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1.4 DESIGN
In the absence of ordinances or specifications to the contrary,
all designs prepared by the specifying professional shall be in
accordance with the Steel Joist Institute Standard Specifications
Load Tables & Weight Tables of latest adoption.
Basic parameters
Wind speed, importance, exposure
Significance / importance of exposure
category
Exposure C is “default”, while charts are
based on “B”
The difference is often 30 to 40 percent
8'
24 psf
80' 15 psf
11 psf
8'
120'
60 plf
96 plf
1460 lbs 1228 lbs
1 2 3 1 2 3
Is this conservative?
SEAoT State Conference November 6-8, 2008 Houston TX SEAoT - 42
Wind Design Considerations for
Steel Joists and Joist Girders
Other considerations
Overhangs have significant uplift
TCXs “automatically” have same capacity as
downward gravity.
But uplift on overhangs can easily exceed gravity,
particularly in coastal areas or hurricane prone
regions.
“Kickers” that carry horizontal wind forces need
to have both components defined.
F
e
F
SEAoT State Conference November 6-8, 2008 Houston TX SEAoT - 47
Design of Bearing Seats to Resist
Uplift Loads
Research
2005 SJI Standard Specifications
Recommended Design Procedure
Anchorage
Weld
• Strength
• Ductility
Seat Angle
• Strength
• Ductility
TOP CHORD
ANGLES
PULL PLATE
3/4" BASEPLATE
9/
16"
DIA. HOLE
FOR ¾” A325N BOLT
( 4 PLACES)
INSTRUMENTATION
TEST SPECIMEN
REACTION PLATE
7.0
6.0
Avg P1 & P2
5.0
Load (kips)
Avg P4 & P7
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Displacement (in.)
Yield Line
Perimeter
Anchorage
Weld (typ.)
Yield Line
Formation (typ.)
Anchorage
Weld (typ.)
Yield Line
Formation (typ.)
Pu/2
Yield Line
a
Pu/2
Ls Lw
a
Plastic Hinge
Δ
θ a
We = (Pu / 2) Δ
We = External Work
Pu = Predicted ultimate uplift load
Δ = Distance which the load moves thru
Wi = Mp θ (Lyl)
Wi = Internal Work
Mp = Plastic moment capacity of plate,
per unit length = Fy Z
θ = Angle through which YL rotates
Lyl = Length of yield line, the lesser of
Lw + πa and Ls
Wi + We = 0
(Pu / 2) Δ - Mp θ (Lyl) = 0
But since tan θ = θ for small angles, θ = Δ / a
Solving for Pu gives:
Pu = 2 Mp Lyl / a
Assumption of a = 2.3 t provides reasonably
good prediction of ultimate uplift strength of
joist bearing seat
SEAoT State Conference November 6-8, 2008 Houston TX SEAoT - 62
Research Programs Recommendations
ORLANDO
8’-0” 32’-0”
Fcr
= 8.02 ksi Reduce to 90% for eccentricity at bearing seat
Ω
Pc 3.55
0.9 (8.02) = 7.21 ksi > = = 5.90 ksi ∴ OK
A 0.601
lb
= 111.3 ∴ controls
ry y
l 24
= = 81.4
rz 0.295
Fcr = 20.26 ksi
Fcr 10.62
= 12.16 ksi > = 12.04 ksi ∴ OK
Ω 0.882
SEAoT State Conference November 6-8, 2008 Houston TX SEAoT - 86
Placement of Bridging to Resist
Uplift Loads
20K6 Bridging Configuration: Option 1
5 @ 8’-0”
Design Data
Bottom Chord, 2 angles 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.137, A = 0.784 in.2
Pc = 10.62 kips
5 @ 6.8 ft.
End TC space = 9.8 ft.
lb
= 123 < 145 ∴ OK
ry y
9.8' < 10.2' ∴ OK
With 3.4k/PP uplift load, same Bottom Chord angles 3 x 3 x 1/4, but
now 3 knee braces @ 10 ft., 20 ft., and 30 ft. required.