public Administration as an Occupation 24

Unit 5. What is Public Policy? 29

Unit 6. The Policymaking Process 36

Unit 7. The External Power in Administration 42

Unit 8. Internal Power in Public Administration 47

Unit 9. The Machinery of the Government 53

Unit 10. The Administrative Architecture of the Afghan Government 59

Unit 11. Constitutional Laws 65

Unit 13. The Constitution of Afghanistan – The President's Responsibilities 77

Unit 15. Constitutional Laws Related to the National Assembly 88

Unit 16. Constitutional Laws Related to the Loya Jirga 93

Unit 17. Constitutional laws related to the judiciary in Afghanistan 99

Unit 18. Constitutional Laws Related to the Judiciary in Afghanistan 105

Unit 19. Constitutional Laws Related to Administration in Afghanistan 111

Unit 20. The Constitution of Afghanistan National Assembly 117

Introduction to the Lesson

Discuss the following questions in pairs.

Unit 1 Public Administration and Politics 6

Unit 1 Public Administration and Politics 7

Political Definition of Public Administration

Before you Read

Brainstorm the relation of public administration with politics.

Write down your ideas in the space provided.

Unit 1 Public Administration and Politics 8

Political Definition of Public Administration:

Public Administration cannot exist outside of its political context.

Unit 1 Public Administration and Politics 10

Unit 1 Public Administration and Politics 11

Introduction to the Lesson

Discuss public administration. Use the following questions as discussion starters.

1. What is public administration?

Unit 2 Public Administration and Law 12

Listen to the text and fill out the blanks.

Write down your ideas in the space provided.

Unit 2 Public Administration and Law 14

After You Read

Unit 2 Public Administration and Law 15

Present Simple tense, Adverbs with ly endings.

Unit 2 Public Administration and Law 16

Introduction to the Lesson

Use the following questions as discussion starters.

1. Who wants to be a manager and why?

Before You Read

Brainstorm the following characteristics of public administration in managerial issues.

Write down your ideas in the space provided.

Unit 3 Public Administration and Management 20

Public administration is so much a branch of management that many graduate schools

Public administration is a management specially referring both to the people responsible

1. What does Alexander Hamilton say about public administration?

1. National lawmaking body of a country C_ _ _ _ _ _ _

Unit 3 Public Administration and Management 23